large+block+architecture

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констру́кция А бо́лее разрабо́тана, чем констру́кция Б — A is a more advanced design than B

отраба́тывать констру́кцию — ( усовершенствовать) refine a design; ( опробовать) try out a design

пересма́тривать констру́кцию — re-design

просто́й по констру́кции — simple in design or construction

разраба́тывать констру́кцию — develop a design or a construction

рассчи́тывать констру́кцию на про́чность — analyze the structure for stresses and strains

создава́ть констру́кцию с учё́том бу́дущих усло́вий эксплуата́ции — adapt the design to future needs

убра́ть изли́шества из констру́кции — reduce the design to bare necessities, cut the frills from the design

уси́ливать констру́кцию — ruggedize the design or the construction

агрега́тная констру́кция — unit-type design

ажу́рная констру́кция — open work

безра́мная констру́кция — frameless [integral chassis and body] construction

бло́чная констру́кция

1. вчт. block [modular] design; modular construction

2. ( котла) panelized construction

вися́чая констру́кция — suspension construction

вне́шне неопредели́мая констру́кция — externally indeterminate construction

вну́тренне неопредели́мая констру́кция — internally indeterminate construction

жё́сткая констру́кция ( снабженная элементами или связями жёсткости) — braced [trussed] structure

констру́кция ка́беля — cable make-up

карка́сная констру́кция — skeleton construction

ко́мплексная констру́кция — composite structure

крупнобло́чная констру́кция — large-block construction

крупнопане́льная констру́кция — large-panel construction

маке́тная констру́кция элк. — breadboard construction

металли́ческая констру́кция — metalwork

многопролё́тная констру́кция — multispan structure

мо́дульная констру́кция — modular design, modular construction

моноко́ковая констру́кция ав. — monocoque structure

моноли́тная констру́кция — cast-in-place [cast-in-situ] construction

несу́щая констру́кция — load-carrying structure

оболо́чковая констру́кция — shell-type construction

констру́кция о́буви — shoe construction

пане́льная констру́кция — bearing-wall construction

констру́кция пе́чи ( мартеновской), [m2]ве́рхняя — superstructure

констру́кция повы́шенной живу́чести — fail-safe structure

предвари́тельно напряжё́нная констру́кция — prestressed construction

сбо́рная констру́кция — built-up [prefabricated, precast] construction

сбо́рно-моноли́тная констру́кция — composite [precast-cast-in-place] construction

сварна́я констру́кция — welded construction

сейсмосто́йкая констру́кция — earthquake resistant structure

констру́кция с заполни́телем ав. — sandwich construction

силова́я констру́кция — load-bearing unit

скла́дчатая констру́кция стр. — folded plate construction

сме́шанная констру́кция — composite structure

со́товая констру́кция — honeycomb sandwich

констру́кция с рабо́тающей обши́вкой ав. — stressed-skin structure

стальна́я констру́кция — steel construction, steelwork

стати́чески неопредели́мая констру́кция — statically indeterminable [statically indeterminate, redundant] construction

стати́чески определи́мая констру́кция — statically determinate structure

socle [sɔkl]

[de statue, colonne] plinth ; [de lampe] base

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nom masculin

1) ( base) (de statue, pilier) pedestal, plinth; (de lampe, construction) base; ( d'appareil) stand

2) fig ( base) basis

3) Géographie platform

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1) [colonne, statue] plinth, pedestal

2) [lampe] base

3) fig (= base) basis

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socle nm

1 ( base) (de statue, pilier) pedestal, plinth; (de lampe, construction) base; ( d'appareil) stand;

2 fig ( base) basis;

3 Géol platform.

socle continental Géol continental platform.

[sɔkl] nom masculin

1. ARCHITECTURE [piédestal] pedestal, base

[stylobate] stylobate

2. CONSTRUCTION [d'un bâtiment] plinth, socle

[d'un mur] footing

3. GÉOLOGIE (large) block

4. MENUISERIE [de chambranle] skirting, capping

[de marche] string, stairstring

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building

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The name of Le Corbusier is synonymous with the International style of modern architecture and city planning, one utilizing functionalist designs carried out in twentieth-century materials with modern methods of construction. Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, born in the watch-making town of La Chaux-de-Fonds in the Jura mountain region, was the son of a watch engraver and dial painter. In the years before 1918 he travelled widely, studying building in many countries. He learned about the use of reinforced concrete in the studio of Auguste Perret and about industrial construction under Peter Behrens. In 1917 he went to live in Paris and spent the rest of his life in France; in 1920 he adopted the name of Le Corbusier, one derived from that of his ancestors (Le Corbesier), and ten years later became a French citizen.

