-
21 MER
1) Авиация: relative to mean sea level2) Военный термин: Maintenance Evaluation Report, Manpower Estimate Report, Minimum Engagement Range, Minimum Essential Requirements, maintenance engineering report, manpower evaluation report, master employee record, maximum effective range, multielement radar, multiple ejector rack3) Техника: mechanical-electrical relay4) Экономика: market exchange rates5) Биржевой термин: Month End Restructure6) Сокращение: Mission Evaluation Room, manned earth reconnaissance, Mineral Expert Report7) Университет: Managing Electronic Records, Materials And Electrochemical Research, Materials Electrochemical Research8) Вычислительная техника: modem equivalent rate9) Нефть: max efficiency rate, maximum efficiency of reservoir, донесение об инженерном обеспечении технического обслуживания (maintenance engineering report), максимальная производительность пласта (maximum efficiency of reservoir), максимальная эффективная норма отбора (нефти или газа из коллектора; maximum efficient rate), максимально эффективная норма отбора (maximum efficient rate)10) Иммунология: Medical Education Resources11) Космонавтика: Mars Exploration Rover12) Транспорт: Marine Environmental Response13) Деловая лексика: Magnetize Energize Recognize, Management Expense Ratio14) Бурение: максимальная пропускная способность (maximum efficient rate), максимальная эффективная норма (maximum efficient rate; отбора нефти и газа)15) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: maximum efficiency rate, maximum efficient rate of production, (Medical Emergency Response) Экстренное Медицинское Реагирование16) Нефтегазовая техника максимальная интенсивность разработки (без снижения конечной нефтеотдачи), максимально эффективный уровень добычи17) Полимеры: maximum efficient rate18) Сахалин Р: Major Equipment Room19) Сахалин Ю: main equipment room20) Химическое оружие: Mechanical equipment room21) Расширение файла: Macro Editor resident area (WordPerfect Library)22) Нефть и газ: максимально эффективный темп отбора23) NYSE. Merrill Lynch & Company, Inc.24) НАСА: Mars Exploration Rovers -
22 Mer
1) Авиация: relative to mean sea level2) Военный термин: Maintenance Evaluation Report, Manpower Estimate Report, Minimum Engagement Range, Minimum Essential Requirements, maintenance engineering report, manpower evaluation report, master employee record, maximum effective range, multielement radar, multiple ejector rack3) Техника: mechanical-electrical relay4) Экономика: market exchange rates5) Биржевой термин: Month End Restructure6) Сокращение: Mission Evaluation Room, manned earth reconnaissance, Mineral Expert Report7) Университет: Managing Electronic Records, Materials And Electrochemical Research, Materials Electrochemical Research8) Вычислительная техника: modem equivalent rate9) Нефть: max efficiency rate, maximum efficiency of reservoir, донесение об инженерном обеспечении технического обслуживания (maintenance engineering report), максимальная производительность пласта (maximum efficiency of reservoir), максимальная эффективная норма отбора (нефти или газа из коллектора; maximum efficient rate), максимально эффективная норма отбора (maximum efficient rate)10) Иммунология: Medical Education Resources11) Космонавтика: Mars Exploration Rover12) Транспорт: Marine Environmental Response13) Деловая лексика: Magnetize Energize Recognize, Management Expense Ratio14) Бурение: максимальная пропускная способность (maximum efficient rate), максимальная эффективная норма (maximum efficient rate; отбора нефти и газа)15) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: maximum efficiency rate, maximum efficient rate of production, (Medical Emergency Response) Экстренное Медицинское Реагирование16) Нефтегазовая техника максимальная интенсивность разработки (без снижения конечной нефтеотдачи), максимально эффективный уровень добычи17) Полимеры: maximum efficient rate18) Сахалин Р: Major Equipment Room19) Сахалин Ю: main equipment room20) Химическое оружие: Mechanical equipment room21) Расширение файла: Macro Editor resident area (WordPerfect Library)22) Нефть и газ: максимально эффективный темп отбора23) NYSE. Merrill Lynch & Company, Inc.24) НАСА: Mars Exploration Rovers -
23 mer
1) Авиация: relative to mean sea level2) Военный термин: Maintenance Evaluation Report, Manpower Estimate Report, Minimum Engagement Range, Minimum Essential Requirements, maintenance engineering report, manpower evaluation report, master employee record, maximum effective range, multielement radar, multiple ejector rack3) Техника: mechanical-electrical relay4) Экономика: market exchange rates5) Биржевой термин: Month End Restructure6) Сокращение: Mission Evaluation Room, manned earth reconnaissance, Mineral Expert Report7) Университет: Managing Electronic Records, Materials And Electrochemical Research, Materials Electrochemical Research8) Вычислительная техника: modem equivalent rate9) Нефть: max efficiency rate, maximum efficiency of reservoir, донесение об инженерном обеспечении технического обслуживания (maintenance engineering report), максимальная производительность пласта (maximum efficiency of reservoir), максимальная эффективная норма отбора (нефти или газа из коллектора; maximum efficient rate), максимально эффективная норма отбора (maximum efficient rate)10) Иммунология: Medical Education Resources11) Космонавтика: Mars Exploration Rover12) Транспорт: Marine Environmental Response13) Деловая лексика: Magnetize Energize Recognize, Management Expense Ratio14) Бурение: максимальная пропускная способность (maximum efficient rate), максимальная эффективная норма (maximum efficient rate; отбора нефти и газа)15) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: maximum efficiency rate, maximum efficient rate of production, (Medical Emergency Response) Экстренное Медицинское Реагирование16) Нефтегазовая техника максимальная интенсивность разработки (без снижения конечной нефтеотдачи), максимально эффективный уровень добычи17) Полимеры: maximum efficient rate18) Сахалин Р: Major Equipment Room19) Сахалин Ю: main equipment room20) Химическое оружие: Mechanical equipment room21) Расширение файла: Macro Editor resident area (WordPerfect Library)22) Нефть и газ: максимально эффективный темп отбора23) NYSE. Merrill Lynch & Company, Inc.24) НАСА: Mars Exploration Rovers -
24 MER
MER, maintenance engineering report————————MER, manpower evaluation report————————MER, master employee record————————MER, maximum effective rangeпредельная дальность действительного огня; максимальная эффективная дальность————————MER, multielement radar————————MER, multiple ejector rackав пакет пусковых направляющихEnglish-Russian dictionary of planing, cross-planing and slotting machines > MER
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25 limit
