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41 ikaztu
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42 szkic
m (G szkicu) 1. (rysunek) sketch, rough drawing- szkic ołówkiem/węglem a pencil/charcoal sketch- szkic w glinie a clay sketch- szkic aktu a sketch of a nude- zrobić kilka szkiców do portretu to make a few sketches for the portrait2. (zarys większej pracy) draft- odręczny szkic a thumbnail sketch- wstępny szkic a rough sketch3. (esej) Literat. sketch- szkic wspomnieniowy a commemorative sketch- jej szkice z podróży po Polsce są fascynującą lekturą her sketches from her trip around Poland make fascinating reading* * *-u; -e; m(plan, projekt) draft; SZTUKA sketch* * *mi1. (literacki, naukowy, publicystyczny) t. sztuka sketch.2. (= plan, projekt) draft.The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > szkic
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43 Riley, James
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1840 Halifax, Englandd. 15 July 1910 Harrogate, England[br]English steelmaker who promoted the manufacture of low-carbon bulk steel by the open-hearth process for tin plate and shipbuilding; pioneer of nickel steels.[br]After working as a millwright in Halifax, Riley found employment at the Ormesby Ironworks in Middlesbrough until, in 1869, he became manager of the Askam Ironworks in Cumberland. Three years later, in 1872, he was appointed Blast-furnace Manager at the pioneering Siemens Steel Company's works at Landore, near Swansea in South Wales. Using Spanish ore, he produced the manganese-rich iron (spiegeleisen) required as an additive to make satisfactory steel. Riley was promoted in 1874 to be General Manager at Landore, and he worked with William Siemens to develop the use of the latter's regenerative furnace for the production of open-hearth steel. He persuaded Welsh makers of tin plate to use sheets rolled from lowcarbon (mild) steel instead of from charcoal iron and, partly by publishing some test results, he was instrumental in influencing the Admiralty to build two naval vessels of mild steel, the Mercury and the Iris.In 1878 Riley moved north on his appointment as General Manager of the Steel Company of Scotland, a firm closely associated with Charles Tennant that was formed in 1872 to make steel by the Siemens process. Already by 1878, fourteen Siemens melting furnaces had been erected, and in that year 42,000 long tons of ingots were produced at the company's Hallside (Newton) Works, situated 8 km (5 miles) south-east of Glasgow. Under Riley's leadership, steelmaking in open-hearth furnaces was initiated at a second plant situated at Blochairn. Plates and sections for all aspects of shipbuilding, including boilers, formed the main products; the company also supplied the greater part of the steel for the Forth (Railway) Bridge. Riley was associated with technical modifications which improved the performance of steelmaking furnaces using Siemens's principles. He built a gasfired cupola for melting pig-iron, and constructed the first British "universal" plate mill using three-high rolls (Lauth mill).At the request of French interests, Riley investigated the properties of steels containing various proportions of nickel; the report that he read before the Iron and Steel Institute in 1889 successfully brought to the notice of potential users the greatly enhanced strength that nickel could impart and its ability to yield alloys possessing substantially lower corrodibility.The Steel Company of Scotland paid dividends in the years to 1890, but then came a lean period. In 1895, at the age of 54, Riley moved once more to another employer, becoming General Manager of the Glasgow Iron and Steel Company, which had just laid out a new steelmaking plant at Wishaw, 25 km (15 miles) south-east of Glasgow, where it already had blast furnaces. Still the technical innovator, in 1900 Riley presented an account of his experiences in introducing molten blast-furnace metal as feed for the open-hearth steel furnaces. In the early 1890s it was largely through Riley's efforts that a West of Scotland Board of Conciliation and Arbitration for the Manufactured Steel Trade came into being; he was its first Chairman and then its President.In 1899 James Riley resigned from his Scottish employment to move back to his native Yorkshire, where he became his own master by acquiring the small Richmond Ironworks situated at Stockton-on-Tees. Although Riley's 1900 account to the Iron and Steel Institute was the last of the many of which he was author, he continued to contribute to the discussion of papers written by others.