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41 drainage drain·age n
['dreɪnɪdʒ](of land: natural) scolo, (artificial) drenaggio, (of lake) prosciugamento, (system of drains) fognature fpl -
42 drainage
s.1 drenaje (of soil, land)2 desagüe, drenaje, surtidero, avenamiento.3 alcantarillado.4 saneamiento. -
43 installations for uses associated with hydraulic power, land reclamation, fishery, water transport, water supply and drainage
Общая лексика: сооружения гидроэнергетического, мелиоративного, рыбохозяйственного, воднотранспортного, водоУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > installations for uses associated with hydraulic power, land reclamation, fishery, water transport, water supply and drainage
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44 осушение земель
Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > осушение земель
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45 arazi drenajı
land drainage -
46 осушение земельных участков
Русско-английский словарь по деревообрабатывающей промышленности > осушение земельных участков
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47 arazi drenajı
land drainage -
48 осушение земель
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49 Vermuyden, Sir Cornelius
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering[br]b. c. 1590 St Maartensdijk, Zeeland, the Netherlandsd. 4 February 1656 probably London, England[br]Dutch/British civil engineer responsible for many of the drainage and flood-protection schemes in low-lying areas of England in the seventeenth century.[br]At the beginning of the seventeenth century, several wealthy men in England joined forces as "adventurers" to put their money into land ventures. One such group was responsible for the draining of the Fens. The first need was to find engineers who were versed in the processes of land drainage, particularly when that land was at, or below, sea level. It was natural, therefore, to turn to the Netherlands to find these skilled men. Joachim Liens was one of the first of the Dutch engineers to go to England, and he started work on the Great Level; however, no real progress was made until 1621, when Cornelius Vermuyden was brought to England to assist in the work.Vermuyden had grown up in a district where he could see for himself the techniques of embanking and reclaiming land from the sea. He acquired a reputation of expertise in this field, and by 1621 his fame had spread to England. In that year the Thames had flooded and breached its banks near Havering and Dagenham in Essex. Vermuyden was commissioned to repair the breach and drain neighbouring marshland, with what he claimed as complete success. The Commissioners of Sewers for Essex disputed this claim and whthheld his fee, but King Charles I granted him a portion of the reclaimed land as compensation.In 1626 Vermuyden carried out his first scheme for drainage works as a consultant. This was the drainage of Hatfield Chase in South Yorkshire. Charles I was, in fact, Vermuyden's employer in the drainage of the Chase, and the work was undertaken as a means of raising additional rents for the Royal Exchequer. Vermuyden was himself an "adventurer" in the undertaking, putting capital into the venture and receiving the title to a considerable proportion of the drained lands. One of the important elements of his drainage designs was the principal of "washes", which were flat areas between the protective dykes and the rivers to carry flood waters, to prevent them spreading on to nearby land. Vermuyden faced bitter opposition from those whose livelihoods depended on the marshlands and who resorted to sabotage of the embankments and violence against his imported Dutch workmen to defend their rights. The work could not be completed until arbiters had ruled out on the respective rights of the parties involved. Disagreements and criticism of his engineering practices continued and he gave up his interest in Hatfield Chase. The Hatfield Chase undertaking was not a great success, although the land is now rich farmland around the river Don in Doncaster. However, the involved financial and land-ownership arrangements were the key to the granting of a knighthood to Cornelius Vermuyden in January 1628, and in 1630 he purchased 4,000 acres of low-lying land on Sedgemoor in Somerset.In 1629 Vermuyden embarked on his most important work, that of draining the Great Level in the fenlands of East Anglia. Francis Russell, 4th Earl of Bedford, was given charge of the work, with Vermuyden as Engineer; in this venture they were speculators and partners and were recompensed by a