1) предел; предельное количество; ограничение || ограничивать; задавать предел, задавать пределы || предельный; граничный2) допуск; предельный размер3) ограничитель; конечный выключатель•- acceleration limitwithin the tolerance limits — в допустимых размерных пределах; в пределах допусков
- acceptable limit of safety factor
- action limits
- alignment limits
- allowable limits
- average outgoing quality limit
- bending endurance limit
- confidence limit
- constraint limit
- control limits
- creep limit
- creeping limit
- detection limit
- double software limit
- down limit
- elastic limit
- electric limit
- emergency shutdown limit
- emission limit
- end-of-travel limit
- endurance limit
- EOT limit
- error limit
- fatigue endurance limit
- fatigue limit
- fault limits
- fixed stop limit
- force/torque/power limit
- grading limit
- innermost limit
- laser-annealing-induced solubility limit
- legibility limit
- limit of accuracy
- limit of action
- limit of effective range
- limit of endurance
- limit of size
- limit of tolerance
- limits of error
- limits of interference
- limits of reach
- lower limit
- machine overload limit
- maximum limit of size
- maximum material limit
- memory capacity limit
- minimum limit of size
- minimum material limit
- outermost limit
- pitting limit
- predetermined limit
- predetermined maximum limit
- preprogrammed limit
- prescribed limit
- preset limit
- preset size limit
- programmable limit
- proportional elastic limit
- proportional limit
- proportionality limit
- rate limit
- resolution limit
- returning limit
- robot's load limit
- saturation limit
- scoring limit
- search limits
- semiautomatically selected limit
- set limit
- setting limit
- software limit
- software stroke limits
- speed limit
- stability limit
- stress limit
- stroke limit
- surface endurance limit
- tight limit
- tolerable limit
- tolerance limit
- travel limit
- up limit
- upper limit
- VB limit
- warning limit
- wear limit
- working limit
- yield limitEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > limit
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26 stress
1) (механическое) напряжение; напряжённое состояние; условное напряжение2) нагрузка, усилие3) гидроудар4) воздействие5) нагрузка на единицу площади, интенсивность нагрузки, удельная нагрузка•- actual stress - admissible stress - advancing load stress - allowable stress - alternate stress - applied stress - arch stress - axial stress - bar stress - basic stress - bearing stress - belt stresses - bending stress - blow stress - bond stress - braking stress - breaking stress - calculated stress - chord stress - circular symmetrical stress - combined stress - completely reversed stresses - complex stress - compressive stress - compressive stress in bending - concrete stress - constant stress - cooling stress - couple stress - crack stress - crackforming stress - crippling stress - critical stress - critical compressive stress - cross-bending stress - cyclical stresses - dead stress - dead-load stress - design stress - direct stress - discontinuity stress - downward stress - dynamic stress - ecological stress - edge stress - effective stress - elastic stress - engineering stress - erection stress - external stress - fabrication stress - failing stress - fatigue stress - fatigue limit stress - fibre stress - final stress - flexural stress - floor stress - fluctuating stresses - friction-induced stress - functional stress - gravity stress - ground stress - handling stress - heat stress - hoist stresses - hoop stress - horizontal stress - impact stress - indirect stress - induced stress - inherent stresses - initial stress - intermediate stress - internal stress - jacking stress - lateral stress - limiting maximum stress - linear stress - live load stress - load stress - local stresses - locked-up stresses - longitudinal stress - mechanical stress - net stress - neutral stress - normal stress - operating stress - operational stress - permissible stress - plane stress - point-load stress - primary stress - principal stresses - proof stress - radial stress - reinforcement stresses - relaxation of stresses - repeated stresses - residual stress - reverse stress - rupture stress - safe stress - secondary stress - shearing stress - shock stress - simple stress - snow load stress - specific stress - static stress - subsidiary stress - surface stress - sustained stress - sway stress - tangential stress - temperature stress - tensile stress - thermal stress - thermal stress on structure - three-dimensional stress - time-dependant stress - torsional stress - total stress - transverse stress - true stress - twisting stress - ultimate stress - uniaxial stress - unit stress - unsafe stress - varying stress - vibratory stress - volumetric stress - water stress - wave stress - welding stress - wheel-load stress - wind stress - working stress - yield stress - yield point stressstress due to prestress — усилие ( в бетоне), вызванное предварительным напряжением
* * *1. (внутреннее) усилие, внутренняя сила2. (механическое) напряжение3. нагрузка на единицу площади, интенсивность нагрузки, удельная нагрузкаstress acting away from the joint — усилие ( в элементе фермы), действующее от узла
stresses arising from bending and axial loading — напряжения, возникающие от поперечного изгиба и действия продольных сил
stress constant across the section — напряжение, постоянное по всему сечению
stress due to prestress — усилие обжатия бетона; напряжение в бетоне, вызванное обжатием
stresses due to wind forces — напряжения от сил ветра, напряжения от ветровой нагрузки
stresses induced by loads — напряжения, вызванные нагрузкой [нагружением] ( в отличие от температурных напряжений)
stress in reinforcement — напряжение [усилие] в арматуре
stresses in truss components [in truss members] — усилия в стержнях [элементах фермы]
stress resolved into two components — напряжение, разложенное на две составляющие
stress varying from point to point — напряжение, меняющееся от точки к точке ( сечения элемента)
- actual stressstresses with the elastic limit — напряжения, не превышающие предела упругости; напряжения в упругой области
- additional stress
- allowable stress
- allowable unit stress
- alternate stress
- anchorage bond stress
- average stress
- axial stress
- bar stress
- bearing unit stress
- bearing stress
- belt stress
- bending stress
- bending failure stress
- biaxial stress
- blow stress
- bond stress
- bottom-chord stress
- boundary stress
- breaking stress
- buckling stress
- calculated stress
- circumferential unit stress
- circumferential stress
- combined stresses
- combined bearing, bending, and shear stresses
- combined shear and bending stress
- compression stress
- compressive stress in bending
- concentrated-load stress
- constant stress
- crack-inducing stress
- crippling stress
- critical stress
- crushing stress
- cycle stress
- dead load stress
- design stress
- development bond stress
- deviation stress
- deviator stress
- direct stress
- drying shrinkage stresses
- dynamic stress