Le Corbusier's long working life spanned a career divided into three distinct parts. Between 1905 and 1916 he designed a number of simple and increasingly modern houses; the years 1921 to 1940 were ones of research and debate; and the twenty years from 1945 saw the blossoming of his genius. After 1917 Le Corbusier gained a reputation in Paris as an architect of advanced originality. He was particularly interested in low-cost housing and in improving accommodation for the poor. In 1923 he published Vers une architecture, in which he planned estates of mass-produced houses where all extraneous and unnecessary features were stripped away and the houses had flat roofs and plain walls: his concept of "a machine for living in". These white boxes were lifted up on stilts, his pilotis, and double-height living space was provided internally, enclosed by large areas of factory glazing. In 1922 Le Corbusier exhibited a city plan, La Ville contemporaine, in which tall blocks made from steel and concrete were set amongst large areas of parkland, replacing the older concept of city slums with the light and air of modern living. In 1925 he published Urbanisme, further developing his socialist ideals. These constituted a major reform of the industrial-city pattern, but the ideas were not taken up at that time. The Depression years of the 1930s severely curtailed architectural activity in France. Le Corbusier designed houses for the wealthy there, but most of his work prior to 1945 was overseas: his Centrosoyus Administration Building in Moscow (1929–36) and the Ministry of Education Building in Rio de Janeiro (1943) are examples. Immediately after the end of the Second World War Le Corbusier won international fame for his Unité d'habitation theme, the first example of which was built in the boulevard Michelet in Marseille in 1947–52. His answer to the problem of accommodating large numbers of people in a small space at low cost was to construct an immense all-purpose block of pre-cast concrete slabs carried on a row of massive central supports. The Marseille Unité contains 350 apartments in eight double storeys, with a storey for shops half-way up and communal facilities on the roof. In 1950 he published Le Modular, which described a system of measurement based upon the human male figure. From this was derived a relationship of human and mathematical proportions; this concept, together with the extensive use of various forms of concrete, was fundamental to Le Corbusier's later work. In the world-famous and highly personal Pilgrimage Church of Notre Dame du Haut at Ronchamp (1950–5), Le Corbusier's work was in Expressionist form, a plastic design in massive rough-cast concrete, its interior brilliantly designed and lit. His other equally famous, though less popular, ecclesiastical commission showed a contrasting theme, of "brutalist" concrete construction with uncompromisingly stark, rectangular forms. This is the Dominican Convent of Sainte Marie de la Tourette at Eveux-sur-l'Arbresle near Lyon, begun in 1956. The interior, in particular, is carefully worked out, and the lighting, from both natural and artificial sources, is indirect, angled in many directions to illuminate vistas and planes. All surfaces are carefully sloped, the angles meticulously calculated to give optimum visual effect. The crypt, below the raised choir, is painted in bright colours and lit from ceiling oculi.

One of Le Corbusier's late works, the Convent is a tour de force.

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1) General subject: aggregating, alliance, amalgamation, association, banding (действие), co-operation, coalescence (в группы), coalition, combine, community, copulation, corporation, embodiment, federation, fusion, hui, incorporation, merger, pool, rally, reunion (бывших противников), society, team up, team-up, unification, union, unionization, unifying, cluster, gathering

2) Medicine: aggregation

3) French: bloc

4) Obsolete: conjuncture

5) Literal: solder

6) Military: build-up, command, force, large command, large unit, (воинская) military formation

7) Engineering: collating (перфокарт), collation (перфокарт), conjunction, consolidation (предприятий), crowding, firm, integration, merge, merging, multiplex, multiplexing

8) Bookish: consociation

9) Construction: venture

10) Mathematics: aggregate, collection, grouping, integrating, join, population, sum (множеств), syndicate, the sum total, totality, universe

11) Religion: consociation (An association in fellowship or alliance)

12) British English: company

13) Railway term: commoning, interconnection (энергосистем)

14) Law: block, connection (политическое, коммерческое), connexion (политическое, коммерческое), joinder, joining, junction, rejoinder, uniting (of states) (государств)

15) Economy: link-up (фирм), pool (картельного типа между конкурентами), pool (соглашение картельного типа между конкурентами), pooling (напр. прибылей), unification of products

16) Accounting: amalgamation (различаются два типа - поглощение и слияние), combination (различаются два типа - поглощение и слияние), institution, linking

17) Architecture: unification (действие)

18) Diplomatic term: union (государств)

19) Information technology: collate, crowd, mesh, meshing, pack (нескольких элементов данных в памяти), packing (нескольких элементов данных в памяти), trunking (каналов), union (в ООП), uniting

20) Astronautics: combining, splicing, incorporating

21) Geophysics: (сейсмических профилей) merging

22) Advertising: family, merger (фирм)

23) Patents: incorporation (признаков изобретения)

24) Business: fusing, organization, consortium

25) SAP. bundle

26) Drilling: interconnection (напр. систем)

