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mechanical+stop

  • 61 автостоп механического действия

    trip train stop, mechanical trip ж.-д.

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > автостоп механического действия

  • 62 breakdown

    noun
    1) ( often nervous breakdown) a mental collapse.
    إنهيار (عصبي)
    2) a mechanical failure causing a stop:

    The car has had another breakdown. See also break down.

    تعطُّـل

    Arabic-English dictionary > breakdown

  • 63 fuse

    I [fjuːz]
    1. verb
    1) to melt (together) as a result of great heat:

    Copper and tin fuse together to make bronze.

    يَصْهَر، يُذَوِّب
    2) (of an electric circuit or appliance) to (cause to) stop working because of the melting of a fuse:

    She fused all the lights.

    يَتَوقَّف بِسَبَب إنْصهار القابِس الكهربائي
    2. noun
    a piece of easily-melted wire included in an electric circuit so that a dangerously high electric current will break the circuit and switch itself off:

    She mended the fuse.

    قابِس كهربائي II [fjuːz] noun
    a piece of material, a mechanical device etc which makes a bomb etc explode at a particular time:

    He lit the fuse and waited for the explosion.

    فَتيل المُتَفَجِّرات

    Arabic-English dictionary > fuse

  • 64 защелка


    catch
    - блокировки случайной уборки шасси — landing gear anti-retraction latch
    - замка убранного положения (шасси) — up-lock latch
    -, контровочная (булавка) — safety pin
    - наземной блокировки уборки шасси, механическая — mechanical flight release latch
    защелка автоматически фиксирует переключатель шасси в положении выпущ. при нахождении самолета на земле. — the latch automatically locks the l.g. lever in down position during ground operation.
    -, предохранительная (замка) — safety catch
    -, проходная (на рычаге управнения гтд, предотвращающая непреднамеренную уборку руд за упор) (рис. 57) — trip catch. the disengaged trip catch permits the throttle lever to be moved below flight idle stop.
    - рычага управления двигателем — throttle lever gate move the throttle lever through the gate.
    - вытянуть кнопку (переключатепь) до 3. — pull the selector switch to the detent and rotate it
    открывать 3. — disengage the catch

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > защелка

  • 65 привод (валик)


    drive (shaft)
    - (вывод в заданный пункт по сигналам приводной наземной радиостанции посредством бортового радиопеленгаторного оборудования - радиокомпаса (арк)) — homing. the procedure of using the direction-finding equipment of one radio station with the emission of another radio station, where at least one of the stations is mobile, and whereby the mobile station proceeds continuously towards the other station.
    - (механизм) — drive, actuator
    - (передача движения) — drive
    - (приводная радиостанция) — radio beacon /station/, homing station
    - (системы (вор) — vor station
    - агрегата (двигателя) — accessory drive
    - агрегата ограничения оборотов — maximum speed governor drive
    - агрегата постоянных оборотов — constant speed governor drive
    -, вертикальный (валик) — vertical drive (shaft)
    -, вертикальный (стрелкового вооружения) — elevation drive (motor)
    - вращательного типа, рулевой — rotary actuator /drive/
    - вспомогательного устройствa (т.е. привод агрегата двигателя) — accessory drive
    -, вспомогательный — auxiliary drive
    - генератора — generator drive
    механическое устройство для вращения генератора с постоянными оборотами. — the generator drive is a mechanical device that drives the generator at desired rpm.
    - генератора, встроенный — generator integral drive
    -, гидравлический — hydraulic drive
    - гидронасоса — hydraulic pump drive
    -, горизонтальный (стрелковогo вооружения) — azimuth drive /motor/
    - датчика замера оборотов ротора высокого (низкого) давления — hp (lp) (rotor) tachometer generator drive
    - двигателя от воздушного стартера — engine drive from air starter
    -, двойной — dual drive
    -, запасной — spare drive
    - компрессора наддува кабин — cabin compressor drive
    - концевого выключатепя, микровыключатепя — limit switch /microswitch/ actuator