- edge stress
- effective stress
- equivalent stress
- erection stress
- extreme fiber stress
- extreme stress
- failure stress
- fatigue stress
- fiber stress
- final stress
- flexible stress
- floor stress during operation
- floor stress when climbing
- flow stress
- fluctuating stresses
- fracture stress
- freezing stresses
- gravity stress
- handling stresses
- high localized stresses
- hoop stress
- hydrostatic stress
- ideal main stress
- impact stresses
- initial stresses
- intergranular stress
- intermediate principal stress
- jacking stress
- larger principal stress
- limiting stresses permitted in the standard
- linearly varying stresses
- live-load stress
- local stresses
- local bond stress
- longitudinal stress
- main stress
- maximum stress
- maximum allowable stress
- maximum shearing stress
- mean stress
- mean cycle stress
- mean fatigue stress
- membrane stresses
- meridian stress
- negative normal stress
- neutral stress
- normal stress
- octahedral normal stress
- octahedral shear stress
- peak stress
- permissible stress
- plate stresses
- point-load stress
- positive normal stress
- primary stress
- principal stresses
- principal tensile stress
- proof stress
- proof stress at 0.2 percent set
- pulsating stress
- radial stress
- radial shearing stress
- reduced main stress
- reinforcement stress
- repeated stress
- residual stress
- reversed stress
- rupture stress
- safe stress
- secondary stresses
- service stress
- settlement stresses
- shear stress
- shear stresses on oblique planes
- shear buckling stress
- shearing stress
- shrinkage-related stress
- shrinkage stress
- smaller principal stress
- spherical stress
- splitting tensile stress
- static stress
- surface stress
- tangential stress
- temperature stress
- temporary stress
- tensile stress
- tensile stress due to bending
- thermal stress
- timber stresses
- time-dependent stress
- top-chord stress
- torsional stress
- total stress
- transverse bending stress in flange
- true stress
- truss stresses
- truss stresses determined by method of sections
- twisting stress
- ultimate stress
- ultimate shear stress
- ultimate tensile stress
- unit stress
- unit stress produced by design loads
- unrelieved stress
- working stress
- yield stress -
27 diameter
diameter admitted in gap — 1) наибольший диаметр изделия, устанавливаемого в выемку станины ( токарного станка) 2) наибольший диаметр изделия, устанавливаемого на стол ( долбёжного станка)
- angle diameterdiameter over pins — диаметр (ЗК), измеряемый по роликам, вложенным во впадины зубьев
- arbitrary diameter
- average cutter diameter
- bar diameter
- base circle diameter
- base diameter
- basic effective diameter
- bearing diameter
- blade point diameter
- bore diameter divided into length
- bore diameter
- boring diameter
- bottom diameter
- centering diameter on the spindle nose
- chucking diameter
- close tolerance diameter
- collar diameter
- contact diameter
- copying diameter
- core diameter
- cutter diameter
- cutting diameter
- diameter of spindle bore
- drilled diameter
- effective cutter diameter
- effective cutting diameter
- effective diameter
- external register diameter
- finish-ground diameter
- free ring diameter
- functional diameter
- functional pitch diameter
- gage diameter
- gaging diameter
- gear outer diameter
- gripping diameter
- honing diameter
- incident laser beam diameter
- inner diameter
- inside diameter
- inside point diameter
- internal diameter
- journal diameter
- machinable bar diameter
- machined diameter
- major diameter
- maximum diameter of flow path
- maximum diameter of workpiece over ways
- maximum turning diameter
- mean bore diameter
- mean diameter of the cutter
- mean outside diameter
- mean spring diameter
- minimum diameter of flow path
- minor diameter
- mounting diameter
- nominal bore diameter
- nominal diameter
- nominal outside diameter
- nominal pitch diameter
- operating pitch diameter
- outer diameter
- outside diameter
- oversized cutter diameter
- pilot diameter
- pin bearing diameter
- pin diameter
- pitch diameter
- point diameter
- pointed tooth outside diameter
- punching diameter
- raceway contact diameter
- range diameters
- reference circle diameter
- reference diameter
- register diameter
- root diameter of wormwheel
- root diameter
- seal diameter
- set point diameter
- simple pitch diameter
- single bore diameter
- single outside diameter
- single plane mean bore diameter
- single plane mean outside diameter
- swing diameter over the bed
- swing diameter
- thread diameter
- thrust collar diameter
- tip cylinder diameter
- tip diameter
- turned diameter
- turning diameter over cross slide
- turning diameter
- undersized cutter diameter
- virtual pitch diameter of thread
- wheel-mounting diameter
- worm wheel maximum diameterEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > diameter
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28 speed
скорость; число оборотов; ускорятьat a speed of Mach 3 — при скорости, соответствующей числу М=3
best (cost) cruising speed — наивыгоднейшая [экономическая] крейсерская скорость полёта
clean (configuration) stall speed — скорость срыва [сваливания] при убранных механизации и шасси
engine-out discontinued approach speed — скорость ухода на второй круг с минимальной высоты при одном неработающем двигателе
flap(-down, -extended) speed — скорость полёта с выпущенными [отклонёнными] закрылками
forward с.g. stalling speed — скорость срыва [сваливания] при передней центровке
hold the speed down — уменьшать [гасить] скорость
minimum single-engine control speed — минимальная эволютивная скорость полёта с одним (работающим) двигателем (из двух)
minimum speedln a stall — минимальная скорость срыва [сваливания]
one-engine-inoperative power-on stalling speed — скорость срыва [сваливания] при одном отказавшем двигателе
rearward с.g. stalling speed — скорость срыва [сваливания] при задней центровке
representative cruising air speed — типовая крейсерская воздушная скорость, скорость полёта на типичном крейсерском режиме
speed over the top — скорость в верхней точке (траектории, маневра)
zero rate of climb speed — скорость полёта при нулевой скороподъёмности [вертикальной скорости]
— speed up -
29 rate
число, количество; степень; скорость; темп; норма; коэффициент; квота; производить оценку; классифицировать; подразделять на категории; аттестовыватьtracking (barrel) elevating rate — скорость наводки (ствола) в вертикальной плоскости в режиме сопровождения (цели)
tracking (barrel) traversing rate — скорость наводки (ствола) в горизонтальной плоскости в режиме сопровождения (цели)
— alert readiness rate— climbing rate— hit rate— jamming suppression rate— pitching rate— reinforcement build-up rate— replacement support rate— rolling rate— war rate— yawing rate -
30 stress
- stress
- n1. (внутреннее) усилие, внутренняя сила
2. (механическое) напряжение
