-
81 render
render [ˈrendər]* * *['rendə(r)]transitive verb1) ( make)2) ( give) rendre [allegiance] (to à); apporter [assistance] (to à)‘for services rendered’ — ‘pour services rendus’
3) Literature, Music rendre [style, nuance]; traduire [text] ( into en)4) enduire [wall] -
82 stretch
1. Irubber (this material, silk, this elastic, etc.) stretches резина и т.д. растягивается; my shoes are tight, I hope they'll stretch туфли мне тесны, надеюсь, [что] они разносятся; wood won't stretch дерево не обладает свойством тянуться; the rope has stretched веревка ослабла /растянулась/; stop yawning and stretching перестаньте зевать и потягиваться; I want to get out of the car and stretch я хочу выйти из машины и размяться /размять немного ноги/2. II1) stretch in some manner stretch easily (slightly, moderately, etc.) легко и т.д. растягиваться; iron may stretch slightly железо немного тянется; the elastic won't stretch any more резинка больше не растягивается2) stretch in some direction stretch far (northward, etc.) далеко и т.д. простираться; the valley stretches southward долина тянется к югу; stretch for some time stretch three quarters of a century тянуться три четверти века, происходить на протяжении трех четвертей века3. III1) stretch smth. stretch a rubber band (smb.'s boots, a pair of gloves, the trousers, etc.) растягивать резиновое кольцо и т.д.; stretch one's legs вытянуть ноги; let's take a walk to stretch our legs давайте пройдемся, чтобы размяться; stretch one's neck вытягивать шею; stretch one's arms раскинуть /развести/ руки; stretch the wings расправить крылья; stretch a show (a programme), etc.) затянуть спектакль и т.д.2) stretch smth. stretch a string (a wire, a cord, etc.) натягивать струну и т.д.; stretch one's muscles (one's nerves, etc.) напрягать мускулы и т.д.; you would have to stretch your imagination вам придется напрячь воображение3) stretch smth. stretch the law (the rule, etc.) допускать натяжку в истолковании закона и т.д., вольно трактовать закон и т.д.; stretch a privilege злоупотреблять привилегией; stretch the facts (a story) приукрашивать факты (историю); stretch the meaning of a word приписывать слову несуществующее у него /еще одно/ значение; stretch the truth слегка преувеличивать, прибавлять то, чего не было; stretch a point делать исключение, допускать натяжку; it would be stretching a point to say that... было бы преувеличением сказать, что...; it would be stretching a point to arrest him now арестовать его в данный момент было бы превышением власти4. IV1) stretch smth. in some manner stretch smth. tight (ly) (loosely), thoroughly, etc.) туго и т.д. натягивать что-л.2) stretch smth. for sometime stretch the action (the show, the programme), etc.) two minutes (half an hour, etc.) затянуть действие и т.д. на две минуты и т.д.3) stretch smth. in some manner that's stretching things too fart это уже слишком!;5. VIstretch smb. in some manner a blow behind the ear stretched him unconscious on the floor удар по голове свалил его без сознания на пол6. VIIstretch smth. to do smth. I stretch a pair of shoes to make them fit (food to feed extra guests, etc.) растягивать ботинки, чтобы они налезли /были впору/ и т.д.; stretch money to keep within the budget экономить деньги, чтобы не выйти из бюджета /уложиться в бюджет/; stretch one's neck in order to see over the heads of a crowd вытягивать шею, чтобы видеть поверх толпы2)stretch the rule to help his friend истолковать правило так, чтобы помочь другу; stretch the truth [in order] to prove his point слегка исказить правду /сказать не совсем то, что было/, чтобы доказать свою точку зрения; how can you stretch your principles to cover this situation? ну как вы приспособите свои принципы к данной ситуации?; he stretched the law to suit his own purpose он злоупотребил законом в угоду своим целям7. XI1) be stretched in (at) smth. the jacket is stretched in the waist (at the elbow, in the shoulders, etc.) жакет вытянулся /растянулся/ в талии и т.д.2) be stretched in some manner the rope is tightly stretched веревка туго натянута; the engine is fully stretched мотор работает на полную мощность3) be stretched somewhere the bridge is stretched across the river через реку перекинут мост8. XVI1)stretch across (along, to, from, etc.) smth. stretch across the frontier (across the fields, across the river, etc.) пересекать /идти через/ границу и т.