    the actuator (or striker) trips the limit switch to stop the l.g. retraction.
    - коробки моторных агрегатов (кпма) — engine accessory gear box drive (shaft)
    - коробки приводов агрегатов, главный (центральный валик) — accessory gear box main drive. the main drive to the accessory gear box is through a bevel gear drive from hp rotor shaft.
    - коробки самолетных агрегатов (кса) — aircraft accessory gear box drive (shaft)
    - левого вращения — left-hand rotation drive
    - механизма сброса фонаря (кабины) — canopy remover /jettison/ initiator
    -, наклонный (к коробке приводов) — inclined drive (shaft) (to gear box or wheelcase)
    - от вала компрессора — drive from compressor shaft
    - от ротора вд (нд) — drive from hp (lp) rotor
    - переставного стабилизатора — stabilizer /tailplane/ trim actuator (stab trim)
    - переставного стабилизатоpa, винтовой — stabilizer tailplane trim screw jack
    - постоянной частоты вращения, гидромеханический (генератора) — constant speed governor (csg)
    - постоянного числа оборотов (узел) — constant-speed drive (csd) unit
    - постоянных оборотов (генератора) — (generator) constant speed drive
    для вращения генератора, перемен тока с постоянной скоростью, независимо от режимов работы двигателя. — то drive ac generator at constant speed irrespective of the engine speed change.
    - поступательного типа, рулевой — reciprocating actuator /drive/
    - правого вращения — right-hand rotation drive
    - привода постоянных оборотов — c.s.d. unit drive (shaft)
    -, промежуточный — intermediate drive (gear)
    расположен между центральным приводом и редуктором (коробкой приводов) агрегатов двигателя.
    - рамы крена (гироплатформы) — roll gimbal drive
    - рамы курса (гироплатформы) — aximuth gimbal drive
    - рамы тангажа (гироплатформы) — pitch gimbal drive
    -, рулевой (рп) — actuator, servo
    -, рулевой, вспомогательный (руля направления) — auxiliary actuator
    -, рулевой, гидравлический — hydraulic actuator, servo
    -, ручной — hand drive
    - ручной прокрутки ротора вд (высок. давл.) — hp rotor hand crank drive
    -, силовой гидравлический (цилиндр) — hydraulic actuator /drive/
    - (силовой) с тройным резервированием — triplex actuator
    - тахогенератора — tachogenerator drive (shaft)
    -, угловой — angular drive
    -, фрикционный — friction drive
    -, центральный — internal drive
    для передачи вращения от ротора вд к кпма. — то drive the engine aceessory gear box gears.
    - центра поля зрения телеблока к /по/ первой звезде — centering of star i in telescope field of view
    - центробежного суфлера — centrifugal breather drive
    -, червячный — warm gear drive
    - эжектора, винтовой (реверca тяги) — ejector screwjaek
    -, электрический — electric drive
    -, электрогидравлический — electrohydraulic actuator
    -, электропневматический — electropneumatic actuator
    вид со стороны п. — as viewed from the drive end
    с гидравлическим п. — hydraulically-driven, hydraulica@y-operated
    с механическим п. — mechanically-operated, mechanically-driven
    с п. от двигателя (агрегат) — engine-driven (accessory)
    с реактивным п. (нес. винт) — jet-driven (rotor)
    с электрическим п. — electrically-driven /operated/
    летать на (от) п. — fly to (from) /inbound (outbound)/ the radio beacon (or station)

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > привод (валик)

  • 66 Austin, John

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    fl. 1789 Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish contributor to the early development of the power loom.
    [br]
    On 6 April 1789 John Austin wrote to James Watt, seeking advice about patenting "a weaving loom I have invented to go by the hand, horse, water or any other constant power, to comb, brush, or dress the yarn at the same time as it is weaving \& by which one man will do the work of three and make superior work to what can be done by the common loom" (Boulton \& Watt Collection, Birmingham, James Watt Papers, JW/22). Watt replied that "there is a Clergyman by the name of Cartwright at Doncaster who has a patent for a similar contrivance" (Boulton \& Watt Collection, Birmingham, Letter Book 1, 15 April 1789). Watt pointed out that there was a large manufactory running at Doncaster and something of the same kind at Manchester with working power looms. Presumably, this reply deterred Austin from taking out a patent. However, some members of the Glasgow Chamber of Commerce continued developing the loom, and in 1798 one that was tried at the spinning mill of J.Monteith, of Pollokshaws, near Glasgow, answered the purpose so well that a building was erected and thirty of the looms were installed. Later, in 1800, this number was increased to 200, all of which were driven by a steam engine, and it was stated that one weaver and a boy could tend from three to five of these looms.
    Austin's loom was worked by eccentrics, or cams. There was one cam on each side with "a sudden beak or projection" that drove the levers connected to the picking pegs, while other cams worked the heddles and drove the reed. The loom was also fitted with a weft stop motion and could produce more cloth than a hand loom, and worked at about sixty picks per minute. The pivoting of the slay at the bottom allowed the loom to be much more compact than previous ones.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Rees, 1819, The Cyclopaedia: or Universal Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and Literature, London.
    A.P.Usher, 1958, A History of Mechanical Inventions.
    W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London.
    R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester.
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Austin, John

