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121 où
ou [u]• avec ou sans sucre ? with or without sugar?• as-tu des frères ou des sœurs ? have you got any brothers or sisters?► ou... ou either... or* * *u1) ( choix) ortu pourrais lui offrir un collier, ou (bien) une montre — you could give her a necklace, or (else) a watch
tu te moques de moi ou quoi? — (colloq) are you making fun of me or what?
tu peux venir me prendre chez moi, ou alors on s'attend devant le cinéma — you can pick me up at home or else we'll meet outside the cinema
fatigué ou pas, il faut bien rentrer à la maison — tired or not, we have to go home
2) ( choix unique) orou (bien)... ou (bien)... — either... or...
ou bien il est très timide, ou il est très impoli — he's either very shy or very rude
3) ( évaluation) or* * *u conjorou... ou (= soit) — either... or
ou bien (= sinon) — or, or else
On pourrait aller au cinéma ou bien rentrer directement. — We could go to the cinema or else go straight home.
* * *ou conj1 ( choix) or; désirez-vous boire de la bière ou (bien) du vin? would you like to drink beer or wine?; tu pourrais lui offrir un collier, ou (bien) une montre you could give her a necklace, or (else) a watch; tu entres ou tu sors? are you coming in or are you going out?; est-ce que tu viens ou pas? are you coming or not?; Istanbul ou Constantinople Istanbul or Constantinople; tu te moques de moi ou quoi? are you making fun of me or what?; donnons-nous rendez-vous à la Sorbonne, ou plutôt non, au Panthéon let's meet at the Sorbonne, or rather at the Pantheon; je me contenterais d'un petit appartement ou même d'une chambre I would be happy with a small apartment, or even just a room; tu peux venir me prendre chez moi, ou alors on s'attend devant le cinéma you can pick me up at home or else we'll meet outside the cinema; fatigué ou pas, il faut bien rentrer à la maison tired or not, we have to go home; que ça vous plaise ou non whether you like it or not; je peux vous proposer du gin, du cognac ou (encore) de la vodka I can offer you gin, brandy or vodka;2 ( choix unique) or; ou (bien)… ou (bien)… either… or…; ou (bien) vous éteignez votre cigarette, ou (bien) vous sortez either you put out your cigarette or you leave the room; ou bien il est très timide, ou il est très impoli he's either very shy or very rude; de deux choses l'une, ou il est étourdi ou (bien) il est bête it's one of two things, he's either absent-minded or he's stupid;3 ( évaluation) or; il y avait trois ou quatre cents personnes dans la salle there were three or four hundred people in the room; ils vont rester deux ou trois jours they'll stay two or three days.[u] pronom relatif1. [dans l'espace] whered'où j'étais, je voyais la cathédrale from where I was, I could see the cathedralle pays d'où je viens the country which ou where I come from2. [dans le temps]à l'époque où... in the days when...3. (figuré)là où je ne vous suis plus, c'est lorsque vous dites... the bit where I lose track is when you say...dans l'état où elle est in her state, in the state she is————————[u] adverbe relatif1. [dans l'espace] where[avec 'que']par où que tu passes whichever route you take, whichever way you go2. (figuré)où je ne le comprends pas, c'est lorsque... where I don't understand him is when...————————[u] adverbe interrogatifpar où voulez-vous passer? which way do you want to go?, which route do you want to take?par où commencer? where to begin?, where should I begin?où voulez-vous en venir? what point are you trying to make?, what are you trying to say?————————d'où locution conjonctived'où on conclut que... which leads us ou one to the conclusion that...d'où il suit que... from which it follows that...je ne savais pas qu'il était déjà arrivé, d'où ma surprise I didn't know that he'd already arrived, which is why I was so surprised -
122 premier
premier, -ière1 [pʀəmje, jεʀ]1. adjective• arriver/être premier to arrive/be firstc. ( = de base) [échelon, grade] bottom ; [ébauche, projet] first• quel est votre premier prix pour ce type de voyage ? what do your prices start at for this kind of trip?d. ( = originel, fondamental) [cause, donnée, principe] basic ; [objectif] primary ; [état] initial, original2. masculine noun, feminine nouna. (dans le temps, l'espace) first• parler/passer/sortir le premier to speak/go/go out first• elle fut l'une des premières à... she was one of the first to...b. (dans une hiérarchie, un ordre) il a été reçu dans les premiers he was in the top fewc. (dans une série, une comparaison) Pierre et Paul sont cousins, le premier est médecin Peter and Paul are cousins, the former is a doctor3. masculine nouna. first• c'est leur premier ( = enfant) it's their first child• mon premier est... (charade) my first is in...► en premier [arriver, parler] first• pour lui, la famille vient toujours en premier his family always comes first4. compounds* * *
1.
- ière pʀəmje, ɛʀ adjectif1) ( dans le temps) first2) ( dans l'espace) first3) ( dans une série) first‘livre premier’ — ‘book one’
Napoléon Ier — Napoleon I, Napoleon the First
4) ( dans une hiérarchie) [artiste, écrivain, puissance] leading; [élève, étudiant] topêtre premier — [élève, étudiant] to be top; [coureur] to be first
nos premiers prix or tarifs — ( pour voyages) our cheapest holidays GB ou package tours US; ( pour billets) our cheapest tickets
5) ( originel) [impression] first, initial; [éclat] initial; [aspect] original6) ( essentiel) [qualité] prime; [objectif, conséquence] primary7) Philosophie [terme, notion, donnée] fundamental; [vérité, principe] first
2.
nom masculin, féminin1) ( dans le temps) first2) ( dans une énumération) firstle premier de mes fils — ( sur deux fils) my elder son; ( sur plus de deux fils) my eldest son
3) ( dans un classement)arriver le premier — [coureur] to come first
être le premier de la classe — [élève] to be top of the class
3.
nom masculin1) ( dans un bâtiment) first floor GB, second floor US2) ( jour du mois) first3) ( arrondissement) first arrondissement
4.
en premier locution adverbiale
5.
de première (colloq) locution adjective first-ratec'est de première — it's first-class ou first-rate
Phrasal Verbs:* * *pʀəmje, jɛʀ (-ière)1. adj1) (dans le temps) firstC'est notre premier jour de vacances depuis Noël. — It's our first day off since Christmas.
C'est la première fois que je viens ici. — It's the first time I've been here.
du premier coup — at the first attempt, at the first go
Il est arrivé premier. — He came first., He was the first to arrive.
2) (du bas) (branche, marche, grade) lowest, bottomau premier étage — on the first floor Grande-Bretagne on the second floor USA
3) (en importance) firstde premier ordre — first-class, first-rate
de première qualité; de premier choix — best quality, top quality
4) (= fondamental) basic5)le Premier ministre — the Prime Minister, the Premier, the Premier of Queensland, the Queensland Premier
2. nm1) (= premier étage) first floor Grande-Bretagne second floor USA2) (= personne)3) (= jour)4)3. nf1) (= personne)2) AUTOMOBILES (= vitesse) first, first gear3) CHEMINS DE FER, AVIATION (= classe) first class4) ÉDUCATION (= classe) Year 12sixth year of secondary school (age 16-17)5) [spectacle] THÉÂTRE first night, CINÉMA première6) (chose faite pour la première fois) first* * *A adj1 ( qui commence une série) [habitant, emploi, automobile, symptôme] first; Adam fut le premier homme Adam was the first man; c'est la première fois que je viens ici this is the first time I've been here; la première et la dernière fois the first and last time; les premiers temps de the initial period of; (dans) les premiers temps tout allait bien at first things went well;2 ( qui précède dans l'espace) [porte, rue, visage, carrefour] first; les trois premières rues the first three streets; les premières marches (de l'escalier) the first few steps;3 ( dans une série) [numéro, chapitre, mot, candidat] first; première personne du singulier/du pluriel first person singular/plural; le premier janvier/juin the first of January/of June; article premier du code pénal first article of the penal code; ‘livre premier’ ‘book one’; Napoléon Ier Napoleon I ou the First; Elisabeth Ire Elizabeth I ou the First;4 ( par sa supériorité) [artiste, écrivain, producteur, puissance] leading; [élève, étudiant] top; le premier producteur mondial de vin the world's leading wine producer; être premier [élève, étudiant] to be top; [coureur] to be first; il est premier en physique he's top in physics; terminer or arriver premier [coureur] to come first; une affaire de première importance/urgence a matter of the utmost importance/urgency; article de première nécessité an absolutely essential item;5 ( par son infériorité) [billet, ticket, place] cheapest; nos premiers prix or tarifs ( pour voyages) our cheapest holidays GB ou package tours US; ( pour billets) our cheapest tickets;6 ( originel) [impression] first, initial; [vivacité, éclat] initial; [aspect] original; recouvrer sa santé première to recover one's health;B nm,f1 ( qui se présente d'abord) first; vous êtes le premier à me le dire you are the first to tell me; il est toujours le premier à se plaindre he's always the first to complain; sortir le premier to go out first; arriver le premier, arriver les premiers to arrive first; les premiers arrivés seront les premiers servis first come, first served;2 ( dans une énumération) first; je préfère le premier I prefer the first one; le premier de mes fils ( sur deux fils) my elder son; ( sur plus de deux fils) my eldest son;3 ( dans un classement) arriver le premier [coureur] to come first; être le premier de la classe [élève] to be top of the class; il est le premier en latin he's top in Latin.C nm1 ( dans un bâtiment) first floor GB, second floor US; monter/descendre au premier to go up/to go down to the first GB ou second US floor; habiter au premier to live on the first GB ou second US floor;2 ( jour du mois) first; être payé tous les premiers du mois to be paid on the first of every month; le premier de l'an New Year's Day;3 ( arrondissement) first arrondissement; habiter dans le premier to live in the first arrondissement;4 ( dans une charade) first; mon premier est my first is.D en premier loc adv faire qch en premier to do sth first; faire passer son travail en premier to put one's work first; recourir à l'arme nucléaire en premier to resort to nuclear weapons in the first instance; citons en premier le livre de notre collègue first of all there's our colleague's book; il faut en premier baisser l'impôt sur les bénéfices first of all it is necessary to reduce taxes on profits.E première nf1 (événement important, exploit) first; première mondiale world first;4 Aut first (gear); être en première to be in first (gear); passer la première to go into first (gear); rouler en première to drive in first (gear);5 ○ Rail, Aviat first class; voyager en première to travel first class; un billet de première a first-class ticket;6 ( couturière dirigeant un atelier) head seamstress;7 ( en alpinisme) first ascent; premier solitaire first solo-ascent;8 ( dans une chaussure) insole.premier âge [produits, vêtements] for babies up to six months ( après n); premier clerc chief clerk; premier communiant boy making his first communion; premier de cordée leader; premier danseur leading dancer; premier jet first ou rough draft; premier maître intermediate rank between chief petty officer and fleet chief petty officer GB, ≈ master chief petty officer US; premier ministre prime minister; premier secrétaire (d'un parti, organisme) first secretary; premier venu just anybody; elle s'est jetée dans les bras du premier venu she threw herself into the arms of the first man to come along; premier violon Mus first violin, leader; première classe Mil ≈ private; première communiante Relig girl making her first communion; première communion Relig first communion; première épreuve Imprim first proof; première nouvelle! that's the first I've heard about it; premiers secours first aid ¢.ⓘ Premier ministre The chief minister of the government, appointed by the Président de la République and responsible for the overall management of government affairs.1. (souvent avant le nom) [initial] earlyles premiers temps at the beginning, early on2. [proche] neareston s'est arrêtés dans le premier hôtel venu we stopped at the first hotel we came to ou happened to come to4. [dans une série] firstà la première heure first thing, at first lightdans un premier temps (at) first, to start with, to begin withil a fait ses premières armes à la "Gazette du Nord" he cut his teeth at the "Gazette du Nord"j'ai fait mes premières armes dans le métier comme apprenti cuisinier I started in the trade as a cook's apprenticepremier jet (first) ou rough ou initial drafta. [personnes et matériel] emergency servicesb. [soins] first aida. [généralement] first partb. [au