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41 диспропорция между трудом и средствами существования
Diplomatic term: disproportion between labour and means of subsistenceУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > диспропорция между трудом и средствами существования
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42 Ч-163
ДА ЧТО...! coll (Particle Invar foil. by NP) used in exclamations to show that the commentary in the preceding context, which refers to the person(s), thing(s) etc reintroduced by the idiom, is in some way an understatement or does not reflect the entirety of the situation, and that what is to follow is both more extreme and closer to the truthwhat am I saying, ( + the word or phrase in question from the preceding context)s.o. sth. isn't the half of it! and not just (only)...!«Вы, может быть, думаете, что наука — это лёгкое дело? Это, сударыня, годы труда, самоотверженного и незаметного! Да что там годы - вся жизнь!» (Каверин 1). "Perhaps you think that scientific research is an easy thing? Madam, it means years of labour, selfless and unregarded! What am I saying: years-one's whole life!" (1a).И тут не только дети, но и все друзья Джамхуха завизжали от восторга! Да что друзья Джамхуха, даже куры радостно закудахтали... (Искандер 5). Not just the children but all Jamkhoukh's friends, too, now squealed with delight! And not just Jamkhoukh's friends, even the chickens set up a glad cackle... (5a). -
43 да что...!
• ДА ЧТО...! coll[Particle; Invar; foll. by NP]=====⇒ used in exclamations to show that the commentary in the preceding context, which refers to the person(s), thing(s) etc reintroduced by the idiom, is in some way an understatement or does not reflect the entirety of the situation, and that what is to follow is both more extreme and closer to the truth:- what am I saying, [+ the word or phrase in question from the preceding context];- s.o. < sth.> isn't the half of it!;- and not just < only>...!♦ "Вы, может быть, думаете, что наука - это лёгкое дело? Это, сударыня, годы труда, самоотверженного и незаметного! Да что там годы - вся жизнь!" (Каверин 1). "Perhaps you think that scientific research is an easy thing? Madam, it means years of labour, selfless and unregarded! What am I saying: years-one's whole life!" (1a).♦ И тут не только дети, но и все друзья Джамхуха завизжали от восторга! Да что друзья Джамхуха, даже куры радостно закудахтали... (Искандер 5). Not just the children but all Jamkhoukh's friends, too, now squealed with delight! And not just Jamkhoukh's friends, even the chickens set up a glad cackle... (5a).Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > да что...!
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44 अर्ध _ardha
अर्ध (Written also as अर्द्ध) a. [ऋध्-णिच्-अच्; according to Nir. from धृ, or ऋध्] Half, forming a half (divided into 2 parts); अर्ध-अर्ध the one half-the other half.-र्धः [ऋध्-घञ्]1 A place, region, country; house, habitation (Ved.).-2 Increase (वृद्धि).-3 Wind.-4 A part, portion, side.