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, West of Scotland Iron and Steel Institute 1893–5. Vice-President, Iron and Steel Institute, 1893–1910. Iron and Steel Institute (London) Bessemer Gold Medal 1887.Bibliography1876, "On steel for shipbuilding as supplied to the Royal Navy", Transactions of the Institute of Naval Architects 17:135–55.1884, "On recent improvements in the method of manufacture of open-hearth steel", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 2:43–52 plus plates 27–31.1887, "Some investigations as to the effects of different methods of treatment of mild steel in the manufacture of plates", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 1:121–30 (plus sheets II and III and plates XI and XII).27 February 1888, "Improvements in basichearth steel making furnaces", British patent no. 2,896.27 February 1888, "Improvements in regenerative furnaces for steel-making and analogous operations", British patent no. 2,899.1889, "Alloys of nickel and steel", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 1:45–55.Further ReadingA.Slaven, 1986, "James Riley", in Dictionary of Scottish Business Biography 1860–1960, Volume 1: The Staple Industries (ed. A.Slaven and S. Checkland), Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 136–8."Men you know", The Bailie (Glasgow) 23 January 1884, series no. 588 (a brief biography, with portrait).J.C.Carr and W.Taplin, 1962, History of the British Steel Industry, Harvard University Press (contains an excellent summary of salient events).JKA -
44 Senefelder, Alois
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. 6 November 1771 Prague, Bohemia (now Czech Republic)d. 26 February 1834 Munich, Germany[br]German inventor of lithography.[br]Soon after his birth, Senefelder's family moved to Mannheim, where his father, an actor, had obtained a position in the state theatre. He was educated there, until he gained a scholarship to the university of Ingolstadt. The young Senefelder wanted to follow his father on to the stage, but the latter insisted that he study law. He nevertheless found time to write short pieces for the theatre. One of these, when he was 18 years old, was an encouraging success. When his father died in 1791, he gave up his studies and took to a new life as poet and actor. However, the wandering life of a repertory actor palled after two years and he settled for the more comfortable pursuit of playwriting. He had some of his work printed, which acquainted him with the art of printing, but he fell out with his bookseller. He therefore resolved to carry out his own printing, but he could not afford the equipment of a conventional letterpress printer. He began to explore other ways of printing and so set out on the path that was to lead to an entirely new method.He tried writing in reverse on a copper plate with some acid-resisting material and etching the plate, to leave a relief image that could then be inked and printed. He knew that oily substances would resist acid, but it required many experiments to arrive at a composition of wax, soap and charcoal dust dissolved in rainwater. The plates wore down with repeated polishing, so he substituted stone plates. He continued to etch them and managed to make good prints with them, but he went on to make the surprising discovery that etching was unnecessary. If the image to be printed was made with the oily composition and the stone moistened, he found that only the oily image received the ink while the moistened part rejected it. The printing surface was neither raised (as in letterpress printing) nor incised (as in intaglio printing): Senefelder had discovered the third method of printing.He arrived at a workable process over the years 1796 to 1799, and in 1800 he was granted an English patent. In the same year, lithography (or "writing on stone") was introduced into France and Senefelder himself took it to England, but it was some time before it became widespread; it was taken up by artists especially for high-quality printing of art works. Meanwhile, Senefelder improved his techniques, finding that other materials, even paper, could be used in place of stone. In fact, zinc plates were widely used from the 1820s, but the name "lithography" stuck. Although he won world renown and was honoured by most of the crowned heads of Europe, he never became rich because he dissipated his profits through restless experimenting.With the later application of the offset principle, initiated by Barclay, lithography has become the most widely used method of printing.[br]Bibliography1911, Alois Senefelder, Inventor of Lithography, trans. J.W.Muller, New York: Fuchs \& Line (Senefelder's autobiography).Further ReadingW.Weber, 1981, Alois Senefelder, Erfinder der Lithographie, Frankfurt-am-Main: Polygraph Verlag.M.Tyman, 1970, Lithography 1800–1950, London: Oxford University Press (describes the invention and its development; with biographical details).LRD -
45 Zeichnen