  • 67 Hamilton, Harold Lee (Hal)

    [br]
    b. 14 June 1890 Little Shasta, California, USA
    d. 3 May 1969 California, USA
    [br]
    American pioneer of diesel rail traction.
    [br]
    Orphaned as a child, Hamilton went to work for Southern Pacific Railroad in his teens, and then worked for several other companies. In his spare time he learned mathematics and physics from a retired professor. In 1911 he joined the White Motor Company, makers of road motor vehicles in Denver, Colorado, where he had gone to recuperate from malaria. He remained there until 1922, apart from an eighteenth-month break for war service.
    Upon his return from war service, Hamilton found White selling petrol-engined railbuses with mechanical transmission, based on road vehicles, to railways. He noted that they were not robust enough and that the success of petrol railcars with electric transmission, built by General Electric since 1906, was limited as they were complex to drive and maintain. In 1922 Hamilton formed, and became President of, the Electro- Motive Engineering Corporation (later Electro-Motive Corporation) to design and produce petrol-electric rail cars. Needing an engine larger than those used in road vehicles, yet lighter and faster than marine engines, he approached the Win ton Engine Company to develop a suitable engine; in addition, General Electric provided electric transmission with a simplified control system. Using these components, Hamilton arranged for his petrol-electric railcars to be built by the St Louis Car Company, with the first being completed in 1924. It was the beginning of a highly successful series. Fuel costs were lower than for steam trains and initial costs were kept down by using standardized vehicles instead of designing for individual railways. Maintenance costs were minimized because Electro-Motive kept stocks of spare parts and supplied replacement units when necessary. As more powerful, 800 hp (600 kW) railcars were produced, railways tended to use them to haul trailer vehicles, although that practice reduced the fuel saving. By the end of the decade Electro-Motive needed engines more powerful still and therefore had to use cheap fuel. Diesel engines of the period, such as those that Winton had made for some years, were too heavy in relation to their power, and too slow and sluggish for rail use. Their fuel-injection system was erratic and insufficiently robust and Hamilton concluded that a separate injector was needed for each cylinder.
    In 1930 Electro-Motive Corporation and Winton were acquired by General Motors in pursuance of their aim to develop a diesel engine suitable for rail traction, with the use of unit fuel injectors; Hamilton retained his position as President. At this time, industrial depression had combined with road and air competition to undermine railway-passenger business, and Ralph Budd, President of the Chicago, Burlington \& Quincy Railroad, thought that traffic could be recovered by way of high-speed, luxury motor trains; hence the Pioneer Zephyr was built for the Burlington. This comprised a 600 hp (450 kW), lightweight, two-stroke, diesel engine developed by General Motors (model 201 A), with electric transmission, that powered a streamlined train of three articulated coaches. This train demonstrated its powers on 26 May 1934 by running non-stop from Denver to Chicago, a distance of 1,015 miles (1,635 km), in 13 hours and 6 minutes, when the fastest steam schedule was 26 hours. Hamilton and Budd were among those on board the train, and it ushered in an era of high-speed diesel trains in the USA. By then Hamilton, with General Motors backing, was planning to use the lightweight engine to power diesel-electric locomotives. Their layout was derived not from steam locomotives, but from the standard American boxcar. The power plant was mounted within the body and powered the bogies, and driver's cabs were at each end. Two 900 hp (670 kW) engines were mounted in a single car to become an 1,800 hp (l,340 kW) locomotive, which could be operated in multiple by a single driver to form a 3,600 hp (2,680 kW) locomotive. To keep costs down, standard locomotives could be mass-produced rather than needing individual designs for each railway, as with steam locomotives. Two units of this type were completed in 1935 and sent on trial throughout much of the USA. They were able to match steam locomotive performance, with considerable economies: fuel costs alone were halved and there was much less wear on the track. In the same year, Electro-Motive began manufacturing diesel-electrie locomotives at La Grange, Illinois, with design modifications: the driver was placed high up above a projecting nose, which improved visibility and provided protection in the event of collision on unguarded level crossings; six-wheeled bogies were introduced, to reduce axle loading and improve stability. The first production passenger locomotives emerged from La Grange in 1937, and by early 1939 seventy units were in service. Meanwhile, improved engines had been developed and were being made at La Grange, and late in 1939 a prototype, four-unit, 5,400 hp (4,000 kW) diesel-electric locomotive for freight trains was produced and sent out on test from coast to coast; production versions appeared late in 1940. After an interval from 1941 to 1943, when Electro-Motive produced diesel engines for military and naval use, locomotive production resumed in quantity in 1944, and within a few years diesel power replaced steam on most railways in the USA.
    Hal Hamilton remained President of Electro-Motive Corporation until 1942, when it became a division of General Motors, of which he became Vice-President.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    P.M.Reck, 1948, On Time: The History of the Electro-Motive Division of General Motors Corporation, La Grange, Ill.: General Motors (describes Hamilton's career).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Hamilton, Harold Lee (Hal)