spectacle] opening act5. [principal] mainde (toute) première nécessité/urgence (absolutely) essential/urgentc'est vous le premier intéressé you're the main person concerned ou the one who's got most at stakesortir premier d'une Grande école to be first on the pass list (in the final exam of a Grande école)l'idée première était de... the original idea was to...8. [spontané] firstson premier mouvement his first ou spontaneous impulse9. (après le nom) [fondamental] firstMATHÉMATIQUES [nombre] prime[polynôme] irreducibleprincipe premier first ou basic principle10. [moindre]et ta récitation, tu n'en connais pas le premier mot! you haven't a clue about your recitation, have you?la robe coûte 400 euros et je n'en ai pas le premier sou the dress costs 400 euros and I haven't a penny (UK) ou cent (US) to my name11. GRAMMAIREpremière personne du singulier/pluriel first person singular/pluralvoir aussi link=pluriel pluriel12. CUISINEcôte/côtelette première prime rib/cutlet————————, première [prəmje, ɛr] nom masculin, nom féminin1. [personne]elle est la première de sa classe/au hit-parade she's top of her class/the charts2. [chose]3. [celui-là]plantez des roses ou des tulipes, mais les premières durent plus longtemps plant roses or tulips, but the former last longervoir aussi link=cinquième cinquième————————nom masculin1. [dans une charade]3. [dans des dates]Aix, le premier juin Aix, June 1stle premier avril April Fool's ou All Fools Dayle premier janvier ou de l'an New Year's Day————————première nom féminin2. [exploit]être/passer en première to be in/to go into firstbillet/wagon de première first-class ticket/carriage8. IMPRIMERIE [épreuve] first proof[édition - d'un livre] first edition ; [ - d'un journal] early edition9. [d'une chaussure] insole————————de première locution adjectivale————————en premier locution adverbialepremier de cordée nom masculin————————premier degré nom masculin2. [phase initiale] first step3. (figuré)————————premier prix nom masculin1. COMMERCE lowest ou cheapest pricedans les premiers prix at the cheaper ou lower end of the scale2. [récompense] first prize -
123 formazione
"formation;Ausbildung;Formgebung;formação"* * *f formationfig addestramento trainingsports line-upformazione professionale vocational training* * *formazione s.f.1 formation, forming, making (anche fig.): la formazione del carattere, the forming of character; uno stato in via di formazione, a nation in the making; un quartiere di recente formazione, a recently developed suburb (o estate) // (econ.): formazione dei prezzi, price formation (o pricing); formazione di capitale, capital formation; formazione di risparmio, supply of saving; formazione di un fondo, creation of a fund; formazione di una società, incorporation of a company2 (geol., meteor.) formation: la formazione della terra, the formation of the earth; formazione granitica, granite formation; formazione temporalesca, thundercloud formation3 (mil.) formation: in formazione aperta, serrata, in open, close formation; in formazione di battaglia, in battle formation; in formazione sparsa, in scattered formation // (aer.): un'intera formazione, a whole flight; volare in formazione, to fly in formation4 ( addestramento) training, education: formazione professionale, vocational (o professional) training; corso di formazione aziendale, business training course; formazione dei dirigenti d'azienda, management training* * *[format'tsjone]sostantivo femminile1) (istruzione) (scolastica) education; (professionale) background, trainingformazione degli insegnanti — teacher training BE o education AE
2) (di governo, partito, squadra, gruppo musicale) formation, line-up3) (di opinione) moulding; (di carattere) forming4) (apparizione) formation5) (insieme) formation6) mil. (schieramento, disposizione) formation* * *formazione/format'tsjone/sostantivo f.1 (istruzione) (scolastica) education; (professionale) background, training; formazione degli insegnanti teacher training BE o education AE; corso di formazione training course2 (di governo, partito, squadra, gruppo musicale) formation, line-up; dare la formazione della squadra to name the team3 (di opinione) moulding; (di carattere) forming4 (apparizione) formation; formazione di vesciche blistering5 (insieme) formation; formazione rocciosa rock formation -
