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61 unlimited
1. a неограниченный2. a безграничный, беспредельный3. a чрезмерный, неограниченныйСинонимический ряд:1. boundless (adj.) boundless; endless; extensive; immeasurable; indefinite; infinite; limitless; measureless; unbounded; unconstrained; unmeasured; unrestrained; unrestricted; vast2. total (adj.) all-out; complete; full-blown; full-out; full-scale; total; totalitarianАнтонимический ряд:defined; definite; finite; limited; restricted -
62 Education
In Portugal's early history, education was firmly under the control of the Catholic Church. The earliest schools were located in cathedrals and monasteries and taught a small number of individuals destined for ecclesiastical office. In 1290, a university was established by King Dinis (1261-1325) in Lisbon, but was moved to Coimbra in 1308, where it remained. Coimbra University, Portugal's oldest, and once its most prestigious, was the educational cradle of Portugal's leadership. From 1555 until the 18th century, primary and secondary education was provided by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). The Catholic Church's educational monopoly was broken when the Marquis of Pombal expelled the Jesuits in 1759 and created the basis for Portugal's present system of public, secular primary and secondary schools. Pombal introduced vocational training, created hundreds of teaching posts, added departments of mathematics and natural sciences at Coimbra University, and established an education tax to pay for them.During the 19th century, liberals attempted to reform Portugal's educational system, which was highly elitist and emphasized rote memorization and respect for authority, hierarchy, and discipline.Reforms initiated in 1822, 1835, and 1844 were never actualized, however, and education remained unchanged until the early 20th century. After the overthrow of the monarchy on the Fifth of October 1910 by Republican military officers, efforts to reform Portugal's educational system were renewed. New universities were founded in Lisbon and Oporto, a Ministry of Education was established, and efforts were made to increase literacy (illiteracy rates being 80 percent) and to resecularize educational content by introducing more scientific and empirical methods into the curriculum.Such efforts were ended during the military dictatorship (192632), which governed Portugal until the establishment of the Estado Novo (1926-74). Although a new technical university was founded in Lisbon in 1930, little was done during the Estado Novo to modernize education or to reduce illiteracy. Only in 1964 was compulsory primary education made available for children between the ages of 6 and 12.The Revolution of 25 April 1974 disrupted Portugal's educational system. For a period of time after the Revolution, students, faculty, and administrators became highly politicized as socialists, communists, and other groups attempted to gain control of the schools. During the 1980s, as Portuguese politics moderated, the educational system was gradually depoliticized, greater emphasis was placed on learning, and efforts were made to improve the quality of Portuguese schools.Primary education in Portugal consists of four years in the primary (first) cycle and two years in the preparatory, or second, cycle. The preparatory cycle is intended for children going on to secondary education. Secondary education is roughly equivalent to junior and senior high schools in the United States. It consists of three years of a common curriculum and two years of complementary courses (10th and 11th grades). A final year (12th grade) prepares students to take university entrance examinations.Vocational education was introduced in 1983. It consists of a three-year course in a particular skill after the 11th grade of secondary school.Higher education is provided by the four older universities (Lisbon, Coimbra, Oporto, and the Technical University of Lisbon), as well as by six newer universities, one in Lisbon and the others in Minho, Aveiro, Évora, the Algarve, and the Azores. There is also a private Catholic university in Lisbon. Admission to Portuguese universities is highly competitive, and places are limited. About 10 percent of secondary students go on to university education. The average length of study at the university is five years, after which students receive their licentiate. The professoriate has four ranks (professors, associate professors, lecturers, and assistants). Professors have tenure, while the other ranks teach on contract.As Portugal is a unitary state, the educational system is highly centralized. All public primary and secondary schools, universities, and educational institutes are under the purview of the Ministry of Education, and all teachers and professors are included in the civil service and receive pay and pension like other civil servants. The Ministry of Education hires teachers, determines curriculum, sets policy, and pays for the building and upkeep of schools. Local communities have little say in educational matters. -
63 João VI, king
(1767-1826)The second son of Queen Maria I and King-Consort Dom Pedro III, João was proclaimed heir to the throne in 1788, following the untimely death of his older brother Dom José.Although unprepared for the role, he was destined to rule Portugal during one of the country's most turbulent and difficult eras. His mother went insane in 1792, so Prince João had to assume greater responsibilities of governance. In 1799, he was officially named regent, but he was proclaimed king only upon his mother's death in 1816. By nature amiable and tolerant, he presided over a regime that was supposedly absolutist in an age of revolution. His reign occurred during the French Revolution and its many international consequences: Napoleon's invasion and conquest of Portugal; the flight of the royal family and court of Portugal by sea to Brazil in 1808, where they remained until 1821; civil strife in Portugal between constitutional monarchists and absolutists; and the independence of Brazil in 1822, a great blow against Portugal's overseas empire. When, in 1821, King João was obliged to return to Portugal after residing in Brazil for 13 years, he was forced to accept a constitution, which limited royal powers. A seesaw conflict between constitutionalists and absolutists, the latter faction led by his son, Prince Miguel and his Spanish wife, Carlota Joaquina, and the intervention of the military on behalf of one faction or another marked this turbulent era. When King João died in 1826, Portugal faced an uncertain political future as the country struggled to adjust to the new era of constitutional monarchy and liberal politics, following the nearly catastrophic loss of the richest overseas colony, Brazil.
См. также в других словарях:
limited monarchy — a monarchy that is limited by laws and a constitution. [1825 35] * * * limited monarchy noun One in which the monarch shares the supreme power with others, constitutional monarchy • • • Main Entry: ↑limit * * * limited monarchy, = constitutional… … Useful english dictionary
limited monarchy — monarchy that is restricted by a legislature … English contemporary dictionary
limited monarchy — a monarchy that is limited by laws and a constitution. [1825 35] * * * … Universalium
limited monarchy — noun A government in which a monarch agrees to share power with a parliament and abide by a constitution; also known as a constitutional monarchy … Wiktionary
limited monarchy — /ˌlɪitəd ˈmɒnəki/ (say .limituhd monuhkee) noun → constitutional monarchy …
limited — 1550s, pp. adjective from LIMIT (Cf. limit) (v.); as a stand alone for limited express train, by 1883. Limited edition is from 1920; limited monarchy from 1640s; limited war is from 1948. In British company names, Limited (abbrev. Ltd.), 1855, is … Etymology dictionary
monarchy — /mon euhr kee/, n., pl. monarchies. 1. a state or nation in which the supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in a monarch. Cf. absolute monarchy, limited monarchy. 2. supreme power or sovereignty held by a single person. [1300 50; ME… … Universalium
monarchy — n. 1) to establish, set up a monarchy 2) to overthrow a monarchy 3) an absolute; constitutional; hereditary; limited monarchy * * * constitutional hereditary limited monarchy set up a monarchy an absolute to establish to overthrow a monarchy … Combinatory dictionary
monarchy — Synonyms and related words: Caesarism, Stalinism, absolute monarchy, absolutism, aristocracy, autarchy, authoritarianism, autocracy, autonomy, benevolent despotism, coalition government, colonialism, commonwealth, constitutional government,… … Moby Thesaurus
limited — adjective Date: 1597 1. a. confined within limits ; restricted < limited success > b. of a train offering faster service especially by making a limited number of stops 2. characterized by enforceable limitations prescribed (as by a constitution)… … New Collegiate Dictionary
limited — /ˈlɪmətəd / (say limuhtuhd) adjective 1. confined within limits; restricted, circumscribed, or narrow: a limited space. 2. restricted with reference to governing powers by limitations prescribed in a constitution: a limited monarchy. 3. (of a… …