27) Sakhalin energy glossary: field office

28) American English: association or merger ( civilian), formation (military)

29) Robots: blocking, fusing (напр. областей изображения), union (напр. множеств)

30) leg.N.P. corporation (as distinguished from "foundation")

31) General subject: merge (потоков масла гидросистемы)

32) Makarov: amalgam, amalgamate, assemblage, assembling, assembly, band, banking, block (блок), body corporate, building (of compound members), community (людей), complex, front, fuse, ganging (в группу), integration (в одно целое), merger (банков, предприятий и т.п.), packaging, packing (команд), rally (сил, действий), synthesis

33) Ethology: affiliation

34) SAP.fin. bolt-on

35) Logistics: consolidating

36) Foreign Ministry: major formation

37) Electrical engineering: interconnection (энергосистемы)

arche [aʀ∫]

   a. ( = voûte) arch

   b. l'arche de Noé Noah's Ark

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nom féminin Architecture arch

- arche d'alliance

- arche de Noé

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arche nf

1 Archit arch;

2 Relig Ark; arche d'alliance Ark of the Covenant; arche de Noé Noah's Ark.

[arʃ] nom féminin

1. ARCHITECTURE arch

2. RELIGION ark

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building

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Born into a High Church and Royalist family, the young Wren early showed outstanding intellectual ability and at Oxford in 1654 was described as "that miracle of a youth". Educated at Westminster School, he went up to Oxford, where he graduated at the age of 19 and obtained his master's degree two years later. From this time onwards his interests were in science, primarily astronomy but also physics, engineering and meteorology. While still at college he developed theories about and experimentally solved some fifty varied problems. At the age of 25 Wren was appointed to the Chair of Astronomy at Gresham College in London, but he soon returned to Oxford as Savilian Professor of Astronomy there. At the same time he became one of the founder members of the Society of Experimental Philosophy at Oxford, which was awarded its Royal Charter soon after the Restoration of 1660; Wren, together with such men as Isaac Newton, Robert Hooke, John Evelyn and Robert Boyle, then found himself a member of the Royal Society.

Wren's architectural career began with the classical chapel that he built, at the request of his uncle, the Bishop of Ely, for Pembroke College, Cambridge (1663). From this time onwards, until he died at the age of 91, he was fully occupied with a wide and taxing variety of architectural problems which he faced in the execution of all the great building schemes of the day. His scientific background and inventive mind stood him in good stead in solving such difficulties with an often unusual approach and concept. Nowhere was this more apparent than in his rebuilding of fifty-one churches in the City of London after the Great Fire, in the construction of the new St Paul's Cathedral and in the grand layout of the Royal Hospital at Greenwich.

The first instance of Wren's approach to constructional problems was in his building of the Sheldonian Theatre in Oxford (1664–9). He based his design upon that of the Roman Theatre of Marcellus (13–11 BC), which he had studied from drawings in Serlio's book of architecture. Wren's reputation as an architect was greatly enhanced by his solution to the roofing problem here. The original theatre in Rome, like all Roman-theatres, was a circular building open to the sky; this would be unsuitable in the climate of Oxford and Wren wished to cover the English counterpart without using supporting columns, which would have obscured the view of the stage. He solved this difficulty mathematically, with the aid of his colleague Dr Wallis, the Professor of Geometry, by means of a timber-trussed roof supporting a painted ceiling which represented the open sky.

The City of London's churches were rebuilt over a period of nearly fifty years; the first to be completed and reopened was St Mary-at-Hill in 1676, and the last St Michael Cornhill in 1722, when Wren was 89. They had to be rebuilt upon the original medieval sites and they illustrate, perhaps more clearly than any other examples of Wren's work, the fertility of his imagination and his ability to solve the most intractable problems of site, limitation of space and variation in style and material. None of the churches is like any other. Of the varied sites, few are level or possess right-angled corners or parallel sides of equal length, and nearly all were hedged in by other, often larger, buildings. Nowhere is his versatility and inventiveness shown more clearly than in his designs for the steeples. There was no English precedent for a classical steeple, though he did draw upon the Dutch examples of the 1630s, because the London examples had been medieval, therefore Roman Catholic and Gothic, churches. Many of Wren's steeples are, therefore, Gothic steeples in classical dress, but many were of the greatest originality and delicate beauty: for example, St Mary-le-Bow in Cheapside; the "wedding cake" St Bride in Fleet Street; and the temple diminuendo concept of Christ Church in Newgate Street.

