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21 Bessemer, Sir Henry
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 19 January 1813 Charlton (near Hitchin), Hertfordshire, Englandd. 15 January 1898 Denmark Hill, London, England[br]English inventor of the Bessemer steelmaking process.[br]The most valuable part of Bessemer's education took place in the workshop of his inventor father. At the age of only 17 he went to London to seek his fortune and set himself up in the trade of casting art works in white metal. He went on to the embossing of metals and other materials and this led to his first major invention, whereby a date was incorporated in the die for embossing seals, thus preventing the wholesale forgeries that had previously been committed. For this, a grateful Government promised Bessemer a paid position, a promise that was never kept; recognition came only in 1879 with a belated knighthood. Bessemer turned to other inventions, mainly in metalworking, including a process for making bronze powder and gold paint. After he had overcome technical problems, the process became highly profitable, earning him a considerable income during the forty years it was in use.The Crimean War presented inventors such as Bessemer with a challenge when weaknesses in the iron used to make the cannon became apparent. In 1856, at his Baxter House premises in St Paneras, London, he tried fusing cast iron with steel. Noticing the effect of an air current on the molten mixture, he constructed a reaction vessel or converter in which air was blown through molten cast iron. There was a vigorous reaction which nearly burned the house down, and Bessemer found the iron to be almost completely decarburized, without the slag threads always present in wrought iron. Bessemer had in fact invented not only a new process but a new material, mild steel. His paper "On the manufacture of malleable iron and steel without fuel" at the British Association meeting in Cheltenham later that year created a stir. Bessemer was courted by ironmasters to license the process. However, success was short-lived, for they found that phosphorus in the original iron ore passed into the metal and rendered it useless. By chance, Bessemer had used in his trials pig-iron, derived from haematite, a phosphorus-free ore. Bessemer tried hard to overcome the problem, but lacking chemical knowledge he resigned himself to limiting his process to this kind of pig-iron. This limitation was removed in 1879 by Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, who substituted a chemically basic lining in the converter in place of the acid lining used by Bessemer. This reacted with the phosphorus to form a substance that could be tapped off with the slag, leaving the steel free from this harmful element. Even so, the new material had begun to be applied in engineering, especially for railways. The open-hearth process developed by Siemens and the Martin brothers complemented rather than competed with Bessemer steel. The widespread use of the two processes had a revolutionary effect on mechanical and structural engineering and earned Bessemer around £1 million in royalties before the patents expired.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1879. FRS 1879. Royal Society of Arts Albert Gold Medal 1872.Bibliography1905, Sir Henry Bessemer FRS: An Autobiography, London.LRD -
22 Glauber, Johann Rudolf
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1604 Karlstadt, Germanyd. March 1670 Amsterdam, Holland[br]German chemist and metallurgist.[br]The son of a barber, Glauber took up the study of alchemy and travelled widely in search of its secrets. Around 1639, the political uncertainties of the Thirty Years War persuaded him to leave Germany for a more settled life in Amsterdam. While there, he carried out most of the practical work for which he is famous, including his distillation furnace, which made it possible to reach higher temperatures and to heat substances in a variety of conditions. To earn a living he set up in the wine trade, but he continued his alchemical pursuits, under cover on account of the unpopularity of the would-be gold makers. After the end of the war, he returned to Germany, but in 1655 personal disputes and religious friction drove him back to Amsterdam. He set about constructing the largest and most elaborate chemical laboratory in Europe.Glauber's best-known writing, the Furni novi philosophici (1646–9) gives the clearest idea of his practical methods and was influential on some of the leading chemists of the time and later. His name survives today in Glauber's salt for hydrated sodium sulphate. Glauber described several methods for preparing the mineral acids, materials of great importance to the chemist, and obtained the concentrated acids by using his distilling furnace. He tried distilling any substance he could lay hands on, and in the course of this work became probably the first chemist to distil coal and, using hydrochloric acid, obtain benzene and phenol. Glauber was the best practical chemist of the age and the first industrial chemist.[br]Bibliography1646–9, Furni novi philosophiciFurther ReadingK.F.Gugel, 1955, Johann Rudolf Glauber (1604–1670), Leben und Werke, Würzburg (the fullest account of his life; with a bibliography).P.Walden, 1929, "Glauber", in Das Buch der grossen Chemiker, ed. G.Bugge, Berlin, pp. 151–72 (the best account of Glauber's practical methods).E.Farber, 1961, Great Chemists, New York, pp. 115–31 (an abridged translation of ibid.).LRD -
