-
121 Taguchi, Genichi
(b. 1924) Gen MgtJapanese academic and consultant. Known for his contribution to quality engineering and founder of the Taguchi method, which seeks to integrate quality control into product design using experiment and statistical analysis. His concepts, including quality loss (see Taguchi methods), are explained in publications such as Introduction to Quality Engineering (1986). -
122 Crookes, Sir William
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 17 June 1832 London, Englandd. 4 April 1919 London, England[br]English chemist and physicist who carried out studies of electrical discharges and cathode rays in rarefied gases, leading to the development of the cathode ray tube; discoverer of the element thallium and the principle of the Crookes radiometer.[br]Crookes entered the Royal College of Chemistry at the age of 15, and from 1850 to 1854 held the appointment of Assistant at the college. In 1854 he became Superintendent of the Meteorological Department at the Radcliffe Observatory in Oxford. He moved to a post at the College of Science in Chester the following year. Soon after this he inherited a large fortune and set up his own private laboratory in London. There he studied the nature of electrical discharges in gases at low pressure and discovered the dark space (later named after him) that surrounds the negative electrode, or cathode. He also established that the rays produced in the process (subsequently shown by J.J.Thompson to be a stream of electrons) not only travelled in straight lines, but were also capable of producing heat and/or light upon impact with suitable anode materials. Using a variety of new methods to investigate these "cathode" rays, he applied them to the spectral analysis of compounds of selenium and, as a result, in 1861 he discovered the element thallium, finally establishing its atomic weight in 1873. Following his discovery of thallium, he became involved in two main lines of research: the properties of rarified gases, and the investigation of the elements of the "rare earths". It was also during these experiments that he discovered the principle of the Crookes radiometer, a device in which light is converted into rotational motion and which used to be found frequently in the shop windows of English opticians. Also among the fruits of this work were the Crookes tubes and the development of spectacle lenses with differential ranges of radiational absorption. In the 1870s he became interested in spiritualism and acquired a reputation for his studies of psychic phenomena, but at the turn of the century he returned to traditional scientific investigations. In 1892 he wrote about the possibility of wireless telegraphy. His work in the field of radioactivity led to the invention of the spinthariscope, an early type of detector of alpha particles. In 1900 he undertook investigations into uranium which led to the study of scintillation, an important tool in the study of radioactivity.While the theoretical basis of his work has not stood the test of time, his material discoveries, observations and investigations of new facts formed a basis on which others such as J.J. Thomson were to develop subatomic theory. His later involvement in the investigation of spiritualism led to much criticism, but could be justified on the basis of a belief in the duty to investigate all phenomena.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1897. Order of Merit 1910. FRS 1863. President, Royal Society 1913–15. Honorary LLD Birmingham. Honorary DSc Oxon, Cambridge, Sheffield, Durham, Ireland and Cape of Good Hope.Bibliography1874, On Attraction and Repulsion Resulting from Radiation.1874, "Researches in the phenomenon of spiritualism", Society of Metaphysics; reprinted in facsimile, 1986.For many years he was also Proprietor and Editor of Chemical News.Further ReadingE.E.Fournier D'Albe, 1923, Life of Sir William Crookes. Who Was Who II, 1916–28, London: A. \& C. Black. T.I.Williams, 1969, A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists. See also Braun, Karl Ferdinand.KF / MG -