-र्धम्, -र्धः 1 A half, half portion; पचाति नेमो न हि पक्षदर्धः Rv.1.27.18. सर्वनाशे समुत्पन्ने अर्धं त्यजति पण्डितः, गतमर्धं दिवसस्य V.2; पूर्वार्धः first half; so उत्तर˚ latter half; दक्षिण˚ southern half (half on the right side); so अवर˚, जघन˚, पर˚, ग्राम˚ &c.; यदर्धे विच्छिन्नम् Ś.1.9 divided in half; ऋज्वायतार्धम् M.27; R.3.59; 12.99; रात्रौ तदर्धं गतम् Bh.3.17; one part of two, apart, partly (Ved.);-2 Nearness, proximity; see अर्धदेव. (अर्ध may be compounded with almost every noun and adjective; as first member of compound with nouns it means 'a half of' and forms an एकदेशिसमास or तत्पुरुष; ˚कायः = अर्धं कायस्य; ˚पिप्पली, ˚मार्गः; ˚पुरुषः &c.; with adjectives, it has an adverbial force; ˚श्याम half dark; ˚भुक्त half eaten; so ˚पिष्ट, ˚पूर्ण &c.; with numeral adjectives it may mean either 'a half of' or 'with an additional half'; ˚शतम् half of 1 i. e. 5; or अर्धेन सहितं शतम् i. e. 15; with ordinal numerals 'with a half or that number'; ˚तृतीयम् containing two and the third only half; i. e. two and a half; so ˚चतुर्थ three and a half. cf. अर्धं खण्डे समांशके Nm.-Comp. -अक्षि n. side-look, wink. नगरस्त्रीशङ्कितार्धाक्षिदृष्टम् Mk.8.42.-अङ्गम् half the body.-अन्तरम् half the distance; ˚एकपदता a fault in composition; see S. D. 575.-अंशः a half, the half.-अंशिन् a. sharing a half.-अर्धः, -र्धम् 1 half of a half, quarter; च<?>रर्धार्धभागाभ्यां तामयोजयतामुभे R.1.56.-3 half and half.-अवभेदकः 1 pain in half the head, hemicrania (Mar. अर्धशिशी). (-कम्) dividing in equal parts.-अवशेष a. having only a half left.-अकारः 1 half the letter अ.-2 N. of अवग्रह q. v.-असिः A sword with one edge, a small sword; अर्धासिभिस्तथा खङ्गैः Mb.7.137.15.-आसनम् 1 half a seat; अर्धासनं गोत्रभिदो$धितष्ठौ R.6.73; मम हि दिवौकसां समक्षमर्धासनोपवेशितस्य Ś.7 (it being considered a mark of a very great respect to make room for a guest &c. on the same seat with oneself).-2 greeting kindly or with great respect.-3 exemption from censure.-इन्दुः 1 the half or crescent moon.-2 semicircular impresion of a finger-nail, crescent-shaped nail-print; कुचयोर्नखाङ्कैरर्धेन्दुलीलैः N.6.25.-3 an arrow with a cre- scent-shaped head (= अर्धचन्द्र below.); ˚मौलि N. of Śiva तत्र व्यक्तं दृषदि चरणन्यासमर्धेन्दुमौलेः Me.57.-इन्द्र a. that of which a half belongs to Indra.-उक्त a. half said or uttered; रामभद्र इति अर्धोक्ते महाराज U.1.-उक्तिः f. a broken speech; an interrupted speech.-उदकम् water reaching half the body.-उदयः 1 the rising of the half moon.-2 partial rise.-3 a kind of parvan; ˚आसनम् a sort of posture in meditatiou.-उदित a.1 half risen.-2 half uttered.-ऊरुक a. [अर्धमूरोः अर्धोरु तत्र काशते] reaching to the middle of the thighs.(-कम्) 1 a short petti-coat (Mar. परकर); see चण्डातक.-2 mantle, veil.-कर्णः Radius, half the diameter.-कृत a. half done, incomplete.-केतुः N. of Rudra.-कोशः a moiety of one's treasure.-कौडविक a. measuring half a kuḍava.-खारम्, -री a kind of measure, half a Khāri; P.V.4.11.-गङ्गा N. of the river Kāverī; (स्नानादौ गङ्गास्नानार्धफलदायिनी); so ˚जाह्नवी-गर्भ a. Ved.1 in the middle of the womb; सप्तार्धगर्भा भुवनस्य रेतो Rv. 1.164.36.-2 N. of the rays of the Sun.-गुच्छः a necklace of 24 strings.-गुञ्जा half a gunja.-गोलः a hemisphere.-चक्रवर्तिन्, -चक्रिन् m. N. of the nine black Vasudevas and the nine enemies of Viṣṇu.-चन्द्र a. crescent-shaped. (-न्द्रः)1 the half moon, crescent moon; सार्धचन्द्रं बिभर्ति यः Ku.6.75.-2 the semicircular marks on a peacock's tail.-3 an arrow with a crescent-shaped head; अर्धचन्द्रमुखैर्बाणैश्चिच्छेद कदलीसुखम् R.12.96. cf. अर्धचन्द्रस्तदाकारे बाणे बर्हे शिखण्डिनः Nm.-4 crescent-shaped nail-print.