д.; а yellow cloud stretched across the sky above the horizon желтое облако закрыло небо /протянулось по небу/ над горизонтом; the town stretched along the bay (along the river, along the shore, etc.) город вытянулся вдоль залива и т.д.; stretch to the furthest point on the map (to the river, to the foot of the mountain, etc.) тянуться /простираться, доходить/ до самой крайней точки на карте и т.д.; the queue stretched to the corner очередь растянулась до угла; the road (the forest, the shore, etc.) stretches for miles and miles (for hundreds of miles, etc.) дорога и т.д. тянется /идет, простирается/ на много миль и т.д.; the country stretches from east to west (from Chile to Canada, etc.) страна простирается с востока на запад и т.д.; his mouth stretches from ear to ear у него рот до ушей; stretch to (into, over, etc.) some time it stretched to the early years of the9. XV llth century (from 1868 to 1912, into the dim past, to infinity, etc.) это тянулось до начала шестнадцатого века и т.д.; the experiment stretched over a period of two years эксперимент длился два года; my means will not stretch to that (to a new TV, to a house in the country, etc.) моих средств на это и т.д. не хватит, мне этого и т.д. не позволят средства2)stretch for smth. he stretched for his gloves он потянулся за сваями перчатками10. XVIIIstretch oneself he got out of bed and stretched himself он встал с постели и потянулся; the cat stretched itself кошка потянулась; stretch oneself on smth. stretch oneself on the bed (on the floor, on the grass, etc.) растянуться /вытянуться/ на кровати и т.д.11. XIX1stretch like smth. stretch like elastic (like hose, etc.) тянуться /растягиваться/ как резинка и т.д.12. XXI11) stretch smth. by smth. stretch one's shoes (one's gloves, one's hat, etc.) by use разносить /растянуть/ ботинки и т.д. в носке; stretch with. to smth. stretch the elastic to its fullest extent растянуть резинку до отказа2) stretch smth., smb. across (between, over, upon, etc.) smth. stretch a wire across a river (a string across the room, a rope between these two trees, a cord across the path, the clothes-line between the trees, etc.) протягивать /натягивать/ провод через реку и т.д.; stretch a carpet upon the floor растянуть /расстелить/ ковер по полу; stretch a curtain over an opening завесить проем портьерой3) stretch smth. to smth. stretch one's powers to the utmost (one's credit to its limit, etc.) максимально использовать свою власть и т.д.; stretch smth. in smb.'s favour stretch the law in smb.'s favour толковать закон в чью-л. пользу; stretch a point in smb.'s favour сделать исключение в чью-л. пользу; stretch one's principles in smb.'s favour поступиться своими принципами ради кого-л.13. XXV1) stretch when... (if...) the rope (this fabric, ale.) will stretch if you wet it (when you wash it, etc.) веревка и т.д. растянется, если ее намочить и т.д.2) stretch smth. until... he stretched the violin string until it broke он натянул струну на скрипке так туго, что она лопнула -
83 act
1. n дело; поступокact of treachery — акт предательства, предательский поступок
conciliatory act — примирительный поступок; акт примирения
lawless act — незаконное действие; незаконный поступок
2. n акт, действие; деяниеunilateral act — односторонний акт, одностороннее действие
acts of force — действия, связанные с применением силы
3. n акт; закон; постановление; решениеact of outrage — акт грубого произвола; насилие; оскорбление
act not warranted by law — действие, не основанное на законе
4. n юр. дип. акт, документ5. n неодобр. сценаto put on an act — разыграть сцену, устроить спектакль
6. n номер программыthe next act will be a magician — следующий номер программы — фокусник
7. n труппа, группа актёров, исполнителей8. n унив. диссертация9. n употр. гл. ед. ч. библ. с в Деяния апостоловspecific act — конкретное действие, деяние
violent act — насильственное действие, деяние
U.S. Grain Standards Act — стандарт США на зерно
act in pais — акт, совершённый вне судебного заседания
