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101 метод расчёта состава клинкера по Боггу
Silicates: Bogue calculating methodУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > метод расчёта состава клинкера по Боггу
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102 помнить
(= запомнить) remember, keep in mind, bear in mind• В дальнейшем (изложении) следует помнить этот важный принцип. - This is an important principle to be kept in mind as we proceed.• В то же самое время следует помнить, что... - At the same time it must be remembered that...• Для некоторых приложений мы должны помнить, что... - For some applications we have to remember that...• Используя данный метод, следует помнить, что... - In using this method it is well to remember that...• Мы должны твердо помнить существенную разницу между... - We must keep clearly in mind the essential difference between...• На практике мы обязаны помнить, что... - In practice we must remember that...• Необходимо помнить эти моменты, когда вычисляешь... - These points should be kept in mind when calculating...• Однако мы должны (все время) помнить, что... - But we must be aware that...• Однако необходимо всегда помнить, что... - One should always keep in mind, however, that...• Полезно помнить следующий факт:... - A useful result to remember is that...• Помните, что - Keep in mind that.• Проделывая это, стоит помнить, что... - In doing so, it is well to bear in mind that...• Следовательно, мы обязаны помнить относительно возможности... - We must keep in mind, therefore, the possibility of...• Следовательно, необходимо помнить, что... - It should therefore be borne in mind that...• Студенты всегда должны помнить, что... - The students must always be aware of...• Часто встречающейся ошибкой является то, что не помнят (= забывают)... - It is a common mistake to forget that...• Читатель обязан помнить, что... - The reader must keep in mind that...• Читателю будет полезным помнить, что... - The reader will find it helpful to keep in mind that... -
103 решение
solution, decision, determination• Альтернативное решение, данное Смитом [1], состоит в следующем... - An alternative solution given by Smith [lj is...• Более стандартным (= обычным) является представление решения в терминах... - It is more usual to express the solution in terms of...• Более удобные формы решения были получены Смитом [1]. - More convenient forms of solution have been obtained by Smith [1].• Более удовлетворительное в этом отношении решение получается... - A more satisfactory solution in this regard is obtained by...• Будем искать решение в виде... - Let us seek a solution of the form...• В подобных случаях можно использовать приближенное решение. - In such cases, approximate solutions may be used.• В этом случае наше решение более не является точным, потому что... - Our solution is no longer exact in this case, because...• Давайте использовать это решение, чтобы получить... - Let us use this solution to obtain...• Данное решение противоречит физическому смыслу в том, что... - A nonphysical aspect of this solution is that...• Данные результаты могут быть использованы для проверки численного решения. - These results provide a useful check on numerical solutions.• Для этой дилеммы не существует настоящего решения. - There is no real solution to this dilemma.• Другой способ решения задачи начинается с уравнения... - Another attack on the problem starts from the equation...• Еще более общие решения могли бы быть сконструированы (с помощью и т. п.)... - Still more general solutions may be constructed by...• Здесь рассматривается общий метод получения этих решений. - A general method of obtaining these solutions is considered here.• Имеются три способа решения такой задачи. - There are three ways of attacking such a problem.• Итак, мы могли бы попытаться найти решение уравнения (1)... - Thus we may attempt to find a solution of (1) by...• Качественное поведение решения легко представить графически, если... - The nature of the solution is easily pictured if we...• Мы будем использовать это решение, чтобы построить... - We shall use this solution to construct...• Мы ввели широкий спектр методов для решения... - We have introduced a wide range of procedures for solving...• На интервале [0,1] имеется ровно одно решение х. - There is exactly one solution x in the interval [0,1].• На самом деле данная проблема заключается в решении... - The problem is really one of solving...• Наиболее элементарным способом решения уравнения (1) является... - The most elementary approach to the solution of (1) is...• Нам необходимо определить решение... - We need to determine the solution of...• Общее решение здесь невозможно, так как... - No general resolution is possible, since...• Обоснованием для этой схемы решения служит то, что... - The justification for this solution scheme is that...• Однако решения все еще могут быть получены, обращаясь к чисто численным методам. - Solutions can still be obtained, however, by resorting to purely numerical methods.• Одно такое решение дается (формулой и т. п.)... - One such solution is given by...• Окончательное решение является компромиссом между... - The final solution is a compromise between...