-5 the hand bent into a semicircle, as for the purpose of seizing or clutching anything; ˚न्द्र दा to seize by the neck and turn out; दीयतामेतस्यार्धचन्द्रः Pt.1. (-द्रा) N. of a plant (कर्णस्फोट).-चन्द्राकार, -चन्द्राकृति a. half-moonshaped.-चन्द्रकम् A semi-circular pearl. Kau. (-रः, -ति f.) meniscus.-चन्द्रिका N. of a climbing plant. (Mar. तिळवण).-चित्र a. Half-transparent; A kind of marble; अर्धाङ्गदृश्यमानं च तदर्धचित्रमिति स्मृतम् Māna.51.1.-चोलकः a short bodice.-जरतीयन्यायः a kind of न्याय, न चेदानीमर्धजरतीयं लभ्यं वृद्धिर्मे भविष्यति स्वरो नेति MBh.4.1. 78. See under न्याय.-जीविका, -ज्या The sine of an arc.-तनुः f. half the body.-तिक्तः N. of a plant (नेपालनिम्ब Mar. चिराईत).-तूरः a kind of musical instrument.-दिनम्, दिवसः 1 half a day, mid-day.-2 a day of 12 hours.-देवः 1 demi-god. इन्द्रं न वृत्रतुरमर्धदेवम् Rv. 4.42.8-9.-2 Ved. being near the gods; (देवानां समीपे बर्तमानः Sāy.).-द्रौणिक a. measuring a half droṇa.-धारः a knife or lancet with a single edge (one of the 2 surgical instruments mentioned by Suśruta).-नाराचः a crescent-shaped iron-pointed arrow; नाराचानर्धनाराचाञ्शस्त्राणि विविधानि च Mbh.2.51.35; गृध- लक्षवेधी अर्धनाराचः V.5.-नारायणः a form of Viṣṇu.-नारीशः, -नारीश्वरः, -नारी, -नटेश्वरः a form of Śiva, (half male and half female) cf.... पतिरपि जगता- मर्धनारीश्वरो$भूत् Sūkti.5.99.-नावम् half a boat.-निशा midnight.-पञ्चम a. Four and half; युक्तश्छन्दांस्य- धीयीत मासान्विप्रो$र्धपञ्चमान् Ms.4.95.-पञ्चशत् f. twenty five Ms.8.268.-पणः a measure containing half paṇa Ms.8.44.-पथम् half way. (-पथे) midway भृतिमर्ध- पथे सर्वान्प्रदाप्य Y.2.198.-पादः half a pāda or foot; अर्धपादं किष्कुविष्कम्भमुद्धृत्य Dk.19.-पादा The plant भूम्यामलकी (Mar. भूईआवळी).-पादिक a. having half a foot; सद्यः कार्यो$र्धपादिकः Ms.8.325.-पाञ्चालिक a. born or produced in the ardhapanchāla.-पारावतः a kind of pigeon (अर्धेनाङ्गेन पारावत इव). The fran- colin partridge.-पुलायितः a half gallop, canter; चित्रं चकार पदमर्धपुलायितेन Śi.5.1.-प्रहर half a watch, one hour and a half.-प्राणम् A kind of joinery resembling the shape of a bisected heart; मूलाग्रे कीलकं युक्तमर्धप्राणमिति स्मृतम् । Māna.17.99.-भागः a half, half a share or part; तदर्धभागेन लभस्व काङ्क्षितम् Ku.5.5; R.7.45.-भागिक a. sharing a half; मृते पितरि कुर्युस्तं भ्रातरस्त्वर्धभागिकम्म् Y.2.134.-भाज् a. sharing entitled to a half; अर्धभाग्रक्षणाद्राजा Ms.8.39.-2 a companion, sharer; देवानामर्धभागासि Av.6.86.3.-भास्करः mid-day.-भेदः Hemiplegia (अर्धाङ्गवायुः); Suś.-भोटिका a kind of cake.-भ्रमः -मकः a kind of artificial composition; for instances see Ki.15.27; Śi.19.72. The Sar. K. describes it as a figure of speech thus:-- आहुरर्धभ्रमं नाम श्लोकार्धभ्रमणं यदि.-मागधी N. of a dialect in which many of Jaina Canonical books are written. It is so named perhaps because many of the characteristics of Māgadhi are found in it.-माणवकः, -माणवः a necklace of 12 strings (माणवक consisting of 24.)-मात्रा 1 half a (short) syllable. अर्धमात्रालाघवेन पुत्रोत्सवं मन्यन्ते वैयाकरणाः Pari Sik.-2 a term for a consonant (व्यञ्जनं चार्धमात्रकम्).-मार्गे ind. mid-way; बन्दीकृता विबुधशत्रुभिरर्धमार्गे V.1.3.-मासः half a month, a fortnight.-मासतम = ˚मासिक see P.V.2.57.-मासिक a.1 happening every fortnight.-2 lasting for a fortnight; ये$र्धमासाश्च च मासाश्च Mahānārā. 25. Y.2.177.-मुष्टिः f. a half-clenched hand.