124 процесс
1) (ход развития) processвнутренние процессы — internal / domestic processes
процесс становления взаимосвязанного и целостного мира — process of asserting the interdependence and integrity of the world
2) (производственный) processвести процесс — to plead a cause, to carry on a lawsuit
выиграть процесс — to gain (one's) cause
гражданский процесс — lawsuit, suit, civil procedure
судебный процесс — cause, action, suit, litigation
начать судебный процесс — to take / to institute legal proceedings (against)
уголовный процесс — (criminal) trial / procedure
-
125 Wedgwood, Ralph
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]fl. late eighteenth/early nineteenth century London, England[br]English inventor of carbon paper.[br]Wedgwood was descended from Thomas Wedgwood, the father of Josiah Wedgwood, the founder of the famous pottery firm. In 1806, he patented an apparatus for making copies of handwritten documents, Wedgwood's Stylographic Writer. It was originally developed with the intention of helping the blind to write and had a metal stylus instead of a quill pen: a piece of paper that had been soaked in printer's ink and then dried was placed between two sheets of paper, and wires placed across the page guided the stylus in the hand of the blind writer.A few years later Wedgwood developed this apparatus into a way of making a copy of a letter at the time of writing. He used impregnated paper, which he called carbonic or carbonated paper, the first known reference to carbon paper. It was placed between a sheet of good quality writing paper and one of thin, transparent paper. By writing with the stylus on the thin paper, a good copy appeared on the lower sheet, while a reverse copy appeared on the underside of the other, which could be read right way round through the transparent paper. In its final form, the Manifold Stylographic Writer was put on sale, elegantly presented between marbled covers. Eventually a company was established to make and sell the writer, and by 1818 it was in the name of Wedgwood's son, R.Wedgwood Jun. of Rathbone Place, Oxford Street, London. Many of the writers were sold, although they never came into general use in offices, which preferred battalions of Dickensian Bob Cratchits armed with quill pens. Wedgwood himself did not share in the family prosperity, for his pathetic letters to his daughter show that he had to hawk his apparatus to raise the price of his next meal.[br]Further ReadingW.B.Proudfoot, 1972, The Origin of Stencil Duplicating, London: Hutchinson.LRD -
126 ساوم
سَاوَمَ \ bargain: to talk for the purpose of making a bargain: You need to bargain with the vegetable sellers in the market. haggle: (of buyers and sellers) to disagree about the price of sth., making new offers until agreement can be reached. \ See Also ماحك (مَاحَكَ) -
127 ماكس
مَاكَسَ \ bargain: to talk for the purpose of making a bargain: You need to bargain with the vegetable sellers in the market. haggle: (of buyers and sellers) to disagree about the price of sth., making new offers until agreement can be reached. -
128 sale
بَيْع \ sale: selling: The sale of his car helped to pay his debts. He works in our company’s sales office (the office that deals with selling our goods, not with making them). \ بَيْعٌ بالتّنزيل (تنزيلات) \ sale: offering goods at low prices for a special period: I bought this coat at a sale, for half its usual price. \ See Also بأسعار مخفّضة \ مَبيع \ sale: selling: The sale of his car helped to pay his debts. He works in our company’s sales office (the office that deals with selling our goods, not with making them).
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