10. n иск. фото акт, изображение обнажённой натурыact of violence — акт насилия, насильственное действие
act of defence — акт обороны, оборонительное действие
ancillary act — дополнительный, вспомогательный акт
11. v действовать, поступать; вести себя12. v действовать, принимать участие13. v действовать, работать14. v влиять, воздействовать15. v быть на высоте; соответствовать16. v работать, служить; действовать в качестве …17. v театр. исполнять, играть18. v играться19. v неодобр. прикидываться, притворятьсяhe acted very angry — он сделал вид, что страшно рассердился
Синонимический ряд:1. action (noun) accomplishment; achievement; action; deed; doing; exploit; feat; step; thing; transaction2. law (noun) award; bill; decree; document; edict; enactment; judgment; law; legislation; measure; order; statute; verdict; writ3. performance (noun) impersonation; masquerade; performance; pose; pretence; routine; scene; sham; show; simulation; sketch; skit; stint; turn4. assume (verb) affect; assume; bluff; counterfeit; fake; feign; imitate; pose; pose as; pretend; put on; sham5. behave (verb) acquit; appear; bear; behave; carry; comport; comport oneself; conduct; deal; demean; deport; disport; do; execute; exert energy; go on; make; move; quit; react; seem; take; transact6. discourse (verb) discourse; dramatize; personate; play; playact7. dramatise (verb) dramatise; parody; present; rehearse; simulate8. function (verb) function; go; officiate; operate; run; serve; work9. give (verb) enact; give; perform; put on; stage10. represent (verb) impersonate; portray; representАнтонимический ряд:cease; cessation; discontinue; give up; halt; hesitate; inactivity; indolence; quiescence; quiet; refrain; repose; rest -
84 keep
A n1 ( maintenance) pension f ; to pay for one's keep payer une pension ; to work for one's keep travailler pour payer sa pension ; to earn one's keep [person] gagner de quoi vivre ; [factory, branch] fig être viable ;2 Archit donjon m.1 ( cause to remain) to keep sb in hospital/indoors [person] garder qn à l'hôpital/à l'intérieur ; [illness] retenir qn à l'hôpital/à l'intérieur ; to keep sth/sb clean garder qch/qn propre ; to keep sth warm/cool garder qch au chaud/au frais ; to keep sb warm/cool protéger qn du froid/de la chaleur ; to be kept clean/warm/locked rester propre/au chaud/fermé (à clé) ; to keep sb talking/waiting retenir/faire attendre qn ; I won't keep you to your promise tu n'es pas obligé de tenir ta promesse ; to keep an engine/machine running laisser un moteur/une machine en marche ; bronchitis kept him in bed une bronchite l'a obligé à garder le lit ;2 ( detain) retenir ; there's nothing to keep me here (plus) rien ne me retient ici ; don't let me keep you! je ne veux pas vous retenir! ; what kept you? qu'est-ce qui t'a retenu? ; I won't keep you a minute je n'en ai pas pour longtemps ; the police are keeping him for questioning la police le garde à vue pour l'interroger ;3 ( retain) garder, conserver [book, letter, money, receipt] ; garder [job] ; garder [seat, place] (for pour) ; garder, mettre [qch] de côté [ticket, bread] (for pour) ; we keep these glasses for special occasions nous gardons ces verres pour les grandes occasions ; this pullover has kept its colour/shape ce pull-over a gardé sa couleur/forme ;5 ( sustain) to keep sth going entretenir qch [conversation, fire, tradition] ; I'll make you a sandwich to keep you going je te ferai un sandwich pour que tu tiennes le coup ; it was only his work that kept him going sans son travail il n'aurait pas tenu le coup ; have you got enough work to keep you going? avez-vous assez de travail pour vous occuper? ;6 ( store) mettre, ranger ; I keep my money in a safe je mets mon argent dans un coffre-fort ; where do you keep your cups? où rangez-vous vos tasses? ; I keep a spare key in the cupboard j'ai un double de la clé dans le placard ;8 ( support financially) faire vivre, entretenir [husband, wife, family] ; entretenir [lover] ; avoir [servant] ; fig it'll keep us in beer ça nous permettra de tenir le coup ;9 ( maintain by writing in) tenir [accounts, list, diary, record] ;11 ( prevent) to keep sb from doing empêcher qn de faire ;12 ( observe) tenir [promise] ; garder [secret] ; se rendre à, venir à [appointment, date] ; célébrer [occasion, festival] ; observer [commandments, sabbath, Lent] ;13 Mus to keep time ou the beat battre la mesure ;1 to keep doing ( continue) continuer à or de faire ; ( do repeatedly) ne pas arrêter de faire ; to keep going lit continuer ; I don't know how she keeps going! je ne sais pas comment elle tient le coup! ; keep at it! persévérez! ; keep west/straight on continuez vers l'ouest/tout droit ; ‘keep left/right’ ‘tenez votre gauche/droite’ ;2 ( remain) to keep indoors rester à l'intérieur ; to keep out of the rain se protéger de la pluie ; to keep warm/cool se protéger du froid/de la chaleur ; to keep calm rester calme ; to keep silent ou quiet garder le silence ;3 ( stay in good condition) [food] se conserver, se garder ;4 ( wait) [news, business, work] attendre ; I've got something to tell you, it won't keep j'ai quelque chose à te dire, ça ne peut pas attendre ;D v refl to keep oneself subvenir à ses propres besoins ; to keep oneself warm/cool se protéger du froid/de la chaleur ; to keep oneself healthy rester en forme ; to keep oneself to oneself ne pas être sociable ; to keep oneself from doing s'empêcher de faire.to keep in with sb rester en bons termes avec qn ; to try to keep up with the Joneses rivaliser avec ses voisins ; you can't keep a good man down la compétence finit par être reconnue ; ⇒ clear.■ keep after:▶ keep after [sb]1 ( pursue) pourchasser ;2 ( chivvy) harceler.■ keep at:▶ keep at [sb] US harceler, casser les pieds ○ à [person] ;▶ keep at it persévérer.■ keep away:▶ keep away ne pas s'approcher (from de) ;▶ keep [sth/sb] away empêcher [qch/qn] de s'approcher, tenir [qch/qn] à distance ; to keep sb away from ( prevent from getting close to) empêcher qn de s'approcher de, tenir qn à distance de [person, fire] ; ( cause to be absent from) tenir qn éloigné de [family] ; to keep sb away from his work empêcher qn de travailler.■ keep back:▶ keep back rester en arrière, ne pas s'approcher ; keep back! ne vous approchez pas!, n'avancez pas! ; to keep back from sth ne pas s'approcher de qch ;▶ keep [sth/sb] back, keep back [sth/sb]1 ( prevent from advancing) empêcher [qn] de s'approcher [person, crowd] (from de) ; faire redoubler [pupil, student] ; [barrier, dam] retenir [water] ; he kept his hair back with an elastic band il avait les cheveux retenus en arrière par un élastique ;3 ( conceal) cacher [information, fact, detail] (from à) ;4 ( prevent from doing) retenir [person].■ keep down:▶ keep down rester allongé ; keep down! ne bougez pas! ;▶ keep [sth] down, keep down [sth]1 ( cause to remain at a low level) limiter [number, speed, costs, expenditure, inflation] ; limiter l'augmentation de [prices, costs, wages, unemployment] ; maîtriser, juguler [inflation] ; to keep one's weight down surveiller son poids ; keep your voice down! baisse la voix! ; keep the noise down! faites moins de bruit! ;2 ( retain in stomach) garder [food] ;▶ keep [sb] down■ keep in:▶ keep [sb/sth] in1 ( cause to remain inside) empêcher [qn/qch] de sortir [person, animal] ; garder [dentures, contact lenses] ; they're keeping her in ( in hospital) ils la gardent ;■ keep off:▶ keep off1 ( stay at a distance) keep off! n'avancez pas! ;2 ( not start) I hope the rain/storm keeps off j'espère qu'il ne pleuvra pas/que l'orage n'éclatera pas ;▶ keep off [sth]1 ( stay away from) ne pas marcher sur ; ‘Please keep off the grass’ ‘Défense de marcher sur la pelouse’ ;2 ( refrain from) s'abstenir de consommer, éviter [fatty food, alcohol] ; s'abstenir de parler de [subject] ; to keep off cigarettes ne pas fumer ;▶ keep [sth] off, keep off [sth]1 ( prevent from touching) éloigner [animals, insects] ; this plastic sheet will keep the rain/ dust off cette housse en plastique protège contre la pluie/la poussière ;2 ( continue not to wear) ne pas remettre [shoes, hat] ;▶ keep sb off [sth] ( cause to refrain from) éviter de donner [qch] à qn [food, alcohol] ; empêcher qn de parler de [subject].■ keep on:▶ keep on doing ( not stop) continuer à faire ; ( do repeatedly) ne pas cesser de faire ; to keep on with sth poursuivre qch ; to keep on about sth ne pas arrêter de parler de qch ; to keep on at sb harceler qn, casser les pieds ○ à qn (to do pour qu'il fasse) ;▶ keep [sb/sth] on garder [employee, flat, hat, shoes].