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81 Biro, Laszlo Joszef (Ladislao José)
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. 29 September 1899 Budapest, Hungaryd. 24 October 1985 Buenos Aires, Argentina[br]Hungarian inventor of the ballpoint pen.[br]Details of Biro's early life are obscure, but by 1939 he had been active as a painter, a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and an inventor, patenting over thirty minor inventions. During the 1930s he edited a cultural magazine and noticed in the printing shop the advantages of quick-drying ink. He began experimenting with crude ballpoint pens. The idea was not new, for an American, John Loud, had patented a cumbersome form of pen for marking rough surfaces in 1888; it had failed commercially. Biro and his brother Georg patented a ballpoint pen in 1938, although they had not yet perfected a suitable ink or a reservoir to hold it.In 1940 Biro fled the Nazi occupation of Hungary and settled in Argentina. Two years later, he had developed his pen to the point where he could seek backers for a company to exploit it commercially. His principal backer appears to have been an English accountant, Henry George Martin. In 1944 Martin offered the invention to the US Army Air Force and the British Royal Air Force to overcome the problems aircrews were experiencing at high altitudes with leaking fountain pens. Some 10,000 ballpoints were made for the RAF. Licences were granted in the USA for the manufacture of the "biro", and in 1944 the Miles-Martin Pen Company was formed in Britain and began making them on a large scale at a factory near Reading, Berkshire; by 1951 its workforce had grown to over 1,000. Other companies followed suit; by varying details of the pen, they avoided infringing the original patents. One such entrepreneur, Miles Reynolds, was the first to put the pen on sale to the public in New York; it is reputed that 10,000 were sold on the first day.Biro had little taste for commercial exploitation, and by 1947 he had withdrawn from the Argentine company, mainly to resume his painting, in the surrealist style. Examples of his work are exhibited in the Fine Arts Museum in Budapest. He created an instrument that had a greater impact on written communication than any other single invention.[br]Further Reading"Nachruf: Ladislao José Biro (1899–1985)", HistorischeBurowelt (1988) 21:5–8 (with English summary).J.Jewkes, The Sources of Invention, pp. 234–5.LRDBiographical history of technology > Biro, Laszlo Joszef (Ladislao José)
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82 San Jose
геогр. г. Сан-ХосеБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > San Jose
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83 San Jose scale
энт. щитовка калифорнийская( Aspidiotus perniciosus)(энтомология) щитовка калифорнийская (Aspidiotus perniciosus)Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > San Jose scale
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84 san jose scale
[͵sænhəʋzeıʹskeıl] энт. -
85 San Jose
n = -s( город) Сан-Хосе -
86 San-Jose-Schildlaus
f зоол.щитовка калифорнийская (Diaspidiotus perniciosus Comst.) -
87 San José
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88 San José
Сан-Хосе́ -
89 San José
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90 hemoglobin San-Jose
Клиника нормальна; замена глутамина на глицин в 7-м положении β-цепи.Англо-русский толковый словарь генетических терминов > hemoglobin San-Jose
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91 Interregional Seminar on the Applications of Geodetic and Remote Sensing Data from Satellites for Cartography (Sao Jose de Campos, Brazil)
Общая лексика: Межрегиональный семинар по применению геодезических данных и данных дистанционного зондиро (Сан-Жозе-дус-Кампус)Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Interregional Seminar on the Applications of Geodetic and Remote Sensing Data from Satellites for Cartography (Sao Jose de Campos, Brazil)
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92 Rizalist cult (Any of numerous ethnic religious groups in the Philippines that believe in the divinity of Jose Rizal, the national hero martyred by the Spanish in 1896)
Религия: культ Хосе РизаляУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > Rizalist cult (Any of numerous ethnic religious groups in the Philippines that believe in the divinity of Jose Rizal, the national hero martyred by the Spanish in 1896)
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93 San Jose
География: (г.) Сан-Хосе (Гватемала), (г.) Сан-Хосе (столица Коста-Рики), (г.) Сан-Хосе (шт. Калифорния, США) -
94 San Jose scale
1) Сельское хозяйство: щитовка калифорнийская (Aspidiotus perniciosus)2) Энтомология: щитовка калифорнийская (лат. Quadraspidiotus pemiciosus) -
95 hemoglobin San-Jose
Генетика: гемоглобин Сан-Хосе (клиника нормальна; замена глутамина на глицин в 7-м положении -цепи) -
96 no way, Jose
Сленг: нет, нет, и ещё раз нет -
97 San Jose
Government: SJ -
98 San Jose Business Journal
Mass media: SJBJУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > San Jose Business Journal
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99 San Jose Harley-Davidson
Transport: SJHУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > San Jose Harley-Davidson
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100 San Jose International Airport
Transport: SJCУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > San Jose International Airport
См. также в других словарях:
jose — josè įv … Bendrinės lietuvių kalbos žodyno antraštynas
José — de Nazaret Origen Hebreo Género Masculino … Wikipedia Español
José — José, Josefa n. p. Nombre de persona. ⇒ Pepe, a; Pepito, a. V. «¡Jesús, María y José!, vara de San José». * * * José. □ V. Patrocinio de San José. * * * (Este artículo es sobre José, hijo de Jacob, para información sobre el padre putativo de… … Enciclopedia Universal
Jose — José Cette page d’homonymie répertorie les différents sujets et articles partageant un même nom. José est une variante portugaise et espagnole du prénom Joseph. José Acasuso José Alberto José Bové José Canalejas José Martí José Théodore Toponymie … Wikipédia en Français
Jose — ist der Name u. a. folgender Personen: Rabbi Jose = Jose ben Chalafta, Tannait des 2. nachchristlichen Jahrhunderts Jose ben Zimra, Amoräer der ersten Generation in Palästina R. Jose ben Chanina, Amoräer der zweiten Generation in Palästina… … Deutsch Wikipedia
José I — puede referirse a: José I Galesiotes (m. 1707), patriarca caldeo de Babilonia; José I de Habsburgo (1678 1711), archiduque de Austria y emperador del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico; José I de Portugal (1714 1777), rey de Portugal; José I de… … Wikipedia Español
José — m Spanish form of JOSEPH (SEE Joseph), also borne by women as the second part of the compound name María José. As a male name, it is now also occasionally used in the English speaking world … First names dictionary
Jose — masc. proper name, from Sp. José, Spanish form of JOSEPH (Cf. Joseph) … Etymology dictionary
José — ☛ V. Patrocinio de San José … Diccionario de la lengua española
Jose — (span.), so v.w. Joseph … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Jöse — Jöse, Fisch, so v.w. Aland … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon