march+ahead

(1952-)

   Academic, scholar, and politician who rose to prominence after the Revolution of 25 April 1974. Trained as an academic in the field of political science and law, Durão Barroso received a master's degree in political science at a Swiss university in the 1980s and continued to a doctorate in Portugal. For some years, he taught political science at the University of Geneva. A student of Portuguese government and politics, he entered academic life in Lisbon at various universities, including the Faculty of Law, University of Lisbon, and spent terms abroad as a visiting political science professor at Georgetown University in the United States.

   A leading member of the Social Democratic Party (PSD) after 1993, he was minister of foreign affairs in the Cavaco Silva government in the mid-1990s. When Marcello Rebelo de Sousa withdrew from politics in 1999, Durão Barroso was elected in his place as chief of the PSD; he led the party in the October 1999 elections, won by the Socialist Party (PS) under Guterres. The defeat of the PSD in this election, whose final results were closer than predicted, cast a shadow on the leadership position of Durão Barroso, whose brittle style and manner of public speaking aroused controversy. The position of the PSD, however, still retained some strength; the results of the October 1999 elections were disappointing to the PS, which expected to win an overall majority in the Assembly of the Republic. Instead, the PS fell one seat short. The electoral results in seats were PS (115) to PSD (81). As the PS's hold on the electorate weakened during 2001, and the party was defeated in municipal elections in December 2001, the PSD's leader came into his own as party chief.

   In the parliamentary elections of 17 March 2002, the PSD won the largest number of seats, and Durão Barroso was appointed prime minister. To have a majority, he governed in coalition with the Popular Party (PP), formerly known as the Christian Democratic Party (CDS). Durão Barroso reduced government spending, which affected the budgets of local governments and civil service recruitment. These measures, as well as plans to accelerate privatization and introduce labor reforms, resulted in a public-sector worker's strike in November 2002, the first such strike in 10 years. Durão Barroso decided to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a freeze on the wages of employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than 50 percent of the workforce.

   In 2004, he became president of the Commission, European Union (EU). He took up the office on 23 November 2004, and Pedro Santana Lopes, then the PSD mayor of Lisbon, became prime minister. Portugal has held the six-month rotating presidency of the EU three times, in 1992, 2000, and 2007.

forward

A n Sport avant m.

B adj

1 ( bold) effronté ; it was forward of me to ask c'était assez effronté de ma part de demander ;

2 ( towards the front) [roll] avant inv ; [gears] avant inv ; forward pass ( in rugby) en-avant m ; forward troops Mil ligne f avant ; to be too far forward [seat, headrest] être trop en avant ;

3 ( advanced) [season, plant] avancé ; how far forward are you? où en êtes-vous? ; I'm no further forward je ne suis pas plus avancé ; we're not very far forward yet nous ne sommes pas encore très avancés ;

4 Fin [buying, delivery, market, purchase, rate] à terme ; forward price cours m à terme.

C adv

1 ( ahead) to step/leap forward faire un pas/bond en avant ; to fall ou topple forward tomber en avant ; to go ou walk forward avancer ; to rush forward se précipiter ; to move sth forward lit, fig avancer qch ; ‘forward march!’ ‘en avant, marche!’ ; a seat facing forward une place dans le sens de la marche ; a way forward une solution ; there is no other way forward il n'y a pas d'autre solution ; it's the only way forward c'est la seule solution ; ⇒ backward ;

2 ( towards the future) to travel ou go forward in time voyager dans le futur ; from this day forward à partir d'aujourd'hui ; from that day ou time forward à partir de ce jour-là, désormais ;

3 ( from beginning to end) to wind sth forward faire défiler qch en avance rapide [cassette, tape].

