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81 Fédération Internationale de Football Association
FIFA abbr.■ A society entered in the register of companies under the terms of Art. 60 et seq. of the Swiss Civil Code, that is neutral politically and religiously, and whose main objects are to improve the game of football constantly and promote it globally in the light of its unifying, educational, cultural and humanitarian values, particularly through youth and development programmes, to organise its own international competitions, to draw up regulations and provisions and ensure their enforcement, to control every type of Association Football, to prevent all methods or practices which might jeopardise the integrity of matches or competitions or give rise to abuse of Association Football.■ Parteipolitisch und konfessionell neutraler, im Handelsregister eingetragener Verein im Sinne von Art. 60 ff. des Schweizerischen Zivilgesetzbuches, dessen Zweck es ist, den Fußball fortlaufend zu verbessern und weltweit zu verbreiten, wobei der völkerverbindende, erzieherische, kulturelle und humanitäre Stellenwert des Fußballs durch die Förderung des Fußballs durch Jugend- und Entwicklungsprogramme berücksichtigt werden soll.► Weitere Aufgaben der FIFA sind das Organisieren eigener internationaler Wettbewerbe, das Festlegen von Regeln und Bestimmungen sowie die Sicherstellung ihrer Durchsetzung, die Kontrolle des Association Football in all seinen Formen, sowie die Verhinderung von Methoden oder Praktiken, die die Integrität der Spiele oder Wettbewerbe gefährden oder zu Missbräuchen des Association Football führen könnten.Englisch-deutsch wörterbuch fußball > Fédération Internationale de Football Association
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82 FIFA
FIFA abbr.■ A society entered in the register of companies under the terms of Art. 60 et seq. of the Swiss Civil Code, that is neutral politically and religiously, and whose main objects are to improve the game of football constantly and promote it globally in the light of its unifying, educational, cultural and humanitarian values, particularly through youth and development programmes, to organise its own international competitions, to draw up regulations and provisions and ensure their enforcement, to control every type of Association Football, to prevent all methods or practices which might jeopardise the integrity of matches or competitions or give rise to abuse of Association Football.■ Parteipolitisch und konfessionell neutraler, im Handelsregister eingetragener Verein im Sinne von Art. 60 ff. des Schweizerischen Zivilgesetzbuches, dessen Zweck es ist, den Fußball fortlaufend zu verbessern und weltweit zu verbreiten, wobei der völkerverbindende, erzieherische, kulturelle und humanitäre Stellenwert des Fußballs durch die Förderung des Fußballs durch Jugend- und Entwicklungsprogramme berücksichtigt werden soll.► Weitere Aufgaben der FIFA sind das Organisieren eigener internationaler Wettbewerbe, das Festlegen von Regeln und Bestimmungen sowie die Sicherstellung ihrer Durchsetzung, die Kontrolle des Association Football in all seinen Formen, sowie die Verhinderung von Methoden oder Praktiken, die die Integrität der Spiele oder Wettbewerbe gefährden oder zu Missbräuchen des Association Football führen könnten. -
83 зависеть от
•An understanding of... is contingent on a knowledge of...
•The choice of buffer is dictated by the values of the various dissociation constants.
•Such methods must rely on the development of techniques that...
•The length and weight of the drag rope are functions of the size of the balloon.
•The location of the base line is counting-rate dependent (зависит от скорости учёта).
•The length of the casing is dependent (or depends) (up)on the delay factor.
•The plasma volume is determined by this equilibrium.
•The material of the electrode is governed by the nature of the material to be separated.
•The vigour of the reaction is governed by the proportion of chromic acid.
•The decision lies with the management.
•The monomeric frequency is strongly solvent dependent (зависит от растворителя).
•The direction of motion of these molecules depends on the sign of the detuning of the laser frequency.
•The properties of clay materials are controlled by at least five major factors.