grant of land. The area which contains the Cambridgeshire tributaries of the Great Ouse were subject to severe and usually annual flooding. The works to contain the rivers in their flood period were important. Whilst the rivers were contained with the enclosed flood plain, the land beyond became highly sought-after because of the quality of the soil. The fourteen "adventurers" who eventually came into partnership with the Earl of Bedford and Vermuyden were the financiers of the scheme and also received land in accordance with their input into the scheme. In 1637 the work was claimed to be complete, but this was disputed, with Vermuyden defending himself against criticism in a pamphlet entitled Discourse Touching the Great Fennes (1638; 1642, London). In fact, much remained to be done, and after an interruption due to the Civil War the scheme was finished in 1652. Whilst the process of the Great Level works had closely involved the King, Oliver Cromwell was equally concerned over the success of the scheme. By 1655 Cornelius Vermuyden had ceased to have anything to do with the Great Level. At that stage he was asked to account for large sums granted to him to expedite the work but was unable to do so; most of his assets were seized to cover the deficiency, and from then on he subsided into obscurity and poverty.While Cornelius Vermuyden, as a Dutchman, was well versed in the drainage needs of his own country, he developed his skills as a hydraulic engineer in England and drained acres of derelict flooded land.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1628.Further ReadingL.E.Harris, 1953, Vermuyden and the Fens, London: Cleaver Hume Press. J.Korthals-Altes, 1977, Sir Cornelius Vermuyden: The Lifework of a Great Anglo-Dutchman in Land-Reclamation and Drainage, New York: Alto Press.KM / LRDBiographical history of technology > Vermuyden, Sir Cornelius
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50 дренаж
2) Aviation: bleeding operation3) Medicine: drain tube4) Engineering: subsurface drain, surface drainage, vent line5) Construction: (естественный или искусственный) drainage, delf6) Railway term: land drainage, underditch7) Hydrography: drainage system8) Mining: water drainage10) Special term: water-drainage11) Sociology: pipe drainage, subdrainage, underdrainage12) Astronautics: depressurization, vent holes13) Ecology: dewatering, underground draining15) Solar energy: area drain16) Makarov: drain water, drainage facility, drainage water, infiltration17) oil&gas: drain -
51 мелиорация
1) General subject: amelioration, betterment, improvement, irrigation engineering, land clearing, melioration, reclaim, reclamation2) Biology: improvement (почвы)3) Engineering: betterment of land, drainage and irrigation, reclaiming4) Agriculture: bonification, development (почвы), improving, land-clearing5) Construction: agricultural engineering, development of land, irrigation, land betterment, land development, land reclamation6) Law: amendment7) Linguistics: amelioration of meaning8) Forestry: amelioration (often drainage)9) Sociology: soil reclamation10) Ecology: filling, management, recreation11) Business: land improvement, soil improvement12) Makarov: reclamation (земель)13) Soil science: development14) Gold mining: reclamation of disturbed land, rehabilitation of disturbed land, revegetation of disturbed land -
52 дренажная сеть
1) Engineering: drainage network, land drainage2) Agriculture: (осушительная) drainage3) Construction: drainage system5) General subject: drainage synodic -
53 Dränage
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54 поверхностный сток
1) Geology: surface discharge2) Engineering: interflow, rainwash, superficial runoff, surface flow, surface-water flow3) Construction: immediate runoff, overland flow, sheet flow, superficial run-off, surface run-off, surface runoff4) Forestry: direct runoff5) Oil: surface water drainage6) Ecology: land drainage, land runoff, non-point discharge, nonpoint discharge, over-the-surface flow, overland runoff, run-off, runoff (в результате дождя или снеготаяния), surface yield, waterborne soil movement7) Makarov: immediate runoff (сток ливневых, талых или поливомоечных вод), land runoff (сток ливневых, талых или поливомоечных вод), rainout, sheet flood, sheetwash, surface run-off control, waterborne soil8) General subject: prechannel flowУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > поверхностный сток
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55 Cubitt, Thomas