D vtr

1 ( dispatch) expédier [goods] (to à) ; envoyer [catalogue, document, parcel] (to à) ;

2 ( send on) faire suivre, réexpédier [mail] (to à) ; ‘please forward’ ‘faire suivre, svp’.

plan [plæn] (pt & pp planned, cont planning)

1 noun

(a) (strategy) plan m, projet m;

∎ to draw up or to make a plan dresser ou établir un plan;

∎ what's your plan of action or campaign? qu'est-ce que vous comptez faire?;

∎ to put a plan into operation mettre un plan en œuvre;

∎ to go according to plan se dérouler comme prévu ou selon les prévisions;

∎ we'll have to try plan B il faudra qu'on essaie l'autre solution;

∎ I've thought of a plan j'ai un plan

(b) (intention, idea) projet m;

∎ I had to change my holiday plans j'ai dû changer mes projets de vacances;

∎ we had made plans to stay at a hotel nous avions prévu de descendre à l'hôtel;

∎ what are your plans for Monday? qu'est-ce que tu as prévu pour lundi?;

∎ to have other plans avoir d'autres projets;

∎ the plan is to meet up at Rachel's l'idée, c'est de se retrouver chez Rachel

(c) (diagram, map) plan m;

∎ I'll draw you a plan of the office je vais vous dessiner un plan du bureau

(d) (outline → of book, essay, lesson) plan m;

∎ rough plan canevas m, esquisse f

(e) Architecture plan m;

∎ drawn in plan and in elevation dessiné en plan et en élévation

2 transitive verb

(a) (organize in advance → project) élaborer; (→ concert, conference) organiser, monter; (→ crime, holiday, trip, surprise, lesson) préparer; (→ campaign) organiser, preparer; Economics planifier;

∎ everything had been planned down to the last detail tout avait été planifié dans les moindres détails;

∎ plan your time carefully organisez votre emploi du temps avec soin;

∎ they're planning a surprise for you ils te préparent une surprise;

∎ they're planning a new venture ils ont en projet une nouvelle entreprise;

∎ the Pope's visit is planned for March la visite du pape doit avoir lieu en mars;

∎ an industrial estate is planned for this site il est prévu d'aménager un parc industriel sur ce site;

∎ everything went as planned tout s'est déroulé comme prévu

(b) (intend) projeter;

∎ we're planning to go to the States nous projetons d'aller aux États-Unis;

∎ plan to finish it in about four hours comptez environ quatre heures pour le terminer

(c) (design → house, garden, town) concevoir, dresser les plans de

(d) (make outline of → book, essay) faire le plan de, esquisser; (→ lesson) préparer

3 intransitive verb

faire des projets;

∎ it is important to plan ahead il est important de faire des projets pour l'avenir

➲ plan for inseparable transitive verb

prévoir;

∎ to plan for the future faire des projets d'avenir;

∎ we didn't plan for this many people nous n'avions pas prévu ou nous n'attendions pas autant de monde;

∎ you must plan for everything vous devez tout prévoir ou parer à toute éventualité

➲ plan on inseparable transitive verb

(a) (intend) projeter;

∎ what are you planning on doing? qu'est-ce que vous projetez de faire ou vous avez l'intention de faire?;

∎ we're planning on going to Brazil or on a trip to Brazil nous projetons de ou nous avons l'intention de partir au Brésil, nous projetons un voyage au Brésil

(b) (expect) compter sur;

∎ we hadn't planned on it raining nous n'avions pas prévu qu'il pleuvrait;

∎ don't plan on being able to persuade him ne compte pas arriver à le persuader;

∎ we hadn't planned on staying long nous n'avions pas prévu de ou nous ne comptions pas rester longtemps

➲ plan out separable transitive verb

(make detailed plans for) prévoir (en détail);

∎ he had planned it all out il avait tout prévu, il en avait établi tous les détails

step [step]

pas ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b), 1 (d) mesure ⇒ 1 (b) étape ⇒ 1 (c) marche ⇒ 1 (e) seconde ⇒ 1 (f) faire un pas ⇒ 3 (a) marcher ⇒ 3 (a), 3 (b)

(pt & pp stepped, cont stepping)

1 noun

(a) (pace) pas m;

∎ with quick steps d'un pas rapide;

∎ to take two steps forwards/backwards faire deux pas en avant/en arrière;

∎ I grew wearier with every step I took je m'épuisais un peu plus à chaque pas (que je faisais);

∎ I heard her step or steps on the stairs j'ai entendu (le bruit de) ses pas dans l'escalier;

∎ that's certainly put a spring in her step ça lui a donné un peu de ressort, c'est sûr;

∎ he was following a few steps behind me il me suivait à quelques pas;

∎ it's only a (short) step to the shops les magasins sont à deux pas d'ici;

∎ within a few steps of the house à quelques pas de la maison;

∎ watch or mind your step! faites attention où vous mettez les pieds!; figurative faites attention!