•The understanding of the structures of chemical compounds hinges on the understanding of the electronic configuration of the elements.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > зависеть от
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84 бесперебойность подачи
Бесперебойность подачи-- This paper shows the methods which are under development to assess the relationship between unit reliability and security of supply.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > бесперебойность подачи
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85 находиться в начальной стадии
Находиться в начальной стадии (разработки)-- The only viable alternatives are nonintrusive, optical methods which are in their infancy in development.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > находиться в начальной стадии
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86 начиная с того времени
Начиная с того времени-- From that time on, there has been a steady development of methods to analyze time-dependent stresses and strains in components.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > начиная с того времени
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87 определение
Определение - determination, determining, estimation, estimating (путем расчёта или измерения); defining (формулирование); definition (формулировка); designation (ответственности и т.п.)There are several sources of error in the method of molecular weight determination.Current attempts at development of new methods are in the direction of determining the alkaloids by a calorimetric method.Photometric measurements have been made a basis for the quantitative estimation of DNA.A portion of this deviation at the higher temperatures is the result of differences in defining the fracture initiation point.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > определение
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88 отказ от ... в пользу
Отказ от... в пользу-- Discarding old methods in favor of superior techniques determined through research and development is a virtue of this industrial system.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > отказ от ... в пользу
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89 приступать
Приступить к - to embark on, to embark upon, to proceed to, to proceed with, to commit toBritish Gas has embarked on a test program aimed at accurately measuring the performance of compression plant.Before proceeding with a discussion of various methods proposed for the treatment of mean stress effects, it seems appropriate to describe briefly the magnitude of mean stresses.In addition, Allison has recently committed to the design and development of a new small turboshaft engine.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > приступать
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90 приступить
Приступить к - to embark on, to embark upon, to proceed to, to proceed with, to commit toBritish Gas has embarked on a test program aimed at accurately measuring the performance of compression plant.Before proceeding with a discussion of various methods proposed for the treatment of mean stress effects, it seems appropriate to describe briefly the magnitude of mean stresses.In addition, Allison has recently committed to the design and development of a new small turboshaft engine.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > приступить
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91 стимулировать развитие
Стимулировать развитие-- Steroid chemistry has greatly stimulated the development of modern methods of structural investigation.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > стимулировать развитие
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92 устранять недостатки
Устранять недостатки - to overcome the drawbacks (the limitations), to obviate the problems, to correct the problems, to remedy the deficienciesThe drawbacks in these methods are overcome through the development of an efficient design procedure for nozzleless turbine casings.They developed a method that overcomes the limitations of the two aforementioned approaches.If the applicant does not remedy the deficiencies, the legal consequences take effect, i.e. the application is rejected or deemed to be withdrawn.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > устранять недостатки
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93 количественные методы
Включают в себя те разделы теории вероятности и статистики, которые относятся к управлению, методы исследования операций, разделы математики, которые использовались при разработке общественных наук (экономики, психологии, социологии и других наук). — These include those branches of probability and statistics that are relevant to management, operational research techniques, the branches of mathematics that have been employed in the development of social sciences (economics, psychology, sociology, etc.).