• Она (задача) будет иметь решение тогда и только тогда, когда... - This will have a solution if and only if...• Очевидно, что эти решения не так ценны, как... - Clearly these solutions are not as valuable as...• Перед тем как упростить данное решение, давайте проверим... - Before simplifying this solution, let us examine...• Под решением этой задачи мы понимаем... - By solving this problem we mean that...• Подобные решения наиболее полезны для вычисления... - Such solutions are most useful for calculating...• Полное решение дается... - The full solution is given by...• Получим теперь решение... - We shall now derive a solution of...• Поучительно провести детальное решение... - It is instructive to carry out in detail the solution of...• Прежде чем приступить к решению уравнения (3), мы сначала обсудим... - Preparatory to solving Eq. (3), we will first discuss...• При а < 0 у уравнения (1) решение не существует. - Equation (1) has no solution for a < 0.• При решении данной задачи валено отметить, что... - In solving this problem it is important to notice that...• Приближенное решение получается... - The approximate solution is obtained by...• Проблема... до сих пор не имеет удовлетворительного решения. - The problem of... has not yet been solved satisfactorily.• Процесс решения усложняется наличием... - The solution process is complicated by the presence of...• Решение может существовать только при выполнении следующих условий. - A solution can exist only under the following conditions.• Решение не существует при р > 0. - A solution does not exist when p > 0.• Решение подобной проблемы легко выводится из рассмотрения... - The solution to such a problem is readily deduced by considering...• Решение этой дилеммы было предложено Смитом [1] в 1980 г. - A way out of this dilemma was proposed in 1980 by Smith [1].• Решения этих уравнений можно получить графически (с помощью и т. п.)... - Solutions to these equations can be obtained graphically by...• Решения этого уравнения называются... - Solutions to this equation are called...• Решения этой задачи легко вытекают из... - Solutions of this problem follow readily from...• Следовательно, мы обязаны изучить решения (уравнения и т. п.)... - We must therefore study solutions to...• Следовательно, необходимое решение принимает вид:... - The required solution is therefore...• Следовательно, полное решение имеет вид... - The complete solution is therefore...• Следовательно, у нас получилось формальное решение для... - We therefore have a formal solution for...• Следующий пример демонстрирует этот тип решения. - The next example demonstrates this type of solution.• Существует много способов решения данной задачи. - There are many ways to solve this problem.• Существуют разные пути решения этой задачи. - There are various ways of tackling this problem.• Теперь у нас имеется полное решение для... - We now have a complete solution for...• То, что данное решение является единственным, следует из... - That this solution is unique follows from...• Точное решение возможно только если... - An exact solution is only possible if...• Точные решения уравнения (1) могут быть получены в терминах известных функций, когда... - Exact solutions to (1) can be obtained in terms of known functions when...• Чтобы завершить это решение, мы должны... - То complete the solution, we must...• Эта глава представляет один подход к решению... - This chapter presents one approach to the solution of...• Эта техника обеспечивает рациональный базис, на основе которого инженеры могут принимать решение относительно... - The technique provides a rational basis on which engineers can make decisions about...• Эти уравнения имеют нетривиальное решение, только если... - These equations have a nontrivial solution only if...• Эти уравнения редко имеют аналитические решения. - Analytical solutions to these equations are seldom possible.• Это не будет точным решением, так как... - This will not be an exact solution since...• Это решение можно получить наиболее просто, используя... - The solution is most readily obtained by the use of...• Это решение основано на предположении, что... - This solution is based on the assumption that...• Это решение основывается на предположении, что... - This solution is based on the assumption that...• Это решение приложимо только если... - This solution applies strictly only when...• Это уравнение имеет одно и только одно решение. - This equation has one and only one solution.• Этот фундаментальный подход полезен при решении... - This fundamental approach is useful in solving... -
104 Kalkulationsaufschlagssatz
Kalkulationsaufschlagssatz
markup percentage;
• Kalkulationsbasis calculation basis;
• Kalkulationsbuch cost ledger (book);
• Kalkulationsbüro estimating office;
• Kalkulationsfaktor calculation item;
• Kalkulationsfehler calculating error, miscalculation, mistake in (wrong) calculation;
• Kalkulationsgrundlage calculation basis;
• Kalkulationsmethode method of calculation, pricing practices;
• Kalkulationsnorm cost standard;
• Kalkulationspreis calculated price;
• Kalkulationsprüfung budgetary service;
• Kalkulationsquote markup percentage;