(b) (move, action) pas m; (measure) mesure f, disposition f;

∎ it's a great step forward for mankind c'est un grand pas en avant pour l'humanité;

∎ our first step will be to cut costs notre première mesure sera de réduire les coûts;

∎ to take steps to do sth prendre des mesures pour faire qch;

∎ the government should take steps to ban the book le gouvernement devrait prendre des mesures pour interdire le livre;

∎ what steps have you taken? quelles mesures avez-vous prises?;

∎ it's only a short step from what you are suggesting to an outright ban entre ce que vous suggérez et une interdiction absolue, il n'y a qu'un pas;

∎ it's a step in the right direction c'est un pas dans la bonne direction;

∎ this promotion is a big step up for me cette promotion est un grand pas en avant pour moi;

∎ we are still one step ahead of our competitors nous conservons une petite avance sur nos concurrents

(c) (stage) étape f;

∎ the different steps in the manufacturing process les différentes étapes du processus de fabrication;

∎ the next step is to … l'étape suivante consiste à …;

∎ if I may take your argument one step further si je peux pousser votre raisonnement un peu plus loin;

∎ we'll support you every step of the way nous vous soutiendrons à fond ou sur toute la ligne;

∎ they fought us every step of the way ils nous ont combattus sans répit ou sur chaque point;

∎ one step at a time petit à petit;

∎ step by step petit à petit

(d) (in marching, dancing) pas m;

∎ a minuet step un pas de menuet;

∎ in step au pas;

∎ to march in step marcher au pas;

∎ out of step désynchronisé;

∎ to be out of step ne pas être en cadence;

∎ they were walking out of step ils ne marchaient pas en cadence;

∎ to break step rompre le pas;

∎ to change step changer de pas;

∎ to fall into step with sb s'aligner sur le pas de qn; figurative se ranger à l'avis de qn;

∎ he fell into step beside me arrivé à ma hauteur, il régla son pas sur le mien;

∎ to keep (in) step marcher au pas;

∎ do try and keep step! (in dancing) essaie donc de danser en mesure!;

∎ to be in step with the times/with public opinion être au diapason de son temps/de l'opinion publique;

∎ to be out of step with the times/with public opinion être déphasé par rapport à son époque/à l'opinion publique;

∎ supply has got out of step with demand l'offre ne correspond plus à la demande

(e) (stair → gen) marche f; (→ into bus, train etc) marche-pied m;

∎ a flight of steps (indoors) un escalier; (outdoors) un perron;

∎ the church steps le perron de l'église;

∎ mind the step (sign) attention à la marche;

∎ to cut steps (in mountaineering) tailler des marches

(f) American Music (interval) seconde f

(g) (aerobics) step m;

∎ I go to step twice a week je vais à un cours de step deux fois par semaine

2 transitive verb

(a) (measure out) mesurer

(b) (space out) échelonner

3 intransitive verb

(a) (take a single step) faire un pas; (walk, go) marcher, aller;

∎ step this way, please par ici, je vous prie;

∎ step inside! entrez!;

∎ he carefully stepped round the sleeping dog il contourna précautionneusement le chien endormi;

∎ I stepped onto/off the train je suis monté dans le/descendu du train;

∎ she stepped lightly over the ditch elle enjamba le fossé lestement;

∎ figurative to step out of line s'écarter du droit chemin

(b) (put one's foot down, tread) marcher;

∎ to step on sb's foot marcher sur le pied de qn;

∎ I stepped on a banana skin/in a puddle j'ai marché sur une peau de banane/dans une flaque d'eau;

∎ familiar step on it! appuie sur le champignon!

4 steps plural noun

British (stepladder)

∎ (pair of) steps escabeau m

►► step aerobics step m

➲ step aside intransitive verb

(a) (move to one side) s'écarter, s'effacer

(b) (quit position, job) se retirer, se désister;

∎ he stepped aside in favour of a younger person il a cédé la place à quelqu'un de plus jeune

➲ step back intransitive verb

(a) reculer, faire un pas en arrière

(b) figurative prendre du recul;

∎ we don't have time to step back and figure out what it all means nous n'avons pas le temps de prendre du recul pour essayer de comprendre tout cela