  • 68 технический

    авиационная техническая база
    1. aircraft maintenance depot
    2. aircraft maintenance base авиационное техническое училище
    aeronautical technical school
    база оперативного технического обслуживания
    line maintenance base
    бортовая техническая аптечка
    en-route repair kit
    бригада технического обслуживания
    maintenance crew
    бригада технического обслуживания воздушных судов
    aircraft maintenance team
    ведомость технического контроля
    checklist
    время простоя на техническим обслуживании
    maintenance ground time
    в соответствии с техническими условиями
    in conformity with the specifications
    выставка технического оборудования для обслуживания воздушных судов
    aircraft maintenance engineering exhibition
    зона технического обслуживания
    maintenance area
    инженер по техническому обслуживанию воздушных судов
    aircraft maintenance engineer
    инструкция по техническому обслуживанию
    maintenance instruction
    испытания на соответствие заданным техническим условиям
    1. functional tests
    2. proof-of-compliance tests карта - наряд на выполнение регламентного технического обслуживания
    scheduled maintenance record
    карта - наряд на выполнение технического обслуживания
    maintenance release
    карта - наряд на техническое обслуживание
    maintenance record
    контроль за выполнением технического обслуживания
    maintenance supervision
    машина технической помощи
    wrecking truck
    место на крыле для выполнения технического обслуживания
    overwing walkway
    метод технического обслуживания
    maintenance method
    оборудование для технического обслуживания
    maintenance facilities
    объединение для технического обслуживания
    technical pool
    оперативная форма технического обслуживания
    fine maintenance check
    основные технические данные воздушного судна
    aircraft basic specifications
    основные технические параметры
    basic technical data
    отклонение от технических условий
    departure from specifications
    передвижная станция технического обслуживания
    mobile ship station
    периодическая форма технического обслуживания
    periodic maintenance check
    посадка по техническим причинам
    technical stop
    прямые расходы на техническое обслуживание
    direct maintenance costs
    работы по техническому обслуживанию
    maintenance operations
    расходы на техническое обслуживание
    maintenance costs
    регистратор технического состояния
    maintenance recorder
    регламент технического обслуживания
    1. maintenance schedule
    2. maintenance program руководство по технической эксплуатации воздушного судна
    aircraft maintenance guide
    Секция расчетов по вопросам технической помощи
    Technical Assistance Accounts section
    (ИКАО) Секция технической поддержки
    Technical Support section
    (ИКАО) соблюдать технические условия
    meet the specifications
    стремянка для технического обслуживания
    maintenance stand
    техническая аптечка
    maintenance kit
    техническая аптечка воздушного судна
    aircraft repair kit
    техническая экспертиза
    technical expertise
    технические условия
    technical specification
    технические характеристики зональной навигации
    area navigation capability
    технический осмотр
    maintenance inspection
    технический отказ
    technical rejection
    технический отсек
    service compartment
    технический персонал
    1. maintenance personnel
    2. mechanical personnel технический спирт
    industrial alcohol
    технический чертеж
    engineering drawing
    техническое масло
    industrial oil
    техническое обслуживание
    1. maintenance A
    2. maintenance work 3. maintenance service 4. servicing технология технического обслуживания воздушного судна
    aircraft maintenance practice
    Управление технической помощи
    Technical Assistance Bureau
    уровень технического обслуживания
    maintenance competency
    характеристики, установленные техническим заданием
    scheduled performances
    цех технического обслуживания
    maintenance shop
    цех технического обслуживания воздушных судов
    aircraft maintenance division
    эксперт по техническому обслуживанию
    maintenance expert

    Русско-английский авиационный словарь > технический

  • 69 Computers

       The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the influence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)
       It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....
       The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)
       The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)
       In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)
       A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.
       In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing influence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....
       It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)
       [Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)
       he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)
       t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.
       Further, the effects of those ideas are rapidly compounding, because a computer design is itself just a set of ideas. As we get better at manipulating ideas by building ever better computers, we get better at building even better computers-it's an ever-escalating upward spiral. The early nineteenth century, when the computer's story began, is already so far back that it may as well be the Stone Age. (Rawlins, 1997, p. 19)
       According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)
       What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and fluently through processing experience.
       What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the fluidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.
       In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Computers

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