• Kalkulationsstelle costing department;
• Kalkulationssystem pricing (cost accounting, delivered price, US) system;
• Kalkulationstabelle pricing schedule;
• Kalkulationsverfahren pricing practices;
• Kalkulationszuschlag markup, markon (US);
• endgültiger Kalkulationszuschlag maintained markup.Business german-english dictionary > Kalkulationsaufschlagssatz
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105 на ... взгляд
На (мой) взгляд-- To my mind the most interesting feature of these models is that they show that hard asperities can produce an "ironing out" of a plastic bulge ahead of the asperity. На первый взгляд - at first sight, at first glance, at first blush, at first consideration; at first; seemingly; on the face of it; on the surface; superficiallyAt first sight this approach seems to be anomalous since only positive pressures have been allowed when calculating the orbits.At first glance, the rather large tensile stresses appear to be well above the 0.2 percent offset yield strength.While it might at first blush appear that this increases the complexity of the system, in fact it doesn't.Thus a method that, at first consideration, seems quite promising turns out under closer inspection to have some very discouraging deficiencies.Another problem, although seemingly unrelated, shares some common features with that studied here.On the face of it this would seem then to run contrary to our theory.On the surface, it looks no different from other coals, although it is slightly more brittle.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > на ... взгляд
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106 расчёт
Расчёт - calculation, analysis, calculating, analyzing; design, designing, projection (инженерный); computation (обычно с помощью ЭВМ); prediction, predicting, projection (теоретический с помощью математической модели)In order to ensure that the reference stress predictions give a conservative assessment, G. reviewed rupture calculations.The experimental temperature measurements are in good general agreement with results of a thermal analysis of the bearing.The optional method of analyzing a class 2 assembly accounts for the interaction of the two flanges.It served the purpose in terms of improving mass flow versus pressure ratio projections.Many computations are still made using static data.Расчёт на - design for; design against (при этом указывается вид разрушения)Design against creep-fatigue represents the severest challenge to the designer.Расчёт по-- Because of uncertainties in predicting fatigue life from specific film thickness [...], the lubrication life factor as a function of A was recommended to be between the mean curves from [...].—простое уравнение для расчёта по—тщательно разделять результаты расчётов, основанных на... и наРусско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > расчёт
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107 Digitalrechenmethode
Digitalrechenmethode f digital calculating methodDeutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch der Elektrotechnik und Elektronik > Digitalrechenmethode
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108 annualized percentage rate
annualized percentage rate (APR) 1. FIN, GEN effektiver Jahreszins m, Effektivzins m; 2. LAW auf Jahresbasis umgerechneter Prozentsatz m (a method, specified by law, for calculating the nominal annual rate of return, to compare instruments with different ways of computing interest, e.g. weekly, monthly…)Englisch-Deutsch Fachwörterbuch der Wirtschaft > annualized percentage rate
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109 annual percentage rate
annual percentage rate (APR) (AE) 1. FIN, GEN effektiver Jahreszins m, Effektivzins m; 2. LAW auf Jahresbasis umgerechneter Prozentsatz m (a method, specified by law, for calculating the nominal annual rate of return, to compare instruments with different ways of computing interest, e.g. weekly, monthly …)Englisch-Deutsch Fachwörterbuch der Wirtschaft > annual percentage rate
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110 APR
APR (Abk. für annual percentage rate, annualised percentage rate) 1. FIN, GEN effektiver Jahreszins m, Effektivzins m, auf Jahresbasis umgerechneter Prozentsatz m; 2. LAW auf Jahresbasis umgerechneter Prozentsatz m (a method, specified by law, for calculating the nominal annual rate of return, in order to compare instruments with different ways of computing interest, e.g. weekly, monthly …) -
111 effective annualized rate
effective annualized rate (EAR) FIN effektiver Jahreszins m (a method specified by law for calculating the real nominal annual rate of return); jährlicher Effektivzins m; Effektivzins m p.a.Englisch-Deutsch Fachwörterbuch der Wirtschaft > effective annualized rate
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112 effective annual rate
effective annual rate (EAR) FIN, LAW effektiver Jahreszins m (a method specified by law for calculating the real nominal annual rate of return); jährlicher Effektivzins m; Effektivzins m p.a.Englisch-Deutsch Fachwörterbuch der Wirtschaft > effective annual rate
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113 Effektivzins p.a.