3. нагрузка на единицу площади, интенсивность нагрузки, удельная нагрузка
stress acting away from the joint — усилие ( в элементе фермы), действующее от узла
stresses arising from bending and axial loading — напряжения, возникающие от поперечного изгиба и действия продольных сил
stress constant across the section — напряжение, постоянное по всему сечению
stress due to prestress — усилие обжатия бетона; напряжение в бетоне, вызванное обжатием
stresses due to wind forces — напряжения от сил ветра, напряжения от ветровой нагрузки
stresses induced by loads — напряжения, вызванные нагрузкой [нагружением] ( в отличие от температурных напряжений)
stress in reinforcement — напряжение [усилие] в арматуре
stresses in truss components [in truss members] — усилия в стержнях [элементах фермы]
stress resolved into two components — напряжение, разложенное на две составляющие
stress varying from point to point — напряжение, меняющееся от точки к точке ( сечения элемента)
stresses with the elastic limit — напряжения, не превышающие предела упругости; напряжения в упругой области
- actual stress
- additional stress
- allowable stress
- allowable unit stress
- alternate stress
- anchorage bond stress
- average stress
- axial stress
- bar stress
- bearing unit stress
- bearing stress
- belt stress
- bending stress
- bending failure stress
- biaxial stress
- blow stress
- bond stress
- bottom-chord stress
- boundary stress
- breaking stress
- buckling stress
- calculated stress
- circumferential unit stress
- circumferential stress
- combined stresses
- combined bearing, bending, and shear stresses
- combined shear and bending stress
- compression stress
- compressive stress in bending
- concentrated-load stress
- constant stress
- crack-inducing stress
- crippling stress
- critical stress
- crushing stress
- cycle stress
- dead load stress
- design stress
- development bond stress
- deviation stress
- deviator stress
- direct stress
- drying shrinkage stresses
- dynamic stress
- edge stress
- effective stress
- equivalent stress
- erection stress
- extreme fiber stress
- extreme stress
- failure stress
- fatigue stress
- fiber stress
- final stress
- flexible stress
- floor stress during operation
- floor stress when climbing
- flow stress
- fluctuating stresses
- fracture stress
- freezing stresses
- gravity stress
- handling stresses
- high localized stresses
- hoop stress
- hydrostatic stress
- ideal main stress
- impact stresses
- initial stresses
- intergranular stress
- intermediate principal stress
- jacking stress
- larger principal stress
- limiting stresses permitted in the standard
- linearly varying stresses
- live-load stress
- local stresses
- local bond stress
- longitudinal stress
- main stress
- maximum stress
- maximum allowable stress
- maximum shearing stress
- mean stress
- mean cycle stress
- mean fatigue stress
- membrane stresses
- meridian stress
- negative normal stress
- neutral stress
- normal stress
- octahedral normal stress
- octahedral shear stress
- peak stress
- permissible stress
- plate stresses
- point-load stress
- positive normal stress
- primary stress
- principal stresses
- principal tensile stress
- proof stress
- proof stress at 0.2 percent set
- pulsating stress
- radial stress
- radial shearing stress
- reduced main stress
- reinforcement stress
- repeated stress
- residual stress
- reversed stress
- rupture stress
- safe stress
- secondary stresses
- service stress
- settlement stresses
- shear stress
- shear stresses on oblique planes
- shear buckling stress
- shearing stress
- shrinkage-related stress
- shrinkage stress
- smaller principal stress
- spherical stress
- splitting tensile stress
- static stress
- surface stress
- tangential stress
- temperature stress
- temporary stress
- tensile stress
- tensile stress due to bending
- thermal stress
- timber stresses
- time-dependent stress
- top-chord stress
- torsional stress
- total stress
- transverse bending stress in flange
- true stress
- truss stresses
- truss stresses determined by method of sections
- twisting stress
- ultimate stress
- ultimate shear stress
- ultimate tensile stress
- unit stress
- unit stress produced by design loads
- unrelieved stress
- working stress
- yield stress
Англо-русский строительный словарь. — М.: Русский Язык. С.Н.Корчемкина, С.К.Кашкина, С.В.Курбатова. 1995.
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31 factor
2) фактор3) показатель•factor of earthing — коэффициент заземленияfactor of merit — 1. критерий качества 2. добротностьfactor of quality — 1. критерий качества 2. добротностьfactor of safety — 1. коэффициент запаса (прочности), запас прочности 2. коэффициент (фактор) безопасности 3. коэффициент надёжностиfactor of safety against overturning — коэффициент запаса устойчивости против опрокидывания ( при расчёте подпорных стенок)factor of safety against sliding — коэффициент запаса устойчивости против плоского сдвига по основанию ( при расчёте подпорных стенок)factor of safety against ultimate stress — коэффициент запаса прочности по пределу прочности-
2T pulse K factor
-
absorption factor
-
acceleration factor
-
accumulation factor
-
acoustic insulation factor
-
acoustic reduction factor
-
acoustic reflection factor
-
acoustical absorption factor
-
activity factor
-
additional secondary phase factor
-
additional secondary factor
-
aerodrome utilization factor
-
aircraft acceleration factor
-
aircraft load factor
-
aircraft safety factor
-
aircraft usability factor
-
amplification factor
-
amplitude factor
-
anisotropy factor
-
annual growth factor
-
annual plant factor
-
anthropogenic factor
-
aperture shape factor
-
application factor
-
array factor
-
ASTM stability factor
-
atmospheric factor
-
atomic factor
-
attenuation factor
-
automatic scale factor
-
availability factor
-
available heat factor
-
available-lime factor
-
average noise factor
-
balance factor
-
bandwidth factor
-
barrier factor
-
base-transport factor
-
basin shape factor
-
beam shape factor
-
bed-formation factor
-
belt differential factor
-
belt factor
-
belt sag factor
-
biological quality factor N
-
biological quality factor
-
biotic factor
-
blast-penetration factor
-
blockage factor
-
brake factor
-
break-even load factor
-
bulk factor
-
bulking factor
-
burnup factor
-
calibration factor
-
Callier factor
-
capacitance factor
-
capacity factor
-
car capacity utilization factor
-
cargo load factor
-
catalyst carbon factor
-
catalyst gas factor
-
cement factor
-
cementation factor
-
characteristic factors
-
chemotactic factor
-
climatic factor
-
clotting factor
-
CNI factor
-
coil magnification factor
-
coincidence factor
-
coke-hardness factor
-
coke-permeability factor
-
Colburo heat-transfer factor
-
colicinogenic factor
-
colicin factor
-
comfort factor
-
common factor
-
compacting factor
-
compensation factor
-
complexity factor
-
compressibility factor
-
concentration factor
-
confidence factor
-
consumer load coincidence factor
-
