-
41 Hooke, Robert
[br]b. 18 July 1635 Freshwater, Isle of Wight, Englandd. 3 March 1703 London, England[br]English physicist, astronomer and mechanician.[br]Son of Revd John Hooke, minister of the parish, he was a sickly child who was subject to headaches which prevented protracted study. He devoted his time while alone to making mechanical models including a wooden clock. On the death of his father in October 1648 he was left £100 and went to London, where he became a pupil of Sir Peter Lely and then went to Westminster School under Dr Busby. There he learned the classical languages, some Hebrew and oriental languages while mastering six books of Euclid in one week. In 1653 he entered Christ Church College, Oxford, where he graduated MA in 1663, after studying chemistry and astronomy. In 1662 he was appointed Curator of Experiments to the Royal Society and was elected a Fellow in 1663. In 1665 his appointment was made permanent and he was given apartments in Gresham College, where he lived until his death in 1703. He was an indefatigable experimenter, perhaps best known for the invention of the universal joint named after him. The properties of the atmosphere greatly engaged him and he devised many forms of the barometer. He was the first to apply the spiral spring to the regulation of the balance wheel of the watch in an attempt to measure longitude at sea, but he did not publish his results until after Huygens's reinvention of the device in 1675. Several of his "new watches" were made by Thomas Tompion, one of which was presented to King Charles II. He is said to have invented, among other devices, thirty different ways of flying, the first practical system of telegraphy, an odometer, a hearing aid, an arithmetical machine and a marine barometer. Hooke was a small man, somewhat deformed, with long, lank hair, who went about stooped and moved very quickly. He was of a melancholy and mistrustful disposition, ill-tempered and sharp-tongued. He slept little, often working all night and taking a nap during the day. John Aubrey, his near-contemporary, wrote of Hooke, "He is certainly the greatest Mechanick this day in the World." He is said to have been the first to establish the true principle of the arch. His eyesight failed and he was blind for the last year of his life. He is best known for his Micrographia, or some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies, first published in 1665. After the Great Fire of London, he exhibited a model for the rebuilding of the City. This was not accepted, but it did result in Hooke's appointment as one of two City Surveyors. This proved a lucrative post and through it Hooke amassed a fortune of some thousands of pounds, which was found intact after his death some thirty years later. It had never been opened in the interim period. Among the buildings he designed were the new Bethlehem (Bedlam) Hospital, the College of Physicians and Montague House.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1663; Secretary 1677–82.IMcN -
42 Martyn, Sir Richard
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1543d. July 1617[br]English goldsmith, Warden and later Master of the Royal Mint, entrepreneur and shareholder in Elizabethan metal industries.[br]Martyn became a leading shareholder in the Company of Mineral and Battery Works, the Elizabethan monopoly established in 1565 under the initiative William Humfrey. Its purpose was to mine lead and zinc ores and to introduce production of brass and manufacture of brass wire to England, activities in which he took an active interest. Appointed Warden of the Royal Mint in 1572, Martyn's responsibilities included the receipt of bullion and dispatch of freshly minted coins. He reported unfavourably on a new invention for producing "milled" coins by a screw press which embossed the two faces simultaneously. Considerable friction arose from his criticism of the then Master of the Mint. He was later subject to criticism himself on the irregularity of coin weights produced at the Mint. In 1580 Martyn leased Tintern wireworks, property of the Mineral and Battery Company, which was by then producing iron wire after earlier failing in the production of brass. Two years later he sought rights from the company to mine the zinc ore calamine and to make brass. When this was granted in 1587, he formed a partnership with others including William Brode, a London goldsmith who had been experimenting with the making of brass. Production started on a small scale using imported copper at Queen's Mill, Isleworth, largely financed by Martyn. Brode soon disagreed with his partners and with the Mineral and Battery Works Company and Martyn withdrew. After long and acrimonious disputes the works closed completely in 1605.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsAlderman 1578. Knighted and appointed Lord Mayor of London 1589. Prime Warden of the Goldsmiths' Company 1592. Joint Master of the Mint with his son, Richard, 1599.Further ReadingM.B.Donald, 1961, Elizabethan Monopolies, London: Oliver \& Boyd (provides a comprehensive account).JD -
43 Murphy, John Benjamin
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 21 December 1857 Appleton, Wisconsin, USAd. 11 August 1916 Mackinac, Michigan, USA[br]American surgeon, pioneer of intestinal anastomosis and proponent of joint replacement.[br]Murphy qualified in 1879 at Rush Medical College. After postgraduate study in Vienna, he returned to Chicago and was appointed Professor of Surgery at Northwestern University. He pioneered surgical techniques in the pneumothoracic, biliary and gastrointestinal systems with the invention of the Murphy "button" for intestinal anastomosis. He also originated a procedure for the replacement of infected joints utilizing a living graft of fascial tissue. He was described by W.J. Mayo as "the surgical genius of our century".[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnight Commander of the Order of St Gregory 1910. Hon. Fellow, Royal College of Surgeons 1913. Laetare Medal, Notre Dame University 1902.Bibliography1897, "Resection of arteries and veins injured in continuity", Medical Record, New York.Further ReadingKelly \& Burrage, 1928, The Surgical Clinics of John B.Murphy MD at Mercy Hospital, Chicago.MG -
44 Need, Samuel
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 1718d. 14 April 1781 Bread Street, Cheapside, London, England[br]English manufacturer of hosiery who helped to finance Arkwright's spinning machine and early cotton mills.[br]Samuel Need was apprenticed as a framework knitter and entered the hosiery trade c. 1742. He was a Dissenter and later became an Independent Congregationalist. He married Elizabeth Gibson of Hacking, Middlesex, who survived him and died in 1781. He had a warehouse in Nottingham, where he was made a burgess in 1739–40. In 1747 he bought a mill there and had a house adjoining it, but in 1777 he bought an estate at Arnold, outside the city. From about 1759 he supported Jedediah Strutt and William Woollat in their development of Strutt's invention of the rib attachment to the knitting machine. Need became a partner with Strutt in 1762 over the patent and then they shared a joint hosiery business. When Arkwright sought financial assistance from Ichabod and John Wright, the Nottingham bankers, to develop his spinning mill in that town, the Wrights turned him over to Samuel Need. Need, having profited so much from the successful patent with Strutt, was ready to exploit another; on 19 January 1770 Need and Strutt, on payment of £500, became co-partners with Arkwright, Smalley and Thornley for the remainder of Arkwright's patent. In Need, Arkwright had secured the patronage of the leading hosier in Nottingham. Need was leader of the Hosiers' Federation in 1779 when the framework knitters petitioned Parliament to better their conditions. He gave evidence against the workers' demands and, when their bill failed, the Nottingham workers attacked first his Nottingham house and then the one at Arnold.Need was to remain a partner with Arkwright until his death in 1781. He was involved in die mill at Cromford and also with some later ones, such as the Birkacre mill near Chorley, Lancashire, in 1777. He made a fortune and died at his home in London.[br]Further ReadingM.L.Walker, 1963, A History of the Family of Need of Arnold, Nottinghamshire, London (a good biography).R.S.Fitton, 1989, The Arkwrights, Spinners of Fortune, Manchester (covers Need's relationship with Arkwright).R.S.Fitton and A.P.Wadsworth, 1958, The Strutts and the Arkwrights, 1758–1830, Manchester.S.D.Chapman, 1967, The Early Factory Masters, Newton Abbot (describes his wider contacts with the Midlands hosiery industry).RLH
См. также в других словарях:
Joint de cardan — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Cardan. Le cardan (ou plus précisément le joint de Cardan) est