➲ step down

1 separable transitive verb

Electricity (voltage) abaisser

2 intransitive verb

(a) (descend) descendre ( from de)

(b) (quit position, job) se retirer, se désister;

∎ he stepped down in favour of a younger person il a cédé la place à quelqu'un de plus jeune;

∎ he has stepped down as managing director il a démissionné de son poste de directeur général

➲ step forward intransitive verb

faire un pas en avant; figurative (make oneself known) se manifester; (volunteer) se porter volontaire

➲ step in intransitive verb

(a) (enter) entrer

(b) (intervene) intervenir

➲ step out intransitive verb

(a) (go out of doors) sortir

(b) (walk faster) presser le pas

(c) American old-fashioned

∎ to be stepping out with sb sortir avec qn;

∎ to step out on sb laisser tomber qn

➲ step up

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (increase → output, pace) augmenter, accroître; (→ activity, efforts) intensifier

(b) Electricity (voltage) augmenter

2 intransitive verb

s'approcher;

∎ to step up to sb/sth s'approcher de qn/qch;

∎ step up!, step up!, come and see… approchez! approchez! venez voir…;

∎ he stepped up onto the platform il est monté sur le podium

SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace

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In 1915 William E.Boeing and his friend Commander Conrad Westervelt decided that they could improve on the aeroplanes then being produced in the United States. Boeing was a prominent Seattle businessman with interests in land and timber, while Westervelt was an officer in the US Navy. They bought a Martin Model T float-plane in order to gain some experience and then produced their own design, the B \& W, which first flew in June 1916. Westervelt was transferred to the East, leaving Boeing to continue the production of the B \& W floatplanes, for which purpose he set up the Pacific Aero Products Company. On 26 April 1917 this became the Boeing Airplane Company, which prospered following the US involvement in the First World War.

In March 1919 Boeing and Edward Hubbard inaugurated the world's first international airmail service between Seattle and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The Boeing Company then had to face the slump in aircraft manufacturing after the war: they survived, and by 1922 they had started producing a successful series of fighters while continuing to develop their flying-boat and floatplane designs. Boeing set up the Boeing Air Transport Corporation to tender for lucrative airmail contracts and then produced aircraft which could out-perform those of his rivals. The company went from strength to strength and by the end of the 1920s a huge conglomerate had been built up: the United Aircraft and Transport Corporation. They produced an advanced high-speed monoplane mailplane, the model 200 Monomail in 1930, which saw the birth of a new era of Boeing designs.

The Wall Street crash of 1929 and legislation in 1934, which banned any company from both building aeroplanes and running an airline, were setbacks which the Boeing Airplane Company overcame, moving ahead to become world leaders. William E.Boeing decided that it was time he retired, but he returned to work during the Second World War.

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SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Railways and locomotives

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Fairlie worked on railways in Ireland and India, and established himself as a consulting engineer in London by the early 1860s. In 1864 he patented his design of locomotive: it was to be carried on two bogies and had a double boiler, the barrels extending in each direction from a central firebox. From smokeboxes at the outer ends, return tubes led to a single central chimney. At that time in British practice, locomotives of ever-increasing size were being carried on longer and longer rigid wheelbases, but often only one or two of their three or four pairs of wheels were powered. Bogies were little used and then only for carrying-wheels rather than driving-wheels: since their pivots were given no sideplay, they were of little value. Fairlie's design offered a powerful locomotive with a wheelbase which though long would be flexible; it would ride well and have all wheels driven and available for adhesion.

The first five double Fairlie locomotives were built by James Cross \& Co. of St Helens during 1865–7. None was particularly successful: the single central chimney of the original design had been replaced by two chimneys, one at each end of the locomotive, but the single central firebox was retained, so that exhaust up one chimney tended to draw cold air down the other. In 1870 the next double Fairlie, Little Wonder, was built for the Festiniog Railway, on which C.E. Spooner was pioneering steam trains of very narrow gauge. The order had gone to George England, but the locomotive was completed by his successor in business, the Fairlie Engine \& Steam Carriage Company, in which Fairlie and George England's son were the principal partners. Little Wonder was given two inner fireboxes separated by a water space and proved outstandingly successful. The spectacle of this locomotive hauling immensely long trains up grade, through the Festiniog Railway's sinuous curves, was demonstrated before engineers from many parts of the world and had lasting effect. Fairlie himself became a great protagonist of narrow-gauge railways and influenced their construction in many countries.