contrast factor
-
control factor
-
conversion factor
-
conveyance factor
-
core factor
-
correction factor
-
correlation factor
-
coupling factor
-
cover factor
-
crack susceptibility factor
-
crest factor
-
critical stress intensity factor
-
cross-modulation factor
-
current amplification factor
-
current amplitude factor
-
current transformer correction factor
-
current unbalance factor
-
current waveform distortion factor
-
cyclic duration factor
-
damage factor
-
damage severity factor
-
damping factor
-
daylight factor
-
dc conversion factor
-
decontamination factor
-
defective factor
-
deflection factor
-
deflection uniformity factor
-
degeneration factor
-
degradation factor
-
degree-day melting factor
-
demagnetization factor
-
demand factor
-
depolarization factor
-
derating factor
-
design factor
-
design load factor
-
detuning factor
-
deviation factor
-
dielectric loss factor
-
differential diffraction factor
-
diffuse reflection factor
-
diffuse transmission factor
-
dilution factor
-
dimensionless factor
-
directivity factor
-
discharge factor
-
displacement factor
-
displacement power factor
-
dissipation factor
-
distortion factor
-
distribution factor
-
diversity factor
-
division factor
-
dose buildup factor
-
dose reduction factor
-
drainage factor
-
drug resistance factor
-
duty cycle factor
-
duty factor
-
ecological factor
-
edaphic factor
-
effective demand factor
-
effective multiplication factor
-
effective-volume utilization factor
-
efficiency factor
-
electromechanical coupling factor
-
elimination factor
-
elongation factor
-
emission factor
-
emissivity factor
-
engineering factors
-
enlargement factor
-
enrichment factor
-
environmental factor
-
etch factor
-
excess air factor
-
excess multiplication factor
-
expansion factor
-
exponential factor
-
exposure factor
-
external factor
-
extraction factor
-
extraneous factor
-
F factor
-
Fanning friction factor
-
fatigue notch factor
-
feedback factor
-
field form factor
-
field length factor
-
field water-distribution factor
-
fill factor
-
filter factor
-
filtration factor
-
fineness factor
-
flux factor
-
food factor
-
force factor
-
form factor
-
formation volume factor
-
formation-resistivity factor
-
formation factor
-
fouling factor
-
F-prime factor
-
frequency factor
-
frequency multiplication factor
-
friction factor
-
fuel factor
-
fundamental factor
-
gage factor
-
gain factor
-
gamma factor
-
gas factor
-
gas multiplication factor
-
gas producing factor
-
gas recovery factor
-
gas saturation factor
-
geometrical structure factor
-
geometrical weighting factor
-
g-factor
-
grading factor
-
granulation factor
-
grindability factor
-
growth factor
-
harmonic distortion factor
-
harmonic factor
-
heat conductivity factor
-
heat gain factor
-
heat leakage factor
-
heat loss factor
-
heat-stretch factor
-
heat-transfer factor
-
host factor
-
hot-channel factor
-
hot-spot factor
-
hull-efficiency factor
-
human factor
-
hysteresis factor
-
improvement factor
-
inductance factor
-
infinite multiplication factor
-
inhibitory factor
-
innovation factor
-
institutional factor
-
integer factor
-
integrating factor
-
interlace factor
-
intermodulation factor
-
K bar factor
-
Kell factor
-
lamination factor
-
leakage factor
-
lethal factor
-
light-transmission factor
-
lime factor
-
limit load factor
-
linear expansion factor
-
literal factor
-
load curve irregularity factor
-
load factor
-
loading factor
-
longitudinal load distribution factor
-
Lorentz factor
-
loss factor
-
luminance factor
-
luminosity factor
-
magnetic form factor
-
magnetic leakage factor
-
magnetic loss factor
-
magnification factor
-
maximum enthalpy rise factor
-
membrane swelling factor
-
minimum noise factor
-
mismatch factor
-
mode I stress intensity factor
-
mode II stress intensity factor
-
mode III stress intensity factor
-
modifying factor
-
modulation factor
-
modulus factor of reflux
-
moment intensity factor
-
mu factor
-
multiplication factor
-
multiplicity factor
-
multiplying factor
-
Murphree efficiency factor
-
mutual coupling factor
-
mutual inductance factor
-
natural factor
-
negative phase-sequence current factor
-
negative phase-sequence voltage factor
-
neutron multiplication factor
-
noise factor
-
nonlinearity factor
-
notch concentration factor
-
notch factor
-
numerical factor
-
obturation factor
-
oil factors
-
oil recovery factor
-
oil saturation factor
-
oil shrinkage factor
-
opening mode stress intensity factor
-
operating factor
-
operating load factor
-
operational factor
-
operation factor
-
optimum noise factor
-
orbit burden factor
-
output factor
-
overcurrent factor
-
overload factor
-
pacing factor
-
packing factor
-
paratypic factor
-
partial safety factor for load
-
partial safety factor for material
-
particle-reduction factor
-
passenger load factor
-
peak factor
-
peak responsibility factor
-
peak-load effective duration factor
-
penetration factor
-
performance factor
-
permeability factor
-
phase factor
-
phase-angle correction factor
-
phasor power factor
-
physiographic factor
-
pitch differential factor
-
pitch factor
-
plain-strain stress intensity factor
-
plane-earth factor
-
plant capacity factor
-
plant-load factor
-
plant-use factor
-
porosity factor
-
positive phase-sequence current factor
-
positive phase-sequence voltage factor
-
potential transformer correction factor
-
powder factor
-
power factor
-
power filling factor
-
primary phase factor
-
primary factor
-
prime factor
-
proof/ultimate factor
-
propagation factor
-
propagation meteorological factor
-
propagation terrain factor
-
proportionality factor
-
proximity factor
-
pulsation factor
-
quality factor
-
R factor
-
radiance factor
-
radio-interference suppression factor
-
readiness factor
-
recombinogenic factor
-
recovery factor
-
rectification factor
-
reduction factor
-
redundancy improvement factor
-
reflection factor
-
reflectivity factor
-
refraction factor
-
refrigerating factor
-
reheat factor
-
relative loss factor
-
relative severity factor
-
release factor
-
reliability demonstration factor
-
reliability factor
-
relocation factor
-
repairability factor
-
repeatability factor
-
reservoir volume factor
-
reset factor of relay
-
resistance transfer factor
-
restorability factor
-
revenue load factor
-
ripple factor
-
risk factor
-
rolling shape factor
-
roll-off factor
-
roughness factor
-
runoff factor
-
safety factor for dropout of relay
-
safety factor for pickup of relay
-
safety factor of insulation
-
safety factor
-
sag factor
-
saturation factor
-
scale factor
-
scaling factor
-
screening factor
-
screen factor
-
secondary-electron-emission factor
-
self-transmissible factor
-
separation factor
-
service factor
-
sex factor
-
shadow factor
-
shape factor
-
sheet ratio factor
-
shielding factor
-
shield factor
-
shrinkage factor
-
signal-to-noise improvement factor
-
size factor
-
skew factor
-
slant-range correction factor
-
sliding factor