Effektivzins m p.a. FIN effective annual rate, effective annualized rate, EAR (Synonym bei Geldanlagen und Krediten: Rendite und Effektivzins; tatsächlicher Ertrag einer Anlage bzw. tatsächliche Kreditkostenbelastung unter Berücksichtigung aller einmaligen und laufenden Erträge und Kosten als relativ zuverlässige Preis- und Konditionenvergleichsbasis; a method specified by law for calculating the real nominal annual rate of return; cf effektiver Jahreszins, EAR, APR) -
114 jährliche Effektivverzinsung
jährliche Effektivverzinsung f FIN effective annual yield, EAY (Synonym bei Geldanlagen und Krediten: Rendite und Effektivzins; tatsächlicher Ertrag einer Anlage bzw. tatsächliche Kreditkostenbelastung unter Berücksichtigung aller einmaligen und laufenden Erträge und Kosten als relativ zuverlässige Preis- und Konditionenvergleichsbasis; a method, specified by law, for calculating the real nominal annual rate of return, to compare instruments with different ways of computing interest, e.g. weekly, monthly …; cf effektiver Jahreszins, EAR, APR)Business german-english dictionary > jährliche Effektivverzinsung
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115 Bayesian theory
Statsa statistical theory and method for drawing conclusions about the future occurrence of a given parameter of a statistical distribution by calculating from prior data on its frequency of occurrence. The theory is useful in the solution of theoretical and applied problems in science, industry, and government, for example, in econometrics and finance. -
116 net residual value
Finthe anticipated proceeds of an asset at the end of its useful life, less the costs of selling it, for example, transportation and commission. It is used when calculating the annual charge for the straightline method of depreciation.Abbr. NRV -
117 Stephenson, Robert
[br]b. 16 October 1803 Willington Quay, Northumberland, Englandd. 12 October 1859 London, England[br]English engineer who built the locomotive Rocket and constructed many important early trunk railways.[br]Robert Stephenson's father was George Stephenson, who ensured that his son was educated to obtain the theoretical knowledge he lacked himself. In 1821 Robert Stephenson assisted his father in his survey of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway and in 1822 he assisted William James in the first survey of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway. He then went to Edinburgh University for six months, and the following year Robert Stephenson \& Co. was named after him as Managing Partner when it was formed by himself, his father and others. The firm was to build stationary engines, locomotives and railway rolling stock; in its early years it also built paper-making machinery and did general engineering.In 1824, however, Robert Stephenson accepted, perhaps in reaction to an excess of parental control, an invitation by a group of London speculators called the Colombian Mining Association to lead an expedition to South America to use steam power to reopen gold and silver mines. He subsequently visited North America before returning to England in 1827 to rejoin his father as an equal and again take charge of Robert Stephenson \& Co. There he set about altering the design of steam locomotives to improve both their riding and their steam-generating capacity. Lancashire Witch, completed in July 1828, was the first locomotive mounted on steel springs and had twin furnace tubes through the boiler to produce a large heating surface. Later that year Robert Stephenson \& Co. supplied the Stockton \& Darlington Railway with a wagon, mounted for the first time on springs and with outside bearings. It was to be the prototype of the standard British railway wagon. Between April and September 1829 Robert Stephenson built, not without difficulty, a multi-tubular boiler, as suggested by Henry Booth to George Stephenson, and incorporated it into the locomotive Rocket which the three men entered in the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway's Rainhill Trials in October. Rocket, was outstandingly successful and demonstrated that the long-distance steam railway was practicable.Robert Stephenson continued to develop the locomotive. Northumbrian, built in 1830, had for the first time, a smokebox at the front of the boiler and also the firebox built integrally with the rear of the boiler. Then in Planet, built later the same year, he adopted a layout for the working parts used earlier by steam road-coach pioneer Goldsworthy Gurney, placing the cylinders, for the first time, in a nearly horizontal position beneath the smokebox, with the connecting rods driving a cranked axle. He had evolved the definitive form for the steam locomotive.Also in 1830, Robert Stephenson surveyed the London \& Birmingham Railway, which was authorized by Act of Parliament in 1833. Stephenson