In St Paul's Cathedral Wren showed his ingenuity in adapting the incongruous Royal Warrant Design of 1675. Among his gradual and successful amendments were the intriguing upper lighting of his two-storey choir and the supporting of the lantern by a brick cone inserted between the inner and outer dome shells. The layout of the Royal Hospital at Greenwich illustrates Wren's qualities as an overall large-scale planner and designer. His terms of reference insisted upon the incorporation of the earlier existing Queen's House, erected by Inigo Jones, and of John Webb's King Charles II block. The Queen's House, in particular, created a difficult problem as its smaller size rendered it out of scale with the newer structures. Wren's solution was to make it the focal centre of a great vista between the main flanking larger buildings; this was a masterstroke.

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canton [kɑ̃tɔ̃]

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Of the 26 self-governing cantons that make up Switzerland, four are French-speaking: Jura, Vaud, Neuchâtel and Geneva, and two are both French-speaking and German-speaking: Valais and Fribourg.

In France, the cantons are electoral areas into which « arrondissements » are divided for administration purposes. Each canton usually includes several « communes ». The main town in the canton has a « gendarmerie », a local tax office and sometimes a « tribunal d'instance ». → ARRONDISSEMENT  COMMUNE

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nom masculin Administration canton

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canton nm

1 Admin canton; réputé dans tout le canton○ famed for miles around;

2 (de route, voie ferrée) section;

3 Hérald canton.

canton dextre du chef Hérald dexter chief; canton dextre de pointe Hérald dexter base; canton senestre du chef Hérald sinister chief; canton senestre de pointe Hérald sinister base; canton de voie Rail block section; Cantons de l'Est Eastern Townships.

[kɑ̃tɔ̃] nom masculin

1. [en France] division of an arrondissement, canton

[en Suisse] canton

[au Luxembourg] administrative unit, canton

[au Canada] township

2. RAIL section

3. ARCHITECTURE canton

4. HÉRALDIQUE canton

This administrative unit in the French system of local government is administered by the local members of the Conseil général. There are between 11 and 70 cantons in each département. Each canton is made up of several communes.

Switzerland is a confederation of 23 districts known as cantons, three of which are themselves divided into demi-cantons. Although they are to a large extent self-governing, the federal government reserves control over certain areas such as foreign policy, the treasury, customs and the postal service.

SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building

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Wright began his career in 1887 working in the Chicago offices of Adler \& Sullivan. He conceived a great admiration for Sullivan, who was then concentrating upon large commercial projects in modern mode, producing functional yet decorative buildings which took all possible advantage of new structural methods. Wright was responsible for many of the domestic commissions.

In 1893 Wright left the firm in order to set up practice on his own, thus initiating a career which was to develop into three distinct phases. In the first of these, up until the First World War, he was chiefly designing houses in a concept in which he envisaged "the house as a shelter". These buildings displayed his deeply held opinion that detached houses in country areas should be designed as an integral part of the landscape, a view later to be evidenced strongly in the work of modern Finnish architects. Wright's designs were called "prairie houses" because so many of them were built in the MidWest of America, which Wright described as a "prairie". These were low and spreading, with gently sloping rooflines, very plain and clean lined, built of traditional materials in warm rural colours, blending softly into their settings. Typical was W.W.Willit's house of 1902 in Highland Park, Illinois.

In the second phase of his career Wright began to build more extensively in modern materials, utilizing advanced means of construction. A notable example was his remarkable Imperial Hotel in Tokyo, carefully designed and built in 1916–22 (now demolished), with special foundations and structure to withstand (successfully) strong earthquake tremors. He also became interested in the possibilities of reinforced concrete; in 1906 he built his church at Oak Park, Illinois, entirely of this material. In the 1920s, in California, he abandoned his use of traditional materials for house building in favour of precast concrete blocks, which were intended to provide an "organic" continuity between structure and decorative surfacing. In his continued exploration of the possibilities of concrete as a building material, he created the dramatic concept of'Falling Water', a house built in 1935–7 at Bear Run in Pennsylvania in which he projected massive reinforced-concrete terraces cantilevered from a cliff over a waterfall in the woodlands. In the later 1930s an extraordinary run of original concepts came from Wright, then nearing 70 years of age, ranging from his own winter residence and studio, Taliesin West in Arizona, to the administration block for Johnson Wax (1936–9) in Racine, Wisconsin, where the main interior ceiling was supported by Minoan-style, inversely tapered concrete columns rising to spreading circular capitals which contained lighting tubes of Pyrex glass.

Frank Lloyd Wright continued to work until four days before his death at the age of 91. One of his most important and certainly controversial commissions was the Solomon R.Guggenheim Museum in New York. This had been proposed in 1943 but was not finally built until 1956–9; in this striking design the museum's exhibition areas are ranged along a gradually mounting spiral ramp lit effectively from above. Controversy stemmed from the unusual and original design of exterior banding and interior descending spiral for wall-display of paintings: some critics strongly approved, while others, equally strongly, did not.

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