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building[br]b. 25 February 1788 Buxton, Norfolk, Englandd. 20 December 1855 Dorking, Surrey, England[br]English master builder and founder of the first building firm of modern type.[br]He started his working life as a carpenter at a time when work in different trades such as bricklaying, masonry, carpentry and plumbing was subcontracted. The system had worked well enough until about 1800, but when large-scale development was required, as in the nineteenth century, it showed itself to be inefficient and slow. To avoid long delays in building, Cubitt bought land and established workshops, founding a firm that employed all the craftsmen necessary to the building trade on a permanent-wage basis. To keep his firm financially solvent he had to provide continuous work for his staff, which he achieved by large-scale, speculative building even while maintaining high architectural standards.Cubitt performed a major service to London, with many of his houses, squares and terraces still surviving as sound and elegant as they were over 150 years ago in the large estates he laid out. His most ambitious enterprise was Belgravia, where he built 200 imposing houses for the aristocracy upon an area of previously swampy land that he leased from Lord Grosvenor. His houses expose as inferior much of the later phases of development which surround them. All his life Cubitt used his influence to combat the abuses of architecture, building and living standards to which speculative building is heir. He was especially interested in drainage, smoke control and London's sewage arrangement, and constantly worked to improve these. He supplied first-class amenities in the way of land drainage, sewage disposal, street lighting and roads, and his own houses were soundly built, pleasant to live in and created to last.[br]Further ReadingHermione Hobhouse, 1971, Thomas Cubitt: Master Builder, Macmillan.Henry Russell-Hitchcock, 1976, Early Victorian Architecture, 2 vols, New York: Da Capo.DY -
56 Fowler, John
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering[br]b. 11 July 1826 Melksham, Wiltshire, Englandd. 4 December 1864 Ackworth, Yorkshire, England[br]English engineer and inventor who developed a steam-powered system of mole land drainage, and a two-engined system of land cultivation, founding the Steam Plough Works in Leeds.[br]The son of a Quaker merchant, John Fowler entered the business of a county corn merchant on leaving school, but he found this dull and left as soon as he came of age, joining the Middlesbrough company of Gilkes, Wilson \& Hopkins, railway locomotive manufacturers. In 1849, at the age of 23, Fowler visited Ireland and was so distressed by the state of Irish agriculture that he determined to develop a system to deal with the drainage of land. He designed an implement which he patented in 1850 after a period of experimentation. It was able to lay wooden pipes to a depth of two feet, and was awarded the Silver Medal at the 1850 Royal Agriculture Show. By 1854, using a steam engine made by Clayton \& Shuttleworth, he had applied steam power to his invention and gained another award that year at the Royal Show. The following year he turned his attention to steam ploughing. He first developed a single-engined system that used a double windlass with which to haul a plough backwards and forwards across fields. In 1856 he patented his balance plough, and the following year he read a paper to the Institution of Mechanical Engineers at their Birmingham premises, describing the system. In 1858 he won the Royal Agricultural Society award with a plough built for him by Ransomes. Fowler founded the Steam Plough Works in Leeds and in 1862 production began in partnership with William Watson Hewitson. Within two years they were producing the first of a series of engines which were to make the name Fowler known worldwide. John Fowler saw little of his success because he died in 1864 at his Yorkshire home as a result of tetanus contracted after a riding accident.[br]Further ReadingM.Lane, 1980, The Story of the Steam Plough Works, Northgate Publishing (provides biographical details of John Fowler, but is mostly concerned with the company that he founded).AP -
57 осушение земель
1) Engineering: land drainage2) Economy: agricultural drainage3) Ecology: development4) Makarov: drainage -
58 Drän
m <bau.mat> (keramisch) ■ drain tile; draintilem <ents.hydr> (Wasserhaltung, Trockenhaltung) ■ drain -
59 dränering
bailing, drain, drainage, draining, land drainage, water drainagekatastrofdränering; emergency drain -
60 Bodenentwässerung
f <agri.bau> ■ soil drainage; land drainage
См. также в других словарях:
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