became Engineer for construction of the 112-mile (180 km) railway, probably at that date the greatest task ever undertaken in of civil engineering. In this he was greatly assisted by G.P.Bidder, who as a child prodigy had been known as "The Calculating Boy", and the two men were to be associated in many subsequent projects. On the London \& Birmingham Railway there were long and deep cuttings to be excavated and difficult tunnels to be bored, notoriously at Kilsby. The line was opened in 1838.In 1837 Stephenson provided facilities for W.F. Cooke to make an experimental electrictelegraph installation at London Euston. The directors of the London \& Birmingham Railway company, however, did not accept his recommendation that they should adopt the electric telegraph and it was left to I.K. Brunel to instigate the first permanent installation, alongside the Great Western Railway. After Cooke formed the Electric Telegraph Company, Stephenson became a shareholder and was Chairman during 1857–8.Earlier, in the 1830s, Robert Stephenson assisted his father in advising on railways in Belgium and came to be increasingly in demand as a consultant. In 1840, however, he was almost ruined financially as a result of the collapse of the Stanhope \& Tyne Rail Road; in return for acting as Engineer-in-Chief he had unwisely accepted shares, with unlimited liability, instead of a fee.During the late 1840s Stephenson's greatest achievements were the design and construction of four great bridges, as part of railways for which he was responsible. The High Level Bridge over the Tyne at Newcastle and the Royal Border Bridge over the Tweed at Berwick were the links needed to complete the East Coast Route from London to Scotland. For the Chester \& Holyhead Railway to cross the Menai Strait, a bridge with spans as long-as 460 ft (140 m) was needed: Stephenson designed them as wrought-iron tubes of rectangular cross-section, through which the trains would pass, and eventually joined the spans together into a tube 1,511 ft (460 m) long from shore to shore. Extensive testing was done beforehand by shipbuilder William Fairbairn to prove the method, and as a preliminary it was first used for a 400 ft (122 m) span bridge at Conway.In 1847 Robert Stephenson was elected MP for Whitby, a position he held until his death, and he was one of the exhibition commissioners for the Great Exhibition of 1851. In the early 1850s he was Engineer-in-Chief for the Norwegian Trunk Railway, the first railway in Norway, and he also built the Alexandria \& Cairo Railway, the first railway in Africa. This included two tubular bridges with the railway running on top of the tubes. The railway was extended to Suez in 1858 and for several years provided a link in the route from Britain to India, until superseded by the Suez Canal, which Stephenson had opposed in Parliament. The greatest of all his tubular bridges was the Victoria Bridge across the River St Lawrence at Montreal: after inspecting the site in 1852 he was appointed Engineer-in-Chief for the bridge, which was 1 1/2 miles (2 km) long and was designed in his London offices. Sadly he, like Brunel, died young from self-imposed overwork, before the bridge was completed in 1859.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1849. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1849. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1856. Order of St Olaf (Norway). Order of Leopold (Belgium). Like his father, Robert Stephenson refused a knighthood.Further ReadingL.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (a good modern biography).J.C.Jeaffreson, 1864, The Life of Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (the standard nine-teenth-century biography).M.R.Bailey, 1979, "Robert Stephenson \& Co. 1823–1829", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 50 (provides details of the early products of that company).J.Kieve, 1973, The Electric Telegraph, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.PJGR -
118 Wöhler, August
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 22 June 1819 Soltau, Germanyd. 21 June 1914 Hannover, Germany[br]German railway engineer who first established the fatigue fracture of metals.