Towards the end of the 1860s, Fairlie was designing steam carriages or, as they would now be called, railcars, but only one was built before the death of George England Jr precipitated closure of the works in 1870. Fairlie's business became a design agency and his patent locomotives were built in large numbers under licence by many noted locomotive builders, for narrow, standard and broad gauges. Few operated in Britain, but many did in other lands; they were particularly successful in Mexico and Russia.

Many Fairlie locomotives were fitted with the radial valve gear invented by Egide Walschaert; Fairlie's role in the universal adoption of this valve gear was instrumental, for he introduced it to Britain in 1877 and fitted it to locomotives for New Zealand, whence it eventually spread worldwide. Earlier, in 1869, the Great Southern \& Western Railway of Ireland had built in its works the first "single Fairlie", a 0–4–4 tank engine carried on two bogies but with only one of them powered. This type, too, became popular during the last part of the nineteenth century. In the USA it was built in quantity by William Mason of Mason Machine Works, Taunton, Massachusetts, in preference to the double-ended type.

Double Fairlies may still be seen in operation on the Festiniog Railway; some of Fairlie's ideas were far ahead of their time, and modern diesel and electric locomotives are of the powered-bogie, double-ended type.

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SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology, Synthetic materials

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Dr Gibson's work towards the discovery of polythene had its origin in a visit in 1925 to Dr A. Michels of Amsterdam University; the latter had made major advances in techniques for studying chemical reactions at very high pressures. After working with Michels for a time, in 1926 Gibson joined Brunner Mond, one of the companies that went on to form the chemical giant Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI). The company supported research into fundamental chemical research that had no immediate commercial application, including the field being cultivated by Michels and Gibson. In 1933 Gibson was joined by another ICI chemist, E.O.Fawcett, who had worked with W.H. Carothers in the USA on polymer chemistry. They were asked to study the effects of high pressure on various reaction systems, including a mixture of benzaldehyde and ethylene. Gibson's notebook for 27 March that year records that after a loss of pressure during which the benzaldehyde was blown out of the reaction tube, a waxy solid was observed in the tube. This is generally recognized as the first recorded observation of polythene. By the following June they had shown that the white, waxy solid was a fairly high molecular weight polymer of ethylene formed at a temperature of 443°K and a pressure of 2,000 bar. However, only small amounts of the material were produced and its significance was not immediately recognized. It was not until two years later that W.P.Perrin and others, also ICI chemists, restarted work on the polymer. They showed that it could be moulded, drawn into threads and cast into tough films. It was a good electrical insulator and almost inert chemically. A British patent for producing polythene was taken out in 1936, and after further development work a production plant began operating in September 1939, just as the Second World War was breaking out. Polythene had arrived in time to make a major contribution to the war effort, for it had the insulating properties required for newly developing work on radar. When peacetime uses became possible, polythene production surged ahead and became the major industry it is today, with a myriad uses in industry and in everyday life.

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SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building

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In some examples of his work Mendelsohn envisaged bold, sculptural forms, dramatically expressed in light and shade, which he created with extensive use of glass, steel and concrete. Characteristic of his type of early Expressionism was his design for the Einstein Tower (1919), a physical laboratory and observatory that was purpose built for Professor Einstein's research work at Neubabelsburg near Berlin in 1921. As its shape suggests, this structure was intended to be made from poured concrete but, due to technical problems, it was erected in stucco-faced steel and brickwork. Equally dramatic and original were Mendelsohn's department stores, for example the pace-setting Schocken Stores at Stuttgart (1926) and Chemnitz (1928), the Petersdorff Store at Breslau (1927) (now Wrocaw in Poland), and a very different building, the Columbus Haus in Berlin (1929–31). One of his most original designs was also in this city, that for the complex on the great boulevard, the Kurfürstendamm, which included the Universum Cinema (1928). Mendelsohn moved to England in 1933, a refugee from Nazism, and there entered into partnership with another émigré, Serge Chermayeff from Russia. Together they were responsible for a building on the seafront at Bexhill-on-Sea, the De La Warr arts and entertainments pavilion (1935–6). This long, low, glass, steel and concrete structure was ahead of its time in England and comprised a theatre and restaurant; in the centre of the façade, facing the sea, is its chief architectural feature, a semicircular glazed staircase. Soon Mendelsohn moved on to Palestine, where he was responsible for the Government Hospital at Haifa (1937) and the Hadassah University Medical Centre in Jerusalem (1936); in both cases he skilfully adapted his mode to different climatic needs. He finally settled in the USA in 1941, where his most notable buildings are the Maimonides Hospital in San Francisco and the synagogues and Jewish community centres which he built in a number of American cities.