-यामः half a watch.-रथः [अर्धः असंपूर्णः रथः रथी] a warrior who fights on a car with another (who is not so skilled as a रथी); रणे रणे$भिमानी च विमुखश्चापि दृश्यते । घृणी कर्णः प्रमादी च तेन मे$र्धरथो मतः Mb.-रात्रः [अर्ध रात्रेः]1 midnight; अथार्धरात्रे स्तिमितप्रदीपे R.16.4; स्थिते$र्धरात्रे Dk.19.-2 a night containing half a whole day of 24 hours.-रात्रार्धदिवसः equinox.-लभ्मीहरिः Hari having a form half like Lakṣmī.-विसर्गः, -विसर्ज- नीयः the Visarga sound before क्, ख्, प्, and फ्, so called because its sign (<?>) is the half of a Visarga (<?>).-वीक्षणम् a side-look, glance, leer.-वृद्ध a. middle-aged.-वृद्धिः The half of the interest or rent; Ms.8.15.-वैनाशिकः N. of the followers of Kaṇāda (arguing half perishableness).-वैशसम् half or incomplete murder; विधिना कृतमर्धवैशसं ननु मां कामवधे विमुञ्चता Ku.4.31.-व्यासः the radius of a circle.-शतम् 1 fifty.-2 One hundred and fifty; Ms.8.267.-शनम् [अर्धमशनस्य शकन्ध्वा˚] half a meal.-शफरः a kind of fish.-शब्द a. having a low voice.-शेष a. having only a half left.-श्याम a. half clouded.-श्लोकः half a śloka or verse.-सम a. equal to a half. (-मम्) N. of a class of metres in which the 1st and 3rd and 2nd and 4th lines have the same sylla- bles and Gaṇas; such as पुष्पिताग्रा.-सस्य a. half the crops, half grown.-सहः An owl.-सीरिन् m.1 a cultivator, ploughman who takes half the crop for his labour; शूद्रेषु दासगोपालकुलमित्रार्धसीरिणः Y.1.166.-2 = अर्धिक q. v.-हर, -हारिन् a. occupying the half (of the body); Ku.1.5; एको रागिषु राजते प्रियतमादेहार्ध- हारी हरः Bh.3.121.-हारः a necklace of 64 strings. A half chain, a kind of ornament; नक्षत्रमालामपि चार्धहारं सुवर्णसूत्रं परितः स्तनाभ्याम् Māna.5.297-98. cf. also Kau. A.2.11.-ह्रस्वः half a (short) syllable. -
45 коллективный
collective; jointколлективное хозяйство — collective farm; kolkhoz
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46 at-vinna
u, f. means of subsistence, support, Grág. i. 294, Jb. 151, Fær. 37, Stj. 143, 291, 623. 41, 656 A, 655. 20, Clem. 56, Jb. 151, Fms. v. 239: labour, occupation, Anecd. 20, Sks. 603, (now very freq.)COMPD: atvinnulauss. -
47 LÍKN
f. mercy, relief, comfort; veita e-m l., to relieve, soothe; hvat er til líkna lagt Sigurði, what comfort is assigned for S.?.* * *f. [lækna is the healing of the body, líkn the soothing of the mind or heart; the words seem to be identical: in very early usage líkn seems to denote bodily healing also, and particularly of relief in labour, hence the words líknar-galdr, -spor, -lófi in the old poems Sdm. and Hm., as also the líknar-belgr, although now only used of the caul of animals]:1. healing, remedy; hvat er til líkna lagt Sigurði? Skv. 1. 30; leitaða ek í líkna, at letja ykkr heiman, I sought for means to let you from coming. Am. 46.2. relief, mercy, comfort; sú erumk líkn, that is my comfort, Ls. 35; til leiðréttu ok líknar, Stj. 149; veita líkn, to relieve, soothe; hann lét þá næra með allri líkn (mercy, tenderness), Fms. ii. 226; biðja e-m líknar eðr lífs griða, vi. 113.3. mercy, eccl.; biðja líknar sinni misgerning, Mar.; synda líkn, forgiveness of sin, id.; hann bað Guð líknar þegar hann féll í nokkura sök, Sks. 734; Drottinn minn gefi dauðum ró | hinum líkn er lifa, O my Lord, grant rest to the dead, relief to the living, Sól. 82.COMPDS: líknabelgr, líknarbraut, líknarfullr, líknarfúss, líknargaldr, líknargata, líknarlauss, líknarleysi, líknarspor, líknaræðr. -