■ keep out:▶ keep out of [sth]2 ( avoid being exposed to) rester à l'abri de [sun, rain, danger] ;3 ( avoid getting involved in) ne pas se mêler de [argument] ; keep out of this! ne t'en mêle pas! ; to keep out of sb's way, to keep out of the way of sb ( not hinder) ne pas encombrer qn ; ( avoid seeing) éviter qn ; try to keep out of trouble! essaie de bien te conduire! ;▶ keep [sb/sth] out, keep out [sb/sth] ( not allow to enter) ne pas laisser entrer [person, animal] ; to keep the rain out empêcher la pluie d'entrer ; I wore an extra pullover to keep out the cold j'ai mis un pull-over de plus pour me protéger du froid ; to keep sb out of sth ( not allow to get involved in) ne pas vouloir mêler qn à qch ; ( not allow to enter) ne pas laisser entrer qn dans qch ; to keep sb out of trouble empêcher qn de faire des bêtises ; to keep sb/sth out of sb's way faire en sorte que qn/qch ne soit pas sur le chemin de qn.■ keep to:▶ keep to [sth] ( stick to) lit ne pas s'écarter de, rester sur [road, path] ; fig respecter, s'en tenir à [timetable, facts, plan] ; respecter [law, rules] ; ‘keep to the left/right’ ‘tenez votre gauche/droite’ ; to keep to one's bed garder le lit ; to keep to one's home rester chez soi ;▶ keep sb to [sth] ( cause to remain on) empêcher qn de s'écarter de [route] ; forcer qn à tenir [promise] ;▶ keep [sth] to ( restrict) limiter [qch] à [weight, number] ; to keep sth to oneself garder qch pour soi [secret, information, opinion] ; he can't keep his hands to himself ○ il a les mains baladeuses ○ ; keep your hands to yourself! bas les pattes ○ !■ keep under:▶ keep [sb] under1 ( dominate) assujettir, soumettre [race, slaves, inhabitants] ;2 ( cause to remain unconscious) maintenir [qn] inconscient.■ keep up:▶ keep up1 ( progress at same speed) ( all contexts) [car, runner, person] suivre ; [business rivals, competitors] rester à la hauteur ;2 ( continue) [price] se maintenir ; if the rain keeps up I'm not going s'il continue à pleuvoir je n'y vais pas ;▶ keep [sth] up, keep up [sth]1 ( cause to remain in position) tenir [trousers] ; ‘keep your hands up!’ ( by gunman) ‘gardez les mains en l'air!’ ;2 ( continue) continuer [attack, bombardment, studies] ; entretenir [correspondence, friendship] ; maintenir [membership, tradition] ; garder [pace] ; to keep up the pressure continuer à faire pression (for pour obtenir ; on sur) ; he kept up his German by going to evening classes il a entretenu son allemand en suivant des cours du soir ; to keep up one's strength/spirits garder ses forces/le moral ; keep it up!, keep up the good work! continuez comme ça! ;▶ keep [sb] up ( maintain awake) faire veiller [child, person] ; [noise, illness] empêcher [qn] de dormir ; I hope I'm not keeping you up ( politely) j'espère que je ne vous oblige pas à veiller ; ( ironically) j'espère que je ne vous empêche pas de dormir.■ keep up with:▶ keep up with [sb/sth]1 ( progress at same speed as) ( physically) aller aussi vite que [person, group] ; ( mentally) suivre [class, work, lecture] ; [company, country] se maintenir à la hauteur de [competitors] ; Econ [wages, pensions] suivre [prices, inflation, cost of living] ; faire face à [demand] ;2 ( be informed about) suivre [fashion, developments, news] ; -
85 behavioral modeling
HR1. a process of capturing and encoding unconscious human expertise to make it transferable to others2. a skills training technique that seeks to imitate models and maintain learned behaviors -
86 Psychoanalysis