-
slip factor
-
smoothing factor
-
snagging factor
-
soap factor
-
social factor
-
socioeconomic factor
-
solubility factor
-
sound absorption factor
-
space factor of winding
-
space factor
-
spreading factor
-
squeezing factor
-
stability factor
-
stacking factor
-
stage amplification factor
-
standing-wave factor
-
steam reduction factor
-
steam-zone shape factor
-
storage factor
-
stowage factor
-
strain concentration factor
-
streamflow formation factor
-
strength factor
-
stress concentration factor
-
stress intensity factor
-
stretch factor
-
structure factor
-
submergence factor
-
summability factor
-
superficial friction factor
-
support factor
-
surface correction factor
-
surface-area factor
-
tapping factor
-
technical preparedness factor
-
telephone influence factor
-
termination factor
-
terrain factor
-
thermal eta factor
-
thermal factor
-
thermal utilization factor
-
thermodynamic factor
-
thrust-deduction factor
-
time factor
-
time-scale factor
-
tire size factor
-
tooth factor
-
transfer factor
-
transmission factor
-
transport factor
-
traveling-wave factor
-
trigger factor
-
truck service factor
-
tuning factor
-
turbidity factor
-
turbulence factor
-
twist factor
-
U-factor
-
unavailability factor
-
unbalance factor
-
unit conversion factor
-
usage factor
-
utilization factor
-
vacuum factor
-
velocity gain factor
-
velocity factor
-
viscosity factor
-
void factor
-
voltage amplification factor
-
voltage amplitude factor
-
voltage ripple factor
-
voltage unbalance factor
-
voltage waveform distortion factor
-
volume-utilization factor
-
wake factor
-
water encroachment factor
-
water saturation factor
-
waveform distortion factor
-
wear factor
-
weather-forming factor
-
weight load factor
-
weighting factor
-
weight factor
-
winding factor
-
wobble factor
-
wood swelling factor
-
work factor
-
yield factor
-
zero phase-sequence current factor
-
zero phase-sequence voltage factor -
32 spread
1 noun(a) (diffusion, growth → of epidemic, fire) propagation f, progression f; (→ of technology, idea) diffusion f, dissémination f; (→ of religion) propagation f;∎ they are trying to prevent the spread of unrest to other cities ils essaient d'empêcher les troubles d'atteindre ou de gagner d'autres villes(b) (range → of ages, interests) gamme f, éventail m;∎ spread in interest rates différentiel m de taux d'intérêt;∎ the commission represented a broad spread of opinion la commission représentait un large éventail d'opinions;∎ maximum May temperatures show a ten-point spread les températures maximales du mois de mai montrent une variation de dix degrés(c) (of wings) envergure f∎ growth occurred over a spread of several years la croissance s'étala sur une période de plusieurs années∎ salmon spread beurre m de saumon;∎ chocolate spread chocolat m à tartiner(h) Press & Typography (two pages) double page f; (two-page advertisement) double page f publicitaire;∎ the event was given a good spread l'événement a été largement couvert par la presse∎ the hotel lays on a decent spread l'hôtel propose des repas tout à fait convenables□ ;∎ cold spread repas m froid□∎ nice spread you've got here! belle propriété que vous avez là!(k) Stock Exchange spread m(a) (arms, fingers, legs) écarté∎ I spread mustard on the ham, I spread the ham with mustard j'ai étalé de la moutarde sur le jambon;∎ he spread butter on a slice of toast or a slice of toast with butter il a tartiné de beurre une tranche de pain grillé;∎ to spread ointment on a burn appliquer ou mettre de la pommade sur une brûlure;∎ to spread the paint evenly étendre ou étaler la peinture en couches égales(b) (open out, unfold → wings, sails) étendre, déployer; (→ arms, legs, fingers) écarter; (→ map, napkin, blanket) étaler; (→ rug) étendre; (→ fan) ouvrir;∎ he spread his handkerchief over his face il étala son mouchoir sur son visage;∎ she lay on her back, her arms spread elle était allongée sur le dos, les bras écartés;∎ a bird with its wings spread un oiseau aux ailes déployées;∎ figurative it's time you spread your wings il est temps que vous voliez de vos propres ailes(c) (disseminate → disease, fire) propager, répandre; (→ news, idea, faith) propager; (→ rumour) répandre, faire courir; (→ lies) colporter; (→ terror, panic) répandre;∎ the disease is spread by rats la maladie est propagée par les rats;∎ the wind will spread the fire to the fields le vent va propager l'incendie jusque dans les champs;∎ trade helped to spread the new technology to Asia le commerce a facilité la diffusion ou la dissémination de cette nouvelle technologie en Asie;∎ the attack is at noon, spread the word! l'attaque est pour midi, faites passer ou passez le mot!;∎ to spread the gospel prêcher ou répandre l'Évangile; figurative répandre la bonne parole∎ he spread his papers on the desk il étala ses papiers sur le bureau;∎ her hair was spread over the pillow ses cheveux s'étalaient sur l'oreiller;∎ we spread the contents of the bag over the floor nous étalâmes le contenu du sac sur le sol;∎ the floor was spread with straw le sol était recouvert de paille;∎ take your shoes off, you're spreading dirt everywhere! enlève tes chaussures, tu salis tout!;∎ the explosion had spread debris over a large area l'explosion avait dispersé des débris sur une grande superficie;∎ their troops are spread too thinly to be effective leurs troupes sont trop dispersées pour être efficaces;∎ figurative to spread oneself too thinly se disperser(e) (space out over a period of time) échelonner, étaler;∎ the tourist season is now spread over six months la saison touristique s'étale maintenant sur six mois;∎ the payments are spread over several months les paiements sont échelonnés ou étalés ou répartis sur plusieurs mois;∎ to spread the losses over five years répartir les pertes sur cinq ans(f) (divide up → tax burden, work load) répartir;∎ a policy designed to spread wealth more evenly une mesure qui vise à distribuer plus équitablement les richesses(a) (stain) s'élargir; (disease, fame, suburb) s'étendre; (fire, desert, flood) gagner du terrain, s'étendre; (rumour, ideas, faith, terror, crime, suspicion) se répandre;∎ panic spread through the crowd la panique a envahi ou gagné la foule;∎ the epidemic is spreading to other regions l'épidémie gagne de nouvelles régions;∎ the cancer had spread through her whole body le cancer s'était généralisé;∎ the suburbs are spreading further everyday les banlieues s'étendent chaque jour un peu plus;∎ the flood waters have spread across or over the whole plain l'inondation a gagné toute la plaine;∎ the species spread throughout Africa l'espèce s'est répandue à travers toute l'Afrique(b) (extend → over a period of time, a range of subjects) s'étendre;∎ their correspondence spreads over twenty years leur correspondance s'étend sur vingt ans(c) (butter, glue) s'étaler;∎ the icing should spread easily le glaçage devrait s'étaler facilement(d) Stock Exchange spéculer sur les différentiels de cours►► spread betting = système de paris portant sur le résultat d'un événement sportif ou autre, où les gains sont proportionnels à la justesse des prédictions, selon une fourchette de résultats préétablie;(b) (in skating) grand aigle m;∎ to do a spread eagle faire un grand aigle(rumour) répandre;∎ have you been spreading it about that I…? est-ce que tu as été raconter partout que je…?