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24 Parkes, Alexander
[br]b. 29 December 1813 Birmingham, Englandd. 29 June 1890 West Dulwich, England[br]English chemist and inventor who made the first plastic material.[br]After serving apprentice to brassfounders in Birmingham, Parkes entered Elkington's, the celebrated metalworking firm, and took charge of their casting department. They were active in introducing electroplating and Parkes's first patent, of 1841, was for the electroplating of works of art. The electrodeposition of metals became a lifelong interest.Notably, he achieved the electroplating of fragile objects, such as flowers, which he patented in 1843. When Prince Albert visited Elkington's, he was presented with a spider's web coated with silver. Altogether, Parkes was granted sixty-six patents over a period of forty-six years, mainly relating to metallurgy.In 1841 he patented a process for waterproofing textiles by immersing them in a solution of indiarubber in carbon disulphide. Elkingtons manufactured such fabrics until they sold the process to Mackintosh Company, which continued making them for many years. While working for Elkingtons in south Wales, Parkes developed the use of zinc for desilvering lead. He obtained a patent in 1850 for this process, which was one of his most important inventions and became widely used.The year 1856 saw Parkes's first patent on pyroxylin, later called Xylonite or celluloid, the first plastic material. Articles made of Parkesine, as it came to be called, were shown at the International Exhibition in London in 1862, and he was awarded a medal for his work. Five years later, Parkesine featured at the Paris Exhibition. Even so, Parkes's efforts to promote the material commercially, particularly as a substitute for ivory, remained stubbornly unsuccessful.[br]Bibliography1850, British patent no. 13118 (the desilvering of lead). 1856, British patent no. 235 (the first on Parkesine).1865, Parkes gave an account of his invention of Parkesine in J.Roy.Arts, (1865), 14, 81–.Further ReadingObituary, 1890, Engineering, (25 July): 111.Obituary, 1890, Mining Journal (26 July): 855.LRD -
25 балласт
1) General subject: metal, spare tyre2) Aviation: dry load3) Naval: lastage4) American: gravel mine5) Engineering: adventitious ash (топлива), dead matter (топлива), inert material6) Construction: ballast (1. груз 2. слой из сыпучих материалов), ballast bed, counterbalance, counterweight, hoggin, sinker bar (для буровых работ), rubble7) Railway term: ballasting, coffering, crib material, metaling, road-metal8) Economy: dead wood (о сотрудниках)9) Mining: kentledge, metal (рельсового пути)10) Forestry: filler11) Metallurgy: inert (компоненты угля, снижающие эффективность его использовани)12) Oil: ballast (water) (балластная вода)13) Astronautics: dead weight14) Silicates: ballast aggregate15) Makarov: ballast (груз, улучшающий мореходные кач-ва), ballast (материал для балластного слоя верхнего строения пути)16) oil&gas: surface17) Tengiz: ( mechanical) solids, ballast (selected materials such as crushed stone placed on the roadbed to hold the track in line and surface. Type and gradation of the material to be used are important), gravel, noncombustibles -
26 погрузочно-разгрузочная машина
1) Engineering: loading-and-unloading machine, materials-handling machine2) Metallurgy: charge-discharge machineУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > погрузочно-разгрузочная машина
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27 подъёмно-транспортные операции
1) Metallurgy: materials handling2) Automation: lift-and-carry motionsУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > подъёмно-транспортные операции
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28 полезные ископаемые
1) General subject: treasures of the soil, extractable resources (попытка не пытка - humble new offering for this important term. NB - all the "mineral" references really don't fit the oil industry. The term gets 2850 google hits.), minerals, natural resourses (The term is defined by the United States Geological Survey as "The Nation's natural resources include its minerals, energy, land, water, and biota.")2) Engineering: mineral products3) Railway term: mineral4) Economy: subsoil assets5) Accounting: mineral wealth6) Mining: mineral deposits7) Metallurgy: useful minerals8) Sakhalin energy glossary: raw materials9) Makarov: mineral resources10) oil&gas: fossil minerals, underground resourcesУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > полезные ископаемые
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