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1 Niepce, Joseph Nicéphore
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 1765 Franced. 5 July 1833 Chalon, France[br]French inventor who was the first to produce permanent photographic images with the aid of a camera.[br]Coming from a prosperous family, Niepce was educated in a Catholic seminary and destined for the priesthood. The French Revolution intervened and Niepce became an officer in an infantry regiment. An attack of typhoid fever in Italy ended his military career, and he returned to France and was married. Returning to his paternal home in Chalon in 1801, he joined with his brother Claude to construct an ingenious engine called the pyréolophore, which they patented in 1807. The French Government also encouraged the brothers in their attempts to produce large quantities of indigo-blue dye from wood, a venture that was ultimately unsuccessful.Nicéphore began to experiment with lithography, which led him to take an interest in the properties of light-sensitive materials. He pursued this interest after Claude moved to Paris in 1816 and is reported to have made negative images in a camera obscura using paper soaked in silver chloride. Niepce went on to experiment with bitumen of judea, a substance that hardened on exposure to light. In 1822, using bitumen of judea on glass, he produced a heliograph from an engraving. The first images from nature may have been made as early as 1824, but the world's earliest surviving photographic image was made in 1826. A view of the courtyard of Niepce's home in Chalon was captured on a pewter plate coated with bitumen of judea; an exposure of several hours was required, the softer parts of the bitumen being dissolved away by a solvent to reveal the image.In 1827 he took examples of his work to London where he met Francis Bauer, Secretary of the Royal Society. Nothing came of this meeting, but on returning to France Niepce continued his work and in 1829 entered into a formal partnership with L.J.M. Daguerre with a view to developing their mutual interest in capturing images formed by the camera obscura. However, the partnership made only limited progress and was terminated by Niepce's death in 1833. It was another six years before the announcement of the first practicable photographic processes was made.[br]Bibliography1973. Joseph Nicéphore Niepce lettres 1816–7, Pavillon de Photographie du Parc Naturel, Régional de Brotonne.1974, Joseph Nicéphore Niepce correspondences 1825–1829, Pavillon de Photographie du Parc Naturel, Régional de Brotonne.Further ReadingJ.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E. Epstean, New York (provides a full account of Niepce's life and work).H.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1969, The History of Photography, rev. edn, London (provides a full account of Niepce's life and work).JWBiographical history of technology > Niepce, Joseph Nicéphore
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2 Daguerre, Louis Jacques Mandé
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 18 November 1787 Carmeilles-en-Parisis, Franced. 10 July 1851 Petit-Bry-sur-Marne, France[br]French inventor of the first practicable photographic process.[br]The son of a minor official in a magistrate's court, Daguerre showed an early aptitude for drawing. He was first apprenticed to an architect, but in 1804 he moved to Paris to learn the art of stage design. He was particularly interested in perspective and lighting, and later showed great ingenuity in lighting stage sets. Fascinated by a popular form of entertainment of the period, the panorama, he went on to create a variant of it called the diorama. It is assumed that he used a camera obscura for perspective drawings and, by purchasing it from the optician Chevalier, he made contact with Joseph Nicéphore Niepce. In 1829 Niepce and Daguerre entered into a formal partnership to perfect Niepce's heliographic process, but the partnership was dissolved when Niepce died in 1833, when only limited progress had been made. Daguerre continued experimenting alone, however, using iodine and silver plates; by 1837 he had discovered that images formed in the camera obscura could be developed by mercury vapour and fixed with a hot salt solution. After unsuccessfully attempting to sell his process, Daguerre approached F.J.D. Arago, of the Académie des Sciences, who announced the discovery in 1839. Details of Daguerre's work were not published until August of that year when the process was presented free to the world, except England. With considerable business acumen, Daguerre