(a) (disperse) disperser, éparpiller;∎ the buildings are spread out among the trees les bâtiments sont dispersés parmi les arbres;∎ the runners are now spread out (along the course) les coureurs sont maintenant éparpillés le long du parcours;∎ the population is very spread out la population est très dispersée;∎ in a city as spread out as Los Angeles dans une ville aussi étendue que Los Angeles(b) (space out in time → deliveries, payments) échelonner;∎ to spread out over several financial years étaler sur plusieurs exercices;∎ to spread out the losses over five years répartir les pertes sur cinq ans(c) (open out, unfold → wings) étendre, déployer; (→ arms, legs, fingers) écarter; (→ map, napkin, blanket) étaler; (→ rug) étendre; (→ fan) ouvrir; (lay out → photos, cards, possessions) étaler;∎ she lay on her back, her arms spread out elle était allongée sur le dos, les bras écartés;∎ a bird with its wings spread out un oiseau aux ailes déployées;∎ to spread oneself out (on sofa etc) s'étendre, s'allonger;∎ the plain lay spread out in front of us la plaine s'étalait ou se déployait devant nous;∎ he spread his papers out on the desk il étala ses papiers sur le bureau;∎ their troops are spread out too thinly to be effective leurs troupes sont trop dispersées pour être efficaces(a) (town, forest) s'étendre∎ the search party had spread out through the woods l'équipe de secours s'était déployée à travers les bois(c) (open out → sail) se déployer, se gonfler(d) (make oneself at ease) s'installer confortablement;∎ I need an office where I can spread out j'ai besoin d'un bureau où je puisse étaler mes affaires -
33 theory
1) теория•-
Abbe's theory
-
Abbe theory
-
absolute reaction rate theory
-
acid-basic catalysis theory
-
adhesive theory of friction
-
affinity theory
-
age theory
-
Airy-Stokes theory
-
approximation theory
-
Arrhenius theory
-
association theory
-
automata theory
-
automatic control theory
-
behavior theory of canals
-
boundary-layer interaction theory
-
boundary-layer theory
-
Bronsted theory
-
bunching theory
-
catastrophe theory
-
chemical graph theory
-
chemical kinetics theory
-
circuit theory
-
coding theory
-
combinatorial theory
-
communications theory
-
communication theory
-
constant angle theory of arch dam design
-
contact clastohydrodynamic theory
-
control theory
-
control-system theory
-
coordination theory
-
Coulomb's wedge theory
-
cylinder theory of arch dam design
-
delamination theory of wear
-
diffraction theory
-
diffusion theory
-
dispersion theory
-
dissociation theory
-
donor-acceptor interaction theory
-
double shear theory
-
drag theory
-
effective arch theory
-
elastic theory
-
elastic wave theory
-
elasticity theory
-
electromagnetic field theory
-
electromagnetic theory
-
energetical wear theory
-
erosion theory
-
estimation theory
-
evaporation theory
-
fatigue theory of wear
-
fatigue theory
-
field theory
-
filter theory
-
flash temperature theory
-
Flory theory
-
free space theory
-
free volume theory
-
free-electron theory of metals
-
fuzzy-set theory
-
game theory
-
general theory
-
generalized electric machine theory
-
graph theory
-
gravitational theory
-
gravitation theory
-
group theory
-
handling theory
-
hydroxo-complex theory
-
imperfection theory
-
information theory
-
ionic theory
-
kinetic theory of gases
-
kinetic theory of liquids
-
local theory
-
logic theory
-
long-range stress theory
-
magnetic field theory
-
magnetotelluric theory
-
mapping theory
-
mathematical economic theory
-
maximum shear theory
-
maximum strain energy theory
-
Maxwell's electromagnetic theory
-
mechanical interlocking friction theory
-
membrane theory
-
mixing length theory
-
model theory
-
molecular attraction friction theory
-
molecular theory
-
molecular-kinetic theory
-
molecular-mechanical theory of friction
-
mosaic-block theory
-
multienergy-group diffusion theory
-
multigroup theory
-
multiple catalysis theory
-
multiple seismometer theory
-
network flow theory
-
network theory
-
nuclear drop theory
-
nuclear theory
-
number theory
-
nutrient theory
-
one-speed diffusion theory
-
oxidational theory of wear
-
oxide-film barrier theory
-
oxyacid theory
-
oxygen attack theory
-
peracid theory of gum formation
-
perturbation theory
-
plastic collapse theory
-
plastic theory
-
plasticity theory
-
plate theory
-
potential field theory
-
potential theory
-
prediction theory
-
probability theory
-
quantum field theory
-
quantum theory of light
-
queueing theory
-
queuing theory
-
radiometry theory
-
Rankine's theory
-
ray-path theory
-
ray theory
-
reflection theory
-
refraction theory
-
regime theory of rivers
-
renewal theory
-
scaled-particle theory
-
seismic theory
-
set theory
-
solid-state theory
-
solvation theory
-
stability theory
-
statistical-decision theory
-
steady-state creep theory
-
superlattice theory
-
system theory
-
theory of algorithms
-
theory of chances
-
theory of elasticity
-
theory of errors
-
theory of failure
-
theory of functions
-
theory of lateral earth pressure
-
theory of limits
-
theory of magnetism
-
theory of oscillations
-
theory of plasticity
-
theory of reliability
-
theory of scheduling
-
theory of screws
-
theory of similarity
-
theory of specific heats
-
theory of stream lines
-
theory of strength
-
theory of testing
-
theory of thermoelastic instability of contact
-
theory of vibrations
-
thermodiffusion theory
-
thermofluctuational strength theory
-
tidal-wave theory
-
tractive-force theory
-
transition state theory
-
transport theory
-
unified electrical machine theory
-
utility theory
-
valence bond theory
-
valency theory
-
variable-radius theory
-
wave theory of light
-
welding-shearing friction theory
-
zone theory of solids -
34 value
1) (числовое) значение ( физической величины), величина; показатель, число2) оценка || оценивать3) значимость; ценность4) стоимость5) мн. ч. горн. содержание компонента в руде•value in terms of the unite of length and time — значение, выраженное в единицах длины и времени;to assign a value — приписывать значение;to assume a value — принимать значение;to attribute a value — приписывать значение;to improve a value — уточнять значение; повышать точность значения;to insert numerical values in an equation — подставлять числовые значения в уравнение;to predetermine [prescribe, preset\] a value — задавать значение;to read value off the scale — считывать показания по шкале;to revise [verify\] a value — уточнять значение-
AA value
-
Abbe value
-
absolute biological value
-
absolute value
-
acceptance value
-