I vt/i1. draw; (Diagramm, Kurve) plot; flüchtig: sketch, outline; (entwerfen) (Plan etc.) draw up; mit Bleistift / Kohle zeichnen draw in ( oder with) pencil / charcoal; nach dem Gedächtnis / der Natur zeichnen draw from memory / life3. altm. (unterzeichnen) sign; gezeichnet P. Müller signed P. Müller; für etw. verantwortlich zeichnen JUR., fig. be responsible for s.th.II v/t1. (kennzeichnen) mark2. fig. (prägen) mark, leave a mark on; die Jahre des Leids haben sie / ihr Gesicht gezeichnet the years of suffering have left their mark on her / her face3. fig. (schildern) portray, depict; ein optimistisches Bild zeichnen von paint an optimistic picture of; gezeichnet* * *das Zeichnendrawing* * *zeich|nen ['tsaiçnən]1. vito draw; (form = unterzeichnen) to signgezeichnet XY — signed, XY
See:2. vt1) (= abzeichnen) to draw; (= entwerfen) Plan, Grundriss to draw up, to draft; (fig = porträtieren) to portray, to depict2) (= kennzeichnen) to markSee:→ auch gezeichnet* * *1) (to use crayons to draw a picture etc.) crayon2) (to make a picture or pictures (of), usually with a pencil, crayons etc: During his stay in hospital he drew a great deal; Shall I draw a cow?) draw3) (an act of drawing, especially a gun: He's quick on the draw.) draw4) (to write or draw with a pencil: He pencilled an outline of the house.) pencil* * *Zeich·nen<-s>[ˈtsaiçnən]1. (Anfertigung einer Zeichnung) drawingrechnerunterstützes \Zeichnen INFORM computer-aided drafting, CAD2. (Zeichenunterricht) art lesson3. (schriftliches Anerkennen) validation* * *1.transitives Verb1) draw; (fig.) portray < character>2)das Fell ist schön/auffallend gezeichnet — the fur has beautiful/striking markings
2.er war von der Krankheit gezeichnet — (fig.) sickness had left its mark on him
intransitives Verb1) draw2) (bes. Kaufmannsspr.): (unterschreiben) signfür etwas [verantwortlich] zeichnen — (fig.) be responsible for something
* * *1. drawing; Schulfach: art2. WIRTSCH subscription3. fig portrayal, depiction* * *1.transitives Verb1) draw; (fig.) portray < character>2)das Fell ist schön/auffallend gezeichnet — the fur has beautiful/striking markings
2.er war von der Krankheit gezeichnet — (fig.) sickness had left its mark on him
intransitives Verb1) draw2) (bes. Kaufmannsspr.): (unterschreiben) signfür etwas [verantwortlich] zeichnen — (fig.) be responsible for something
* * *v.to chart v.to draw v.(§ p.,p.p.: drew, drawn) -
46 нажигать
нажечь (вн., рд.)1. ( готовить пережиганием):нажечь древесного угля — make* / burn* a quantity of charcoal
2. ( сжигать) burn* ( a quantity of)3. ( о солнце) burn* (d.) -
47 dessiner
dessiner [desine]➭ TABLE 11. transitive verba. to draw• dessiner au crayon/à l'encre to draw in pencil/inkb. ( = faire le plan de) [+ véhicule, meuble] to design ; [+ maison] to draw ; [+ jardin] to lay out2. reflexive verba. [contour, forme] to stand outb. [tendance] to become apparent ; [projet] to take shape* * *desine
1.
1) Art ( représenter) to drawdessiner au crayon/à la plume — to draw in pencil/in pen and ink
2) ( concevoir) to design [tissu, décor, timbre]; to draw up [plans]dessiner les grandes lignes de — to outline [plan, programme]
3) ( faire ressortir)
2.
verbe intransitif Art to draw
3.
se dessiner verbe pronominal1) ( se faire jour) to take shape2) ( apparaître)se dessiner à l'horizon — [ruines, cavalier] to appear on the horizon
* * *desine vt1) (= tracer, représenter) to drawIl dessine bien. — He draws well.
Il adore dessiner. — He loves drawing.
2) (= concevoir) [carrosserie, maison] to design3) fig (= souligner) to show off* * *dessiner verb table: aimerA vtr1 Art ( représenter) to draw; dessiner un nu/un plan to draw a nude/a map; dessiner au crayon/à la plume to draw in pencil/in pen and ink; particulièrement bien/mal dessiné very skilfullyGB/badly drawn;2 ( en se maquillant) dessiner les sourcils to draw in one's eyebrows; dessiner les lèvres to outline the lips;3 ( concevoir) to design [tissu, décor, timbre]; to draw up [plans]; dessiner les contours or les grandes lignes de to outline [plan, programme, objectif];4 ( faire ressortir) robe qui dessine la silhouette figure-hugging dress;5 ( former) l'ombre des feuilles dessine une dentelle the shadow of the leaves makes a lacy pattern.C se dessiner vpr1 ( se faire jour) [avenir, aptitude, possibilité, victoire] to take shape; un sourire se dessina sur ses lèvres a smile played across his/her lips;2 ( apparaître) se dessiner à l'horizon [ruines, cavalier] to appear on the horizon; il se dessinait nettement dans la lumière he was clearly outlined in the light;3 ( être représenté) to be drawn; se dessiner facilement to be easy to draw;4 ( se maquiller) se dessiner les lèvres to outline one's lips.[desine] verbe transitifdessiner à la plume/au crayon/au fusain to draw in pen and ink/in pencil/in charcoal2. [former] to delineatebouche finement dessinée finely drawn ou chiselled mouth3. TECHNOLOGIE [meuble, robe, bâtiment] to design[paysage, jardin] to landscape4. [souligner] to show up the shape of————————se dessiner verbe pronominal intransitif1. [devenir visible] to stand out2. [apparaître - solution] to emerge -
48 волк каждый год линяет, а всё сер бывает
посл.
