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121 Minitel
A first generation computerised videotext system, the Minitel briefly put France into the position of world leader in videotext access. Launched in 1982, the Minitel system rapidly entered the majority of French households and offices thanks to a masterly government policy of offering the basic terminals free to all telephone subscribers. Several years before the Internet explosion, the Minitel offered French telephone subscribers free access to a range of information services, including national telephone directories; it also offered a number of pay-per-view services, receipts from which were designed to help pay back the investment in the system. However, the success of the Minitel was also instrumental in slowing down France's uptake of the Internet. While the government remained keen to protect and promote this French technological success in the face of competition from a foreign system, many Minitel service providers also had a good reason to defend the system too. Provision of information via the Minitel, charged by the second, rapidly became seen as a lucrative activity (notably for the " Minitel rose" sites) - far more so than via Internet, where most general information is provided free of charge to the viewer. This economic disincentive meant that many major French providers of Information, such as the SNCF, were reluctant to replace, or even complement, slow but profit-making Minitel services by faster free Internet services - thus delaying French uptake of the Internet.Minitel services were completely phased out in 2011.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Minitel
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122 O.M.
First division French football club, from the city of Marseille, with a chequered history. One of the few French clubs to have won a major international competition (Champions' League, 1993), OM was retrograded to the second division in 1994, following a match-fixing scandal. Back in the first division since 1996, the OM will again be playing in the Champions' League in 2008-09.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > O.M.
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123 Poste, la
The French post office and mail delivery service. A nationalised service, today's La Poste was known, until recently, as les PTT, Poste, Télégraphe et Télécommunications; the PTT was divided up into its two principal constituents, the postal service and telecommunications, in order to prepare France Telecom for partial privatisation. La Poste benefits from a national monopoly in delivery of letters, but has become increasingly subject to competition from specialised companies for the delivery of parcels, and is currently (2008) on the verge of transformation into a private company (S.A.). La Poste also runs a banking service, known as the Banque Postale (formerly the CCP).Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Poste, la
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124 Sciences Po
Name used, even formally, by the Institut des Etudes Politiques de Paris, an autonomous state-funded school of higher education (grand établissement), founded in 1872, and a university in all but name. The undergraduate course at Sciences Po, designed to produce graduates with a solid understanding of the workings of the modern world, is a pluridisciplinary degree covering a range of social sciences, including history, law, politics, economics, sociology, and foreign languages. Many leading French politicians, businessmen and civil servants have degrees from Sciences Po, and the school's increasing success has led to the opening of smaller campuses, offering specialist courses, in Dijon, Poitiers, Menton and Nancy.Sciences Po is one of the top ranked institutes of higher education in France and in Europe, and competition for places is stiff. The school runs joint degree courses with several top international schools, including the universities of Columbia and Georgetown in the USA, and LSE in Great Britain. Many leading French politicians, businessmen and civil servants have degrees from Sciences Po, and the school's increasing success has led to the opening of smaller campuses, offering specialist courses, in Dijon, Poitiers, Menton and Nancy.The official Aeres audit of Sciences Po in 2008 described the institution as being "seen from abroad as a typically French institution, rather difficult to situate and to comprehend." It defined the school's mission as being to train graduates with "knowledge, but also understanding, of society and the world... in short to educate them".The name 'Sciences Po' is also used commonly to refer to Instituts d'Etudes Politiques (IEP) attached to a number of universities.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > Sciences Po
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125 SNCF
The French national railway company. SNCF still enjoys a virtual monopoly over passenger train operations in France, though this is scheduled to change. Freight operations have been opened up to competition since 2005, and there are now seven licenced freight operators, though SNCF still operates over 90% of freight services. See rail travel in France.Dictionnaire Français-Anglais. Agriculture Biologique > SNCF
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126 acte de concurrence déloyale
Dictionnaire juridique, politique, économique et financier > acte de concurrence déloyale
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127 actes de concurrence déloyale
Dictionnaire juridique, politique, économique et financier > actes de concurrence déloyale
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128 concurrence déloyale
Dictionnaire juridique, politique, économique et financier > concurrence déloyale
См. также в других словарях:
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