48 insufficienza
f ( scarsità) insufficiency( inadeguatezza) inadequacyinsufficienza cardiaca cardiac insufficiency* * *insufficienza s.f.1 insufficiency, inadequacy; (mancanza) shortage, want, lack: insufficienza di materie prime, scarcity (o shortage) of raw materials; insufficienza di manodopera, di personale, shortage of labour, of personnel; insufficienza di mezzi, inadequacy of means; (dir.) insufficienza di prove, lack of evidence2 (inettitudine) unfitness, incapacity3 (valutazione scolastica) low mark: ho preso un'insufficienza in italiano, I got a low mark in Italian4 (med.) insufficiency: insufficienza cardiaca, muscolare, renale, cardiac, muscular, renal insufficiency.* * *[insuffi'tʃɛntsa]sostantivo femminile1) (mancanza) inadequacy, insufficiency, lack; (di informazioni, dettagli, prove) insufficiency, sketchiness2) scol. (voto) fail, failing grade AE3) med.insufficienza cardiaca, epatica — heart, liver deficiency
insufficienza renale, respiratoria — kidney, respiratory failure
* * *insufficienza/insuffi't∫εntsa/ ⇒ 7sostantivo f.1 (mancanza) inadequacy, insufficiency, lack; (di informazioni, dettagli, prove) insufficiency, sketchiness; insufficienza di provviste stock shortage; per insufficienza di prove for lack of evidence3 med. insufficienza cardiaca, epatica heart, liver deficiency; insufficienza renale, respiratoria kidney, respiratory failure. -
49 penuria
f shortage (di of)penuria di alloggi housing shortage* * *penuria s.f. shortage, scarcity: penuria d'acqua, shortage (o scarcity) of water; penuria di insegnanti, shortage (o scarcity) of teachers; penuria di alloggi, housing shortage; penuria di mezzi, lack of means; penuria di operai specializzati, shortage (o scarcity) of skilled labour; penuria di materie prime, scarcity of raw materials; far fronte alla penuria di risorse naturali, to make up for the shortage of natural resources; c'era gran penuria di notizie, there was a great dearth of news // (fin.): penuria di capitali, shortage of capital; penuria di fondi, lack of funds; penuria creditizia, credit stringency.* * *[pe'nurja]sostantivo femminile shortage, scarcity, lack* * *penuria/pe'nurja/sostantivo f.shortage, scarcity, lack. -
50 zuzenbide
iz.1.a. Leg. justice; \zuzenbidez rightly, justlyb. law; \zuzenbide erromatar Roman law; \zuzenbide kanoniko canon law; \zuzenbide penal penal law; \zuzenbide zibil civil law; administrazio-\zuzenbide administrative law; finantza-\zuzenbide finance law; lan-\zuzenbide labour law2. ( araua) rule; ez dago \zuzenbide jakin eta erabakigarririk it's not a cut-and-dried rule3. ( norabidea) direction; ekaitzaren \zuzenbideari antzeman zion arrantzaleak the fisherman guessed the direction the storm was taking4. ( helbidea) address5. remedy, means of correction -
51 спор
сущ.contest; controversy; difference; dispute; ( конфликт) conflict; ( довод в споре) argument; ( тяжба) litigationподтверждать или отрицать наличие спора — ( конфликта) to affirm or deny the existence of a dispute