bone will not go out of the flesh
he who is born a fool is never cured
the leopard cannot change his/its spots
what is bred in the bone will not go out of the flesh
you cannot wash charcoal white
the fox may grow grey, but never good
he will die as he lived
you cannot make a silk purse out of a sow's eatДополнительный универсальный русско-английский словарь > волк каждый год линяет, а всё сер бывает
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49 волк каждый год линяет, да обычай не меняет
посл.
bone will not go out of the flesh
he who is born a fool is never cured
the leopard cannot change his/its spots
what is bred in the bone will not go out of the flesh
you cannot wash charcoal white
the fox may grow grey, but never good
he will die as he lived
you cannot make a silk purse out of a sow's eatДополнительный универсальный русско-английский словарь > волк каждый год линяет, да обычай не меняет
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50 горбатого (одна) могила выпрямит
посл.
bone will not go out of the flesh
he who is born a fool is never cured
the leopard cannot change his/its spots
what is bred in the bone will not go out of the flesh
you cannot wash charcoal white
the fox may grow grey, but never good
he will die as he lived
you cannot make a silk purse out of a sow's eatДополнительный универсальный русско-английский словарь > горбатого (одна) могила выпрямит
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51 горбатого (одна) могила исправит
посл.
bone will not go out of the flesh
he who is born a fool is never cured
the leopard cannot change his/its spots
what is bred in the bone will not go out of the flesh
you cannot wash charcoal white
the fox may grow grey, but never good
he will die as he lived
you cannot make a silk purse out of a sow's eatДополнительный универсальный русско-английский словарь > горбатого (одна) могила исправит
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52 горбатого (одна) могила выпрямит
посл.
bone will not go out of the flesh
he who is born a fool is never cured
the leopard cannot change his/its spots
what is bred in the bone will not go out of the flesh
you cannot wash charcoal white
the fox may grow grey, but never good
he will die as he lived
you cannot make a silk purse out of a sow's eatДополнительный универсальный русско-английский словарь > горбатого (одна) могила выпрямит
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53 горбатого (одна) могила исправит
посл.
bone will not go out of the flesh
he who is born a fool is never cured
the leopard cannot change his/its spots
what is bred in the bone will not go out of the flesh
you cannot wash charcoal white
the fox may grow grey, but never good
he will die as he lived
you cannot make a silk purse out of a sow's eatДополнительный универсальный русско-английский словарь > горбатого (одна) могила исправит
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54 сколько волка ни корми, он всё в лес смотрит
посл.
bone will not go out of the flesh
he who is born a fool is never cured
the leopard cannot change his/its spots
what is bred in the bone will not go out of the flesh
you cannot wash charcoal white
the fox may grow grey, but never good
he will die as he lived
you cannot make a silk purse out of a sow's eatДополнительный универсальный русско-английский словарь > сколько волка ни корми, он всё в лес смотрит
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55 szkic|ować
impf vt 1. (rysować schematycznie) to sketch [kontury, pejzaże, plan budowli]- szkicować kredką/piórkiem/węglem to sketch in crayon/pen/charcoal- szkicować z modelu/z natury/z pamięci to make sketches of a live model/from nature/from memory ⇒ naszkicować2. (przedstawiać pobieżnie) to chalk out [projekt, plan]- szkicować postacie dramatu to outline the main characters of the drama ⇒ naszkicowaćThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > szkic|ować
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56 irabazi
iz.1. Fin.a. profit; \irabazi garbi net profit; \irabazi gordin gross profit; \irabaziak eta galerak profits and losses; \irabazi bidegabeak illicit profits | ill-begotten gains; \irabazi urriak lortu to bring in meagre profitsb. \irabaziak earnings; kapitalaren \irabaziak capital gains; \irabazien erdia eman zion he gave her half of his earnings; liburuen \irabaziak behartsuen artean banatu zituen he distributed the earnings from the books among the poor; urteroko \irabaziak yearly earnings2. ( apustuari d.) winnings du/ad.a. ( lortu) to get, achieve, obtainb. ( ardietsi) to gain, earn; betiko bizitza irabaz dezagun let us gain eternal life ; itzul-lanetan \irabazi duen entzutea a reputation gained from his translation work; zer \irabazi duzu hainbeste gezur esanda? what have you gained by lying so much?; barkamen osoa irabazteko in order to gain a full pardonc. ( merezi izan) to deserve; ongi \irabazia du gaur egiten zaion omenaldia he richly deserves the homage they're paying to him todayd. ( saria) to wine. ( lurralde, eskualde, itsasoari) to reclaim; holandarrek lurra \irabazi diote itsasoari the Dutch have reclaimed land from the seaf. ( besteren onginahia lortu edo beretu) to gain; zer balio du gizonak mundua irabaz dezan, arima galtzen baldin badu? what good is it for a man to gain the world if he loses his soul2. Fin.a. ( soldata, bizimodua) to earn; egunoroko ogia \irabazi to earn one's daily bread; lan asko egiten du baina gutxi irabazten he works a lot but earns little; jateko adina \irabazi to earn enough to eatb. ( interesa) to earnc. ( dirua) to make, earn; nekearen nekez \irabazitako txanponak hard-earned money; etxea erosi zuen salmentan \irabazi zuenarekin he bought the house with what he made on the sale; ikazkintzan irabazten zituen sos apurrak the pittance he made from charcoal making3. ( garaitu)a. ( partidua, lasterketa) to win; nork irabazten du? who's winning?b. ( lehiakidea) to leave behind, surpass, outstripc. ( kontrakoa) to beat; Galartzak Retegiri \irabazi dio oraingoan Galartza's beaten Retegi this time -
57 нажигать
несов. - нажига́ть, сов. - наже́чь(рд., вн.) burn (d)наже́чь древе́сного у́гля — make / burn a quantity of charcoal
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58 горбатого могила исправит
горбатого < одна> могила исправит (выпрямит)посл., неодобр.lit. only the grave can straighten the hunchback; cf. he who is born a fool is never cured; the leopard cannot change its spots; what is bred in the bone will not go out of the flesh; you cannot wash charcoal white; the fox may grow grey, but never good; he will die as he lived; you cannot make a silk purse out of a sow's earПрохор улыбнулся, сказал: - Вот уж истинно, что горбатого могила выпрямит. Он и из Красной армии пришёл с грабленым добром. (М. Шолохов, Тихий Дон) — Prokhor smiled and said: 'It's a true saying that only the grave can straighten the hunchback. He's come back with loot even from the Red Army.'
Русско-английский фразеологический словарь > горбатого могила исправит
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59 kömürleştirmek
/ı/ to make into charcoal.
См. также в других словарях:
charcoal burner — n. stove that burns charcoal; person whose job is to make charcoal … English contemporary dictionary
charcoal burner — noun 1. a worker whose job is to make charcoal • Hypernyms: ↑worker 2. a stove that burns charcoal as fuel • Hypernyms: ↑stove, ↑kitchen stove, ↑range, ↑kitchen range, ↑cooking stove … Useful english dictionary
Make Way for Ducklings — … Wikipedia
Charcoal — For other uses, see Charcoal (disambiguation). Dry charcoal … Wikipedia
charcoal — charcoaly, adj. /chahr kohl /, n. 1. the carbonaceous material obtained by heating wood or other organic substances in the absence of air. 2. a drawing pencil of charcoal. 3. a drawing made with charcoal. v.t. 4. to blacken, write, or draw with… … Universalium
charcoal drawing — use of charred sticks of wood to make finished drawings and preliminary studies. The main characteristic of charcoal as a medium is that, unless it is fixed by the application of some form of gum or resin, it is impermanent, easily erased or… … Universalium
charcoal — noun … OF CHARCOAL ▪ lump, piece VERB + CHARCOAL ▪ make, produce ▪ burn, use CHARCOAL + NOUN … Collocations dictionary
make — verb Make is used with these nouns as the subject: ↑batsman, ↑company, ↑factory, ↑firm, ↑picture, ↑recipe, ↑sale Make is used with these nouns as the object: ↑accommodation, ↑accompaniment, ↑accusation, ↑ … Collocations dictionary
animal charcoal — Bone Bone (b[=o]n; 110), n. [OE. bon, ban, AS. b[=a]n; akin to Icel. bein, Sw. ben, Dan. & D. been, G. bein bone, leg; cf. Icel. beinn straight.] 1. (Anat.) The hard, calcified tissue of the skeleton of vertebrate animals, consisting very largely … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
To make no bones — Bone Bone (b[=o]n; 110), n. [OE. bon, ban, AS. b[=a]n; akin to Icel. bein, Sw. ben, Dan. & D. been, G. bein bone, leg; cf. Icel. beinn straight.] 1. (Anat.) The hard, calcified tissue of the skeleton of vertebrate animals, consisting very largely … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Barbecue grill — This article is about the cooking appliance and should not be confused with the noun Barbecue . For other uses, see Restaurant. Food cooking on a charcoal grill A barbecue grill is a device for cooking food by applying heat directly from below.… … Wikipedia