123 Kurtz, Thomas E.
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. USA[br]American mathematician who, with Kemeny developed BASIC, a high-level computer language.[br]Kurtz took his first degree in mathematics at the University of California in Los Angeles (UCLA), where he also gained experience in numerical methods as a result of working in the National Bureau of Standards Institute for Numerical Analysis located on the campus. In 1956 he obtained a PhD in statistics at Princeton, after which he took up a post as an instructor at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire. There he found a considerable interest in computing was already in existence, and he was soon acting as the Dartmouth contact with the New England Regional Computer Center at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, an initiative partly supported by IBM. With Kemeny, he learned the Share Assembly Language then in use, but they were concerned about the difficulty of programming computers in assembly language and of teaching it to students and colleagues at Dartmouth. In 1959 the college obtained an LGP-30 computer and Kurtz became the first Director of the Dartmouth Computer Center. However, the small memory (4 k) of this 30-bit machine precluded its use with the recently available high-level language Algol 58. Therefore, with Kemeny, he set about developing a simple language and operating system that would use simple English commands and be easy to learn and use. This they called the Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC). At the same time they jointly supervised the design and development of a time-sharing system suitable for college use, so that by 1964, when Kurtz became an associate professor of mathematics, they had a fully operational BASIC system; by 1969 a sixth version was already in existence. In 1966 Kurtz left Dartmouth to become a Director of the Kiewit Computer Center, and then, in 1975, he became a Director of the Office of Academic Computing; in 1978 he returned to Dartmouth as Professor of Mathematics. He also served on various national committees.[br]Bibliography1964, with J.G.Kemeny, BASIC Instruction Manual: Dartmouth College (for details of the development of BASIC etc.).1968, with J.G.Kemeny "Dartmouth time-sharing", Science 223.Further ReadingR.L.Wexelblat, 1981, History of Programming Languages, London: Academic Press (a more general view of the development of computer languages).KF -
124 SAMMI
SAMMI, signature analysis methods for mission identificationEnglish-Russian dictionary of planing, cross-planing and slotting machines > SAMMI
-
125 SIGMALOG
SIGMALOG, simulation and gaming methods for analysis of logisticsEnglish-Russian dictionary of planing, cross-planing and slotting machines > SIGMALOG
-
126 linguistic
linguistic level — языковый уровень; лингвистический уровень
-
127 ar-sa عامل تصفية
"The study or analysis of codes and encoding methods used to secure information. Cryptography is used to provide confidentiality, data integrity, authentication (entity and data origin), and nonrepudiation." -
128 cryptography
"The study or analysis of codes and encoding methods used to secure information. Cryptography is used to provide confidentiality, data integrity, authentication (entity and data origin), and nonrepudiation."
См. также в других словарях:
Methods in Enzymology — est une série d ouvrages éditée depuis le milieu des années 1950 par les éditions Academic Press / Elsevier. Cette colossale collection représente la plus importante somme de connaissance dans le domaine de l enzymologie, à l échelle mondiale.… … Wikipédia en Français
Methods in enzymology (collection d'ouvrages) — Methods in Enzymology Methods in enzymology est une série d ouvrages éditée depuis le milieu des années 1950 par les éditions Academic Press / Elsevier. Cette colossale collection représente la plus importante somme de connaissance dans le… … Wikipédia en Français
Analysis — • The process by which anything complex is resolved into simple, or at least less complex parts or elements Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. Analysis Analysis … Catholic encyclopedia
Methods-time measurement — (MTM) is a predetermined motion time system that is used primarily in industrial settings to analyse the methods used to perform any manual operation or task and, as a byproduct of that analysis, set the standard time in which a worker should… … Wikipedia
analysis — a‧nal‧y‧sis [əˈnælss] noun analyses PLURALFORM [ siːz] [countable, uncountable] 1. a careful examination of something in order to understand it better: • The researchers carried out a detailed analysis of recent trends in share prices. •… … Financial and business terms
Analysis — (from Greek ἀνάλυσις , a breaking up ) is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts to gain a better understanding of it. The technique has been applied in the study of mathematics and logic since before Aristotle,… … Wikipedia
analysis — /euh nal euh sis/, n., pl. analyses / seez /. 1. the separating of any material or abstract entity into its constituent elements (opposed to synthesis). 2. this process as a method of studying the nature of something or of determining its… … Universalium
Methods engineering — Not to be confused with Method engineering in the field of information systems. Methods engineering is a subspecialty of Industrial engineering concerned with human integration in industrial production processes.[1] Contents 1 Overview 2 Methods… … Wikipedia
Analysis of variance — In statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a collection of statistical models, and their associated procedures, in which the observed variance in a particular variable is partitioned into components attributable to different sources of… … Wikipedia
Methods used to study memory — The study of memory incorporates research methodologies from neuropsychology, human development and dragon testing using a wide range of species. The complex phenomenon of memory is explored by combining evidence from many areas of research. New… … Wikipedia
Methods of contour integration — Not to be confused with Line integral. In the mathematical field of complex analysis, contour integration is a method of evaluating certain integrals along paths in the complex plane.[1][2][3] Contour integration is closely related to the… … Wikipedia