Russian-English Dictionary "Microeconomics" > количественные методы
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94 assessment center
HRa process whereby a group of participants undertakes a series of job-related exercises under observation, so that skills, competencies, and character traits can be assessed. Specially trained assessors evaluate each participant against predetermined criteria. Various methods of assessment may be used, including interviews, psychometric tests, group discussions, group problem solving exercises, individual jobsimulated tasks, and role-plays. Assessment centers are used in selection for recruitment and promotion, and in training and development, and aim to provide an organization with an assessment process that is consistent, free of prejudice, and fair. -
95 code of practice
Gen Mgta policy statement and description of preferred methods for organizational procedures. Codes of practice may govern procedures for industrial relations, health and safety, and, more recently, customer service and professional development. An agreed code of practice enables activities to be carried out to a required organizational standard and provides a basis for dispute resolution. -
96 complex adaptive system
Gen Mgta system that overrides conventional human controls because those controls will subdue inevitable change and development within that system. Complex adaptive systems are a product of the application of chaos theory (see chaos) and complexity theory to the world of organizations. According to writers such as Richard Pascale, organizations that are subject to too much control are at risk of failure. The bureaucracy has been cited as an example of extreme control and the top down approach to management. However, if a bureaucracy is left to adapt naturally, it could become capable of self-organization and of creating new methods of operating. -
97 management training
HRplanned activities for management development. Management training methods include public or in-company training courses and on-the-job training designed to improve managerial competences. Management training tends to be practical and to focus on specific management techniques. Unlike management education, it does not result in a formal qualification. -
98 Agricola, Georgius (Georg Bauer)
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 24 March 1494 Glauchau, Saxonyd. 21 November 1555 Chemnitz, Germany[br]German metallurgist, who wrote the book De Re Metallica under the latinized version of his name.[br]Agricola was a physician, scientist and metallurgist of note and it was this which led to the publication of De Re Metallica. He studied at Leipzig University and between 1518 and 1522 he was a school teacher in Zwickau. Eventually he settled as a physician in Chemnitz. Later he continued his medical practice at Joachimstal in the Erzgebirge. This town was newly built to serve the mining community in what was at the time the most important ore-mining field in both Germany and Europe.As a physician in the sixteenth century he would naturally have been concerned with the development of medicines, which would have led him to research the medical properties of ores and base metals. He studied the mineralogy of his area, and the mines, and the miners who were working there. He wrote several books in Latin on geology and mineralogy. His important work during that period was a glossary of mineralogical and mining terms in both Latin and German. It is, however, De Re Metallica for which he is best known. This large volume contains twelve books which deal with mining and metallurgy, including an account of glassmaking. Whilst one can understand the text of this book very easily, the quality of the illustrative woodcuts should not be neglected. These illustrations detail the mines, furnaces, forges and the plant associated with them, unfortunately the name of the artist is unknown. The importance of the work lies in the fact that it is an assemblage of information on all the methods and practices current at that time. The book was clearly intended as a textbook of mining and mineralogy and as such it would have been brought to England by German engineers when they were employed by the Mines Royal in the Keswick area in the late sixteenth century. In addition to his studies in preparation for De Re Metallica, Agricola was an "adventurer" holding shares in the Gottesgab mine in the Erzegebirge.[br]Principal Honours and Distinctions Bibliography1556, De Re Metallica, Basel; 1912, trans. H. Hoover and L.H.Hoover, London.KMBiographical history of technology > Agricola, Georgius (Georg Bauer)
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99 Appleton, Sir Edward Victor
[br]b. 6 September 1892 Bradford, Englandd. 21 April 1965 Edinburgh, Scotland[br]English physicist awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery of the ionospheric layer, named after him, which is an efficient reflector of short radio waves, thereby making possible long-distance radio communication.