разрешать спор — to determine a controversy; resolve (settle) a difference (a dispute); юр тж ( в судебном порядке) to adjudicate a dispute; litigate a controversy; ( путём арбитража) to settle a dispute by arbitration; ( путём переговоров) to settle a dispute by negotiations; ( путём примирения) to settle a dispute by conciliation; ( путём судебного разбирательства) to settle a dispute by a judicial inquiry; ( мирным путём) to settle a dispute amicably (by peaceful means / through peaceful procedures)
улаживать спор — ( урегулировать) to adjust (settle) a difference (a dispute)
мирное (раз)решение (урегулирование) споров — pacific (peaceful) resolution (settlement) of disputes
наиболее эффективный способ (раз)решения (урегулирования) споров — most effective method (mode) of resolving (settling) disputes
предмет спора — contention; matter in controversy (in dispute); point at issue
- спор о новизнесторона в споре — contestant; party to a dispute
- спор о подсудности дела
- спор о праве
- спор о правовом титуле
- спор о факте
- гражданский спор
- международный спор
- местный спор
- патентный спор - преддоговорные споры
- судебный спор
- территориальный спор
- трудовой спор -
52 обеспеченность
ж.1) (тв.; степень обеспечения, снабжения) provision (of, with)обеспе́ченность заво́да то́пливом — provision of the factory with fuel
обеспе́ченность рабо́чей си́лой — labour supply
недоста́точная обеспе́ченность ка́драми — understaffing
2) ( материальная) means pl, wealth, material well-being / security; ( достаток) prosperityобеспе́ченность семьи́ — the income / well-being of a family
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53 производство производств·о
1) (процесс) production, output; (изготовление) manufacture, making, makeнаращивать мощности по производству (чего-л.) — to build up / to enlarge the capacties
сдерживать / сокращать производство — to curb / to curtail / to cut down production
форсировать производство — to step up production, to go ahead with production
производство снизилось — production has fallen / dropped
военное производство — war / military production
вредное производство — dangerous trade / industry
крупносерийное производство — large-scale manufacture / serial production
массовое производство — large-scale / high volume / quantity production, production in bulk
мировое производство — world output / production
отечественное производство — domestic / home-produced production
товары отечественного производства — home-made / home-produced goods
поточное производство — flow / line production
сельскохозяйственное производство — agricultural / farm production / output
убыточное производство — unprofitable / wasteful production
энергоёмкие производства — energyintensive industrial facilities; power consuming industries
интенсификация производства — the intensifying / intensification of production
наращивание темпов производства — steady rise in the rate of production; stepping up the rate of production
объём производства — overall / total production
общий объём производства — overall / total output
свёртывание объёма производства — curtailment of / cutback in production
сокращение / ограничение (объёма) производства — production cutback
отходы производства — waste materials, industrial wastes
использовать отходы производства — to utilize waste materials / industrial wastes
производство на душу населения — per capita / per head production
производство, обеспечивающее работу военной промышленности — defence-supporting production