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SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering, Mining and extraction technology

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Having been employed in railway construction in Sardinia, Sommeiller was working as an engineer at the University of Turin when, in 1857, he was commissioned to take charge of the French part in the construction of the 13 km (8 mile) tunnel under Mont Cénis between Modane, France, and Bardonècchia, Italy. This was to be the first long-distance tunnel through rock in the Alps driven from two headings with no intervening shafts; it is a landmark in the history of technology thanks to the use of a number of pioneering techniques in its construction.

As steam power was unsuitable because of the difficulties in transmitting power over long distances, Sommeiller developed ideas for the use of compressed-air machinery, first mooted by Daniel Colladon of Geneva in 1855; this also solved the problems of ventilation. He also decided to adapt the principle of his compressed-air ram to supply extra power to locomotives on steep gradients. In 1860 he took out a patent in France for a combined compressor-pump, and in 1861 his first percussion drill, mounted on a carriage, was introduced. Although it was of little use at first, Sommeiller improved his drill through trial and error, including the use of the diamond drill-crowns patented by Georges Auguste Leschot in 1862. The invention of dynamite by Alfred Nobel contributed decisively to the speedy completion of the tunnel by the end of 1870, several years ahead of schedule.

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SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Ports and shipping, Railways and locomotives

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Stevens, a wealthy landowner with an estate at Hoboken on the Hudson River, had his attention drawn to the steamboat of John Fitch in 1786, and thenceforth devoted much of his time and fortune to developing steamboats and mechanical transport. He also had political influence and it was at his instance that Congress in 1790 passed an Act establishing the first patent laws in the USA. The following year Stevens was one of the first recipients of a US patent. This referred to multi-tubular boilers, of both watertube and firetube types, and antedated by many years the work of both Henry Booth and Marc Seguin on the latter.

A steamboat built in 1798 by John Stevens, Nicholas J.Roosevelt and Stevens's brother-in-law, Robert R.Livingston, in association was unsuccessful, nor was Stevens satisfied with a boat built in 1802 in which a simple rotary steam-en-gine was mounted on the same shaft as a screw propeller. However, although others had experimented earlier with screw propellers, when John Stevens had the Little Juliana built in 1804 he produced the first practical screw steamboat. Steam at 50 psi (3.5 kg/cm²) pressure was supplied by a watertube boiler to a single-cylinder engine which drove two contra-rotating shafts, upon each of which was mounted a screw propeller. This little boat, less than 25 ft (7.6 m) long, was taken backwards and forwards across the Hudson River by two of Stevens's sons, one of whom, R.L. Stevens, was to help his father with many subsequent experiments. The boat, however, was ahead of its time, and steamships were to be driven by paddle wheels until the late 1830s.

In 1807 John Stevens declined an invitation to join with Robert Fulton and Robert R.Living-ston in their development work, which culminated in successful operation of the PS Clermont that summer; in 1808, however, he launched his own paddle steamer, the Phoenix. But Fulton and Livingston had obtained an effective monopoly of steamer operation on the Hudson and, unable to reach agreement with them, Stevens sent Phoenix to Philadelphia to operate on the Delaware River. The intervening voyage over 150 miles (240 km) of open sea made Phoenix the first ocean-going steamer.

From about 1810 John Stevens turned his attention to the possibilities of railways. He was at first considered a visionary, but in 1815, at his instance, the New Jersey Assembly created a company to build a railway between the Delaware and Raritan Rivers. It was the first railway charter granted in the USA, although the line it authorized remained unbuilt. To demonstrate the feasibility of the steam locomotive, Stevens built an experimental locomotive in 1825, at the age of 76. With flangeless wheels, guide rollers and rack-and-pinion drive, it ran on a circular track at his Hoboken home; it was the first steam locomotive to be built in America.

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See also: Allen, Horatio; Cooper, Peter