accepted value
-
access value
-
acetyl value
-
acid value
-
actual octane value
-
actual value
-
adjusted value
-
adopted value
-
antiknock value
-
apparent biological value
-
approved value
-
approximate value
-
arbitrary value
-
ash value
-
assay value
-
assessed value
-
assigned value
-
asymptotic value
-
attrition value
-
available heating value
-
average value
-
baking value
-
base value
-
bearing value
-
blending octane value
-
blending value
-
bogey value
-
boundary value
-
bromine value
-
buffer value
-
calculated value
-
calibrated value
-
calibration value
-
caloric value
-
calorific value
-
carbonyl value
-
Cauchy principal value
-
cementing value
-
center-line-average value
-
certified value
-
cetane value
-
characteristic value
-
cla value
-
clear blending value
-
closeness value
-
coagulation value
-
coke value
-
color value
-
combustion value
-
commercial value
-
common value
-
complement value
-
component values
-
computed value
-
conservative value
-
constant value
-
conventional value
-
corrected value
-
corrosion value
-
crest value
-
critical value
-
current value
-
cutting value
-
datum value
-
decision value
-
default value
-
delivery value
-
design value
-
dietary value
-
digestive value
-
distillation value
-
dot value
-
drop-out value
-
effective value
-
eigen value
-
energy value
-
equilibrium value
-
Erichsen value
-
ester value
-
expectation value
-
experimental value
-
exposure value
-
extrapolated value
-
extreme value
-
fiducial value
-
finite value
-
flash value
-
food value
-
full-scale value
-
F-value
-
GC value
-
gloss value
-
gross calorific value
-
guess value
-
heating value
-
heat value
-
heating value as fired
-
high heat value
-
higher calorific value
-
holding value
-
imaginary value
-
improved value
-
indicated value
-
information value
-
inhibiting value
-
initial value
-
instantaneous value
-
integral value
-
intermediate value
-
internationally recommended value
-
inverse value
-
iodine value
-
item value
-
knock value
-
Koettstorfer value
-
least-squares adjusted value
-
least-squares value
-
legitimate value
-
limiting value
-
limit value
-
limiting dynamic value
-
local mean value
-
low heat value
-
lower calorific value
-
lower-range value
-
maximax value
-
maximum scale value
-
mean value
-
mean-square value
-
measured value
-
metallurgical value
-
milling value
-
minimum scale value
-
momentary value
-
NC value
-
net calorific value
-
net energy value
-
nominal value
-
normalized value
-
numerical value
-
nutritive value
-
observed value
-
octane value
-
open-circuit values
-
operating value
-
original value
-
oxygen value
-
part-program value
-
peak value
-
peak-to-peak value
-
peak-to-valley value
-
performance value
-
physical value
-
pickup value
-
place value
-
potential gum value
-
predetermined value
-
predicted value
-
preferred value
-
prestored value
-
principal value
-
proper value
-
quantization value
-
rank value
-
rated value
-
rated withstand value
-
rating value
-
real value
-
rectified value
-
reduced value
-
reduction value
-
reference value
-
refined value
-
refining value
-
regulatory value
-
resetting value
-
reset value
-
resultant value
-
returning value
-
revised value
-
rms value
-
rough value
-
roughness value
-
rounded-off value
-
saponification value
-
saturation value
-
scale-division value
-
second-hand value
-
setting value
-
set value
-
short-circuit values
-
short-time average value
-
soak value
-
spatial value
-
specific value
-
specified value
-
standard value
-
starting value
-
steady-state value
-
successive values
-
superheat value
-
survival value
-
tabulated value
-
target value
-
temporal value
-
test value
-
threshold value
-
toluene value
-
tone value
-
tool offset value
-
torsion value
-
total heating value
-
tristimulus values
-
true biological value
-
true food value
-
true value
-
typical value
-
unit value
-
unrounded value
-
upper-range value
-
U-value
-
value of argument
-
value of error
-
value of function
-
value of variable
-
variable value
-
virtual decision value
-
virtual value
-
V-notch Charpy value
-
weighted average value
-
weighted value
-
working value -
35 near cash
!гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:"consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;" "the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;" "strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and"the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:"the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and"the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)"Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and"Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.More information about DEL and AME is set out below.In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets."Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest."Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:"Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and"The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:"provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;" "enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;" "introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and"not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:"an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;" "an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;" "to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with"further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.This document was updated on 19 December 2005.Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————"GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money"————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.———————————————————————————————————————— -
36 distance
расстояние, дистанция; удаление, дальность; располагать на известном расстоянии ( с промежутками) ;— minimum safety distance— safety distance nuclear
- 1
- 2
См. также в других словарях:
maximum effective range — didžiausiasis veiksmingas nuotolis statusas T sritis Gynyba apibrėžtis Didžiausias atstumas, kuriuo ginklas yra taiklus ir veiksmingai naikina taikinį. atitikmenys: angl. maximum effective range rus. предельная дальность действительного огня … Artilerijos terminų žodynas
maximum effective range — didžiausiasis veiksmingas nuotolis statusas T sritis Gynyba apibrėžtis Atstumas, kuriuo ginklas gali pataikyti į taikinį, kad būtų pasiektas norimas rezultatas. atitikmenys: angl. maximum effective range pranc. portée efficace maximale … NATO terminų aiškinamasis žodynas
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Antenna effective area — In telecommunication, antenna effective area or effective aperture is the functionally equivalent area from which an antenna directed toward the source of the received signal gathers or absorbs the energy of an incident electromagnetic wave. Note … Wikipedia
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