had quietly patented the process through an agent, Miles Berry, in London a few days earlier. He also granted a monopoly to make and sell his camera to a Monsieur Giroux, a stationer by trade who happened to be a relation of Daguerre's wife. The daguerreotype process caused a sensation when announced. Daguerre was granted a pension by a grateful government and honours were showered upon him all over the world. It was a direct positive process on silvered copper plates and, in fact, proved to be a technological dead end. The future was to lie with negative-positive photography devised by Daguerre's British contemporary, W.H.F. Talbot, although Daguerre's was the first practicable photographic process to be announced. It captured the public's imagination and in an improved form was to dominate professional photographic practice for more than a decade.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsOfficier de la Légion d'honneur 1839. Honorary FRS 1839. Honorary Fellow of the National Academy of Design, New York, 1839. Honorary Fellow of the Vienna Academy 1843. Pour le Mérite, bestowed by Frederick William IV of Prussia, 1843.Bibliography14 August 1839, British patent no. 8,194 (daguerrotype photographic process).The announcement and details of Daguerre's invention were published in both serious and popular English journals. See, for example, 1839 publications of Athenaeum, Literary Gazette, Magazine of Science and Mechanics Magazine.Further ReadingH.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1956, L.J.M. Daguerre (the standard account of Daguerre's work).—1969, The History of Photography, rev. edn, London (a very full account).J.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E. Epstean, New York (a very full account).JWBiographical history of technology > Daguerre, Louis Jacques Mandé
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3 Photography, film and optics
See also: INDEX BY SUBJECT AREA[br]Ding HuanGabor, DennisKlic, KarolLippershey, HansMarton, LadislausTournachon, Gaspard FélixBiographical history of technology > Photography, film and optics
См. также в других словарях:
Joseph Nicephore Niepce — Joseph Nicéphore Nièpce Joseph Nicéphore Nièpce, auch Niépce oder Niepce (* 7. März 1765 in Chalon sur Saône, Frankreich; † 5. Juli 1833 in Saint Loup de Varennes nahe Chalon sur Saône), war der Erfinder der weltweit ersten Fotografie … Deutsch Wikipedia
Joseph Nicéphore Niepce — Joseph Nicéphore Nièpce Joseph Nicéphore Nièpce, auch Niépce oder Niepce (* 7. März 1765 in Chalon sur Saône, Frankreich; † 5. Juli 1833 in Saint Loup de Varennes nahe Chalon sur Saône), war der Erfinder der weltweit ersten Fotografie … Deutsch Wikipedia
Joseph Nicéphore Niépce — Joseph Nicéphore Nièpce Joseph Nicéphore Nièpce, auch Niépce oder Niepce (* 7. März 1765 in Chalon sur Saône, Frankreich; † 5. Juli 1833 in Saint Loup de Varennes nahe Chalon sur Saône), war der Erfinder der weltweit ersten Fotografie … Deutsch Wikipedia
Joseph Nicéphore Nièpce — Joseph Nicéphore Nièpce, auch Niépce oder Niepce (französische Aussprache: [njɛps]) (* 7. März 1765 in Chalon sur Saône, Frankreich; † 5. Juli 1833 in Saint Loup de Varennes nahe Chalon sur Saône), war der Erfinder der Heliografie, der weltweit… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Joseph Nicephore Niepce — Nicéphore Niépce Joseph Nicéphore Niépce Naissance 7 mars 1765 Chalon sur Saône, France Décès 5 juillet 1833 … Wikipédia en Français
Joseph Nicéphore Niepce — Nicéphore Niépce Joseph Nicéphore Niépce Naissance 7 mars 1765 Chalon sur Saône, France Décès 5 juillet 1833 … Wikipédia en Français
Joseph Nicéphore Niépce — Nicéphore Niépce Joseph Nicéphore Niépce Naissance 7 mars 1765 Chalon sur Saône, France Décès 5 juillet 1833 … Wikipédia en Français
Joseph Nicéphore Niépce — Nacimiento 7 de marzo de 1765 … Wikipedia Español
Joseph-Nicéphore Niepce — (1765 1833) fue un terrateniente francés, químico, litografo y científico aficionado, que inventó, junto a su hermano, un motor para barcos y, junto a Daguerre, la fotografía. Niépce estaba interesado en la litografía, y comenzó sus experiencias… … Enciclopedia Universal
Joseph Nicéphore Niepce — (7.3.1765 5.7.1833) Französischer Künstler und Wissenschaftler. Vermutlich um seine eigenen Zeichnungen billig reproduzieren zu können, experimentierte er wahrscheinlich ab 1816 mit diversen fotografischen Verfahren. Seine Versuche mit… … Das Lexikon aus „Bernie's Foto-Programm"
Nicéphore Niépce — Joseph Nicéphore Niépce Nicéphore Niépce, circa 1795. Born March 7, 1765(1765 03 07) Chalon sur Saône, Saône et Loire Died July 5, 1833( … Wikipedia