производство потребительских товаров — consumer goods production, output of consumer goods
производство продукции военного / оборонного назначения — defence production
производство продукции невоенного / гражданского назначения — civilian production
производство ядерного оружия — manufacture / production of nuclear weapons
расширение / рост производства — expansion of production
сокращение производства — curtailnent of production, cutback in production
товары отечественного производства — home-made / -produced goods
увеличение темпов производства — step-up / increase in the rate of production
2) (отрасль промышленности) industry3) (завод, фабрика) factory, plant; worksсудебное производство — procedure, proceedings
начать судебное производство — to take / to institute legal proceedings (against)
гражданское судебное производство — civil procedure, proceedings in civil causes
суммарное / упрощённое производство — summary jurisdiction / proceedings
в порядке суммарного производства — on summary jurisdiction / proceeding
производство, совершаемое административными властями — proceedings instituted by administrative authorities
Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > производство производств·о
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54 ζώννυμι
ζώννῡμι (Aὑπο-ζωνύναι IG12.73.9
), ([etym.] παρα-) Pl.R. 553c; [full] ζωννύω Hp. Mul.1.68: [tense] impf.ἐζώννυον Ev.Jo.21.18
: [tense] fut. , Ev.Jo. l.c.: [tense] aor. 1ἔζωσα Od.18.76
, Hp.Art.14: [tense] pf.ἔζωκα Paus.8.40.2
, ([etym.] δι-) D.H.2.5:—[voice] Med. (v. infr. 11):—[voice] Pass., [tense] aor. 1 ἐζώσθην ([etym.] δι-) Thphr.Sign.22: [tense] pf. ἔζωμαι ([etym.] δι-) Th.1.6 ap. Phot., Suid. s.v. σέσωται, [ per.] 3sg. ἔζωται ([etym.] δι-) IG22.1491.36, ([etym.] ὑπ-) ib.1621.68,ἔζωσται Hp.Art.
l.c.; also in med. sense (v. infr.): rare in [dialect] Att., even in compds.:— gird, esp. gird round the loins for a pugilistic conflict (v. infr.),ἄγον ζώσαντες ἀνάγκῃ Od.18.76
(here only [voice] Act. in Hom.);ζῶσέ [μιν].. Ἀθήνη Hes.Op.72
; ζ. τινά hug him in wrestling, Paus.8.40.2; ζ. γαῖαν, of Ocean, AP9.778 (Phil.); ζ. νῆα ὅπλῳ,=ὑποζώννυμι 11
, A.R.1.368: c. dupl. acc.,ζ. τινὰ ζώνην LXX Le.8.7
, cf. 1 Ki.17.39.II [voice] Med., [full] ζώννῠμαι, gird oneself, esp. of athletes.γυμνός, ζωννυμένων τῶν πρὶν ἐνὶ σταδίῳ IG7.52.6
(Megara, iv B.C.);τὼ δὲ ζωσαμένω βήτην ἐς μέσσον ἀγῶνα Il.23.685
, cf. 710; ; , cf. Parth. 10.2.2 generally, gird up one's loins for battle,ζώννυσθαι ἄνωγεν Ἀργείους Il.11.15
; ζώννυσθαι [ζωστῆρι] 10.78: c. acc.,ὅθι ζωννύσκετο μίτρην 5.857
(vulg.);ζώσατο δὲ ζώνην 14.181
(vulg.);χαλκὸν ζώννυσθαι 23.130
;ἐς γόνυ μέχρι χιτῶνα ζώννυσθαι Call.Dian.12
;χιτῶνα εἰς μηρὸν ἔζωστο Plu.Ant.4
; for labour, Hes.Op. 345;ἐπὶ βουσίν A.R.1.426
, etc.;ζώννυσθαι τὰς κοιλίας ζώναις Theopomp.Hist. 39a
.III [voice] Pass., to be fixed by means of girths, LXX 1 Ma.6.37.2 to be formed in belts or seams, καδμεία ἐζωσμένη ( ἐξωσμ- codd.) prob. in Ps.-Democr.Alch.p.45B. (cf. ζωνῖτις). (ζω ([etym.] ς)- from I.-E. yōs-, cf. Lith. júosti 'to gird', júostas, Avest. yāsta-,= ζωστός 'girt'.)Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ζώννυμι
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55 Roebling, John Augustus
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering[br]b. 12 July 1806 Muhlhausen, Prussiad. 22 July 1869 Brooklyn, New York, USA[br]German/American bridge engineer and builder.[br]The son of Polycarp Roebling, a tobacconist, he studied mathematics at Dr Unger's Pedagogium in Erfurt and went on to the Royal Polytechnic Institute in Berlin, from which he graduated in 1826 with honours in civil engineering. He spent the next three years working for the Prussian government on the construction of roads and bridges. With his brother and a group of friends, he emigrated to the United States, sailing from Bremen on 23 May 1831 and docking in Philadelphia eleven weeks later. They bought 7,000 acres (2,800 hectares) in Butler County, western Pennsylvania, and established a village, at first called Germania but later known as Saxonburg. Roebling gave up trying to establish himself as a farmer and found work for the state of Pennsylvania as Assistant Engineer on the Beaver River canal and others, then surveying a railroad route across the Allegheny Mountains. During his canal work, he noted the failings of the hemp ropes that were in use at that time, and recalled having read of wire ropes in a German journal; he built a rope-walk at his Saxonburg farm, bought a supply of iron wire and trained local labour in the method of wire twisting.At this time, many canals crossed rivers by means of aqueducts. In 1844, the Pennsylvania Canal aqueduct across the Allegheny River was due to be renewed, having become unsafe. Roebling made proposals which were accepted by the canal company: seven wooden spans of 162 ft (49 m) each were supported on either side by a 7 in. (18 cm) diameter cable, Roebling himself having to devise all the machinery required for the erection. He subsequently built four more suspension aqueducts, one of which was converted to a toll bridge and was still in use a century later.In 1849 he moved to Trenton, New Jersey, where he set up a new wire rope plant. In 1851 he started the construction (completed in 1855) of an 821 ft (250 m) long suspension railroad bridge across the Niagara River, 245 ft (75 m) above the rapids; each cable consisted of 3,640 wrought iron wires. A lower deck carried road traffic. He also constructed a bridge across the Ohio River between Cincinnati and Covington, a task which was much protracted due to the Civil War; this bridge was finally completed in 1866.Roebling's crowning achievement was to have been the design and construction of the bridge over the Hudson River between Brooklyn and Staten Island, New York, but he did not live to see its completion. It had a span of 1,595 ft (486 m), designed to bear a load of 18,700 tons (19,000 tonnes) with a headroom of 135 ft (41 m). The work of building had barely started when, at the Brooklyn wharf, a boat crushed Roebling's foot against the timbering and he died of tetanus three weeks later. His son, Washington Augustus Roebling, then took charge of this great work.[br]Further ReadingD.B.Steinman and S.R.Watson, 1941, Bridges and their Builders, New York: Dover Books.D.McCullough, 1982, The Great Bridge: The Epic Story of the Building of the Brooklyn Bridge, New York: Simon \& Schuster.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Roebling, John Augustus
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