[br]After early ambitions to become a professional cricketer, Appleton went to St John's College, Cambridge, where he studied under J.J.Thompson and Ernest Rutherford. His academic career interrupted by the First World War, he served as a captain in the Royal Engineers, carrying out investigations into the propagation and fading of radio signals. After the war he joined the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, as a demonstrator in 1920, and in 1924 he moved to King's College, London, as Wheatstone Professor of Physics.In the following decade he contributed to developments in valve oscillators (in particular, the "squegging" oscillator, which formed the basis of the first hard-valve time-base) and gained international recognition for research into electromagnetic-wave propagation. His most important contribution was to confirm the existence of a conducting ionospheric layer in the upper atmosphere capable of reflecting radio waves, which had been predicted almost simultaneously by Heaviside and Kennelly in 1902. This he did by persuading the BBC in 1924 to vary the frequency of their Bournemouth transmitter, and he then measured the signal received at Cambridge. By comparing the direct and reflected rays and the daily variation he was able to deduce that the Kennelly- Heaviside (the so-called E-layer) was at a height of about 60 miles (97 km) above the earth and that there was a further layer (the Appleton or F-layer) at about 150 miles (240 km), the latter being an efficient reflector of the shorter radio waves that penetrated the lower layers. During the period 1927–32 and aided by Hartree, he established a magneto-ionic theory to explain the existence of the ionosphere. He was instrumental in obtaining agreement for international co-operation for ionospheric and other measurements in the form of the Second Polar Year (1932–3) and, much later, the International Geophysical Year (1957–8). For all this work, which made it possible to forecast the optimum frequencies for long-distance short-wave communication as a function of the location of transmitter and receiver and of the time of day and year, in 1947 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics.He returned to Cambridge as Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy in 1939, and with M.F. Barnett he investigated the possible use of radio waves for radio-location of aircraft. In 1939 he became Secretary of the Government Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, a post he held for ten years. During the Second World War he contributed to the development of both radar and the atomic bomb, and subsequently served on government committees concerned with the use of atomic energy (which led to the establishment of Harwell) and with scientific staff.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted (KCB 1941, GBE 1946). Nobel Prize for Physics 1947. FRS 1927. Vice- President, American Institute of Electrical Engineers 1932. Royal Society Hughes Medal 1933. Institute of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1946. Vice-Chancellor, Edinburgh University 1947. Institution of Civil Engineers Ewing Medal 1949. Royal Medallist 1950. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1962. President, British Association 1953. President, Radio Industry Council 1955–7. Légion d'honneur. LLD University of St Andrews 1947.Bibliography1925, joint paper with Barnett, Nature 115:333 (reports Appleton's studies of the ionosphere).1928, "Some notes of wireless methods of investigating the electrical structure of the upper atmosphere", Proceedings of the Physical Society 41(Part III):43. 1932, Thermionic Vacuum Tubes and Their Applications (his work on valves).1947, "The investigation and forecasting of ionospheric conditions", Journal of theInstitution of Electrical Engineers 94, Part IIIA: 186 (a review of British work on the exploration of the ionosphere).with J.F.Herd \& R.A.Watson-Watt, British patent no. 235,254 (squegging oscillator).Further ReadingWho Was Who, 1961–70 1972, VI, London: A. \& C.Black (for fuller details of honours). R.Clark, 1971, Sir Edward Appleton, Pergamon (biography).J.Jewkes, D.Sawers \& R.Stillerman, 1958, The Sources of Invention.KFBiographical history of technology > Appleton, Sir Edward Victor
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100 Baudot, Jean-Maurice-Emile
[br]b. 11 September 1845 Magneux, Franced. 28 March 1903 Sceaux, France[br]French engineer who developed the multiplexed telegraph and devised a 5-bit code for data communication and control.[br]Baudot had no formal education beyond his local primary school and began his working life as a farmer, as was his father. However, in September 1869 he joined the French telegraph service and was soon sent on a course on the recently developed Hughes printing telegraph. After service in the Franco-Prussian war as a lieutenant with the military telegraph, he returned to his civilian duties in Paris in 1872. He was there encouraged to develop (in his own time!) a multiple Hughes system for time-multiplexing of several telegraph messages. By using synchronized clockwork-driven rotating switches at the transmitter and receiver he was able to transmit five messages simultaneously; the system was officially adopted by the French Post \& Telegraph Administration five years later. In 1874 he patented the idea of a 5-bit (i.e. 32-permutation) code, with equal on and off intervals, for telegraph transmission of the Roman alphabet and punctuation signs and for control of the typewriter-like teleprinter used to display the message. This code, known as the Baudot code, was found to be more economical than the existing Morse code and was widely adopted for national and international telegraphy in the twentieth century. In the 1970s it was superseded by 7—and 8-bit codes.Further development of his ideas on multiplexing led in 1894 to methods suitable for high-speed telegraphy. To commemorate his contribution to efficient telegraphy, the unit of signalling speed (i.e. the number of elements transmitted per second) is known as the baud.[br]Bibliography17 June 1874, "Système de télégraphie rapide" (Baudot's first patent).Further Reading1965, From Semaphore to Satellite, Geneva: International Telecommunications Union.P.Lajarrige, 1982, "Chroniques téléphoniques et télégraphiques", Collection historique des télécommunications.KFBiographical history of technology > Baudot, Jean-Maurice-Emile
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