[br]Wöhler, the son of a schoolteacher, was born at Soltau on the Luneburg Heath and received his early education at his father's school, where his mathematical abilities soon became apparent. He completed his studies at the Technical High School, Hannover.In 1840 he obtained a position at the Borsig Engineering Works in Berlin and acquired there much valuable experience in railway technology. He trained as an engine driver in Belgium and in 1843 was appointed as an engineer to the first Hannoverian Railway, then being constructed between Hannover and Lehrte. In 1847 he became Chief Superintendent of rolling stock on the Lower Silesian-Brandenhurg Railway, where his technical abilities influenced the Prussian Minister of Commerce to appoint him to a commission set up to investigate the reasons for the unusually high incidence of axle failures then being encountered on the railways. This was in 1852, and by 1854, when the Brandenburg line had been nationalized, Wöhler had already embarked on the long, systematic programme of mechanical testing which eventually provided him with a clear insight into the process of what is now referred to as "fatigue failure". He concentrated initially on the behaviour of machined iron and steel specimens subjected to fluctuating direct, bending and torsional stresses that were imposed by testing machines of his own design.Although Wöhler was not the first investigator in this area, he was the first to recognize the state of "fatigue" induced in metals by the repeated application of cycles of stress at levels well below those that would cause immediate failure. His method of plotting the fatigue stress amplitude "S" against the number of stress cycles necessary to cause failure "N" yielded the well-known S-N curve which described very precisely the susceptibility to fatigue failure of the material concerned. Engineers were thus provided with an invaluable testing technique that is still widely used in the 1990s.Between 1851 and 1898 Wöhler published forty-two papers in German technical journals, although the importance of his work was not initially fully appreciated in other countries. A display of some of his fracture fatigue specimens at the Paris Exposition in 1867, however, stimulated a short review of his work in Engineering in London. Four years later, in 1871, Engineering published a series of nine articles which described Wöhler's findings in considerable detail and brought them to the attention of engineers. Wöhler became a member of the newly created management board of the Imperial German Railways in 1874, an appointment that he retained until 1889. He is also remembered for his derivation in 1855 of a formula for calculating the deflections under load of lattice girders, plate girders, and other continuous beams resting on more than two supports. This "Three Moments" theorem appeared two years before Clapeyron independently advanced the same expression. Wöhler's other major contribution to bridge design was to use rollers at one end to allow for thermal expansion and contraction.[br]Bibliography1855, "Theorie rechteckiger eiserner Brückenbalken", Zeitschrift für Bauwesen 5:122–66. 1870, "Über die Festigkeitversuche mit Eisen und Stahl", Zeitschrift für Bauwesen 20:73– 106.Wöhler's experiments on the fatigue of metals were reported in Engineering (1867) 2:160; (1871) 11:199–200, 222, 243–4, 261, 299–300, 326–7, 349–50, 397, 439–41.Further ReadingR.Blaum, 1918, "August Wöhler", Beiträge zur Geschichte der Technik und Industrie 8:35–55.——1925, "August Wöhler", Deutsches biographisches Jahrbuch, Vol. I, Stuttgart, pp. 103–7.K.Pearson, 1890, "On Wöhler's experiments on alternating stress", Messeng. Math.20:21–37.J.Gilchrist, 1900, "On Wöhler's Laws", Engineer 90:203–4.ASD -
119 вычисление среднего значения за определенный интервал времени
вычисление среднего значения за определенный интервал времени
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[Интент]Параллельные тексты EN-RU
block interval demand— power demand calculation method for a block of time.
Includes three ways to apply calculating to that block of time; sliding block, fixed block, or rolling block methods.
[Schneider Electric]вычисление среднего значения за определенный интервал времени – способ вычисления среднего значения.
Включает в себя три способа вычисления за определенный интервал времени; сдвигаемый интервал времени, фиксированный интервал времени и роллинг-интервал времени.
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Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > вычисление среднего значения за определенный интервал времени
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120 block interval demand
вычисление среднего значения за определенный интервал времени
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[Интент]Параллельные тексты EN-RU
block interval demand— power demand calculation method for a block of time.
Includes three ways to apply calculating to that block of time; sliding block, fixed block, or rolling block methods.
[Schneider Electric]вычисление среднего значения за определенный интервал времени – способ вычисления среднего значения.
Включает в себя три способа вычисления за определенный интервал времени; сдвигаемый интервал времени, фиксированный интервал времени и роллинг-интервал времени.
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Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > block interval demand
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