[Psychoanalysis] seeks to prove to the ego that it is not even master in its own house, but must content itself with scanty information of what is going on unconsciously in the mind. (Freud, 1953-1974, Vol. 16, pp. 284-285)Although in the interview the analyst is supposedly a "passive" auditor of the "free association" narration by the subject, in point of fact the analyst does direct the course of the narrative. This by itself does not necessarily impair the evidential worth of the outcome, for even in the most meticulously conducted laboratory experiment the experimenter intervenes to obtain the data he is after. There is nevertheless the difficulty that in the nature of the case the full extent of the analyst's intervention is not a matter that is open to public scrutiny, so that by and large one has only his own testimony as to what transpires in the consulting room. It is perhaps unnecessary to say that this is not a question about the personal integrity of psychoanalytic practitioners. The point is the fundamental one that no matter how firmly we may resolve to make explicit our biases, no human being is aware of all of them, and that objectivity in science is achieved through the criticism of publicly accessible material by a community of independent inquirers.... Moreover, unless data are obtained under carefully standardized circumstances, or under different circumstances whose dependence on known variables is nevertheless established, even an extensive collection of data is an unreliable basis for inference. To be sure, analysts apparently do attempt to institute standard conditions for the conduct of interviews. But there is not much information available on the extent to which the standardization is actually enforced, or whether it relates to more than what may be superficial matters. (E. Nagel, 1959, pp. 49-50)3) No Necessary Incompatibility between Psychoanalysis and Certain Religious Formulationshere would seem to be no necessary incompatibility between psychoanalysis and those religious formulations which locate God within the self. One could, indeed, argue that Freud's Id (and even more Groddeck's It), the impersonal force within which is both the core of oneself and yet not oneself, and from which in illness one become[s] alienated, is a secular formation of the insight which makes religious people believe in an immanent God. (Ryecroft, 1966, p. 22)Freudian analysts emphasized that their theories were constantly verified by their "clinical observations."... It was precisely this fact-that they always fitted, that they were always confirmed-which in the eyes of their admirers constituted the strongest argument in favour of these theories. It began to dawn on me that this apparent strength was in fact their weakness.... It is easy to obtain confirmations or verifications, for nearly every theory-if we look for confirmation. (Popper, 1968, pp. 3435)5) Psychoanalysis Is Not a Science But Rather the Interpretation of a Narrated HistoryPsychoanalysis does not satisfy the standards of the sciences of observation, and the "facts" it deals with are not verifiable by multiple, independent observers.... There are no "facts" nor any observation of "facts" in psychoanalysis but rather the interpretation of a narrated history. (Ricoeur, 1974, p. 186)6) Some of the Qualities of a Scientific Approach Are Possessed by PsychoanalysisIn sum: psychoanalysis is not a science, but it shares some of the qualities associated with a scientific approach-the search for truth, understanding, honesty, openness to the import of the observation and evidence, and a skeptical stance toward authority. (Breger, 1981, p. 50)[Attributes of Psychoanalysis:]1. Psychic Determinism. No item in mental life and in conduct and behavior is "accidental"; it is the outcome of antecedent conditions.2. Much mental activity and behavior is purposive or goal-directed in character.3. Much of mental activity and behavior, and its determinants, is unconscious in character. 4. The early experience of the individual, as a child, is very potent, and tends to be pre-potent over later experience. (Farrell, 1981, p. 25)Our sceptic may be unwise enough... to maintain that, because analytic theory is unscientific on his criterion, it is not worth discussing. This step is unwise, because it presupposes that, if a study is not scientific on his criterion, it is not a rational enterprise... an elementary and egregious mistake. The scientific and the rational are not co-extensive. Scientific work is only one form that rational inquiry can take: there are many others. (Farrell, 1981, p. 46)Psychoanalysts have tended to write as though the term analysis spoke for itself, as if the statement "analysis revealed" or "it was analyzed as" preceding a clinical assertion was sufficient to establish the validity of what was being reported. An outsider might easily get the impression from reading the psychoanalytic literature that some standardized, generally accepted procedure existed for both inference and evidence. Instead, exactly the opposite has been true. Clinical material in the hands of one analyst can lead to totally different "findings" in the hands of another. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 128)The analytic process-the means by which we arrive at psychoanalytic understanding-has been largely neglected and is poorly understood, and there has been comparatively little interest in the issues of inference and evidence. Indeed, psychoanalysts as a group have not recognized the importance of being bound by scientific constraints. They do not seem to understand that a possibility is only that-a possibility-and that innumerable ways may exist to explain the same data. Psychoanalysts all too often do not seem to distinguish hypotheses from facts, nor do they seem to understand that hypotheses must be tested in some way, that criteria for evidence must exist, and that any given test for any hypothesis must allow for the full range of substantiation/refutation. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 129)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychoanalysis
См. также в других словарях:
Unconscious mind — Many observers throughout history have argued that there are influences on consciousness from other parts of the mind. These observers differ in the use of related terms, including: unconsciousness as a personal habit; being unaware and intuition … Wikipedia
Get Down, Make Love — Queen – News of the World Veröffentlichung 28. Oktober 1977 Label EMI/Parlophone; Elektra, Hollywood Records (USA) Format(e) LP, Cassette; CD Genre(s) … Deutsch Wikipedia
Get Down Make Love — Queen – News of the World Veröffentlichung 28. Oktober 1977 Label EMI/Parlophone; Elektra, Hollywood Records (USA) Format(e) LP, Cassette; CD Genre(s) … Deutsch Wikipedia
knock out — make unconscious, unworkable or unusable The storm last night knocked out power in most of the town … Idioms and examples
put — W1S1 [put] v past tense and past participle put present participle putting [T] ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 1¦(move to place)¦ 2¦(change somebody s situation/feelings)¦ 3¦(write/print something)¦ 4¦(express)¦ 5 put a stop/an end to something 6 put something into… … Dictionary of contemporary English
put — verb past tense putpresent participle putting MOVE STH 1 (transitive always + adv/prep) to move something from one place or position into another, especially using your hands: put sth in/on/there etc: Put those bags on the table. | You should put … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
put — verb past tense putpresent participle putting MOVE STH 1 (transitive always + adv/prep) to move something from one place or position into another, especially using your hands: put sth in/on/there etc: Put those bags on the table. | You should put … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
Optics — For the book by Sir Isaac Newton, see Opticks. Optical redirects here. For the musical artist, see Optical (artist). Optics includes study of dispersion of light. Optics is the branch of … Wikipedia
Louis Cheskin — was a scientific researcher, clinical psychologist, and important marketing innovator. Born in Ukraine on February 17, 1907, he was a one time Works Progress Administration (WPA) artistic supervisor.[1] He died of a heart attack at Stanford… … Wikipedia
knock out — I (Roget s IV) v. 1. [To make unconscious or exhausted] Syn. put to sleep, stupefy, anesthetize, exhaust; see deaden 1 , drug , tire 2 . 2. [To strike down] Syn. strike senseless, render unconscious, knock one out of one s senses, knock down for… … English dictionary for students
knock — [näk] vi. [ME knokken < OE cnocian, akin to ON knoka, MHG knochen, to press < echoic base > KNACK] 1. to strike a blow or blows with the fist or some hard object; esp., to rap on a door 2. to bump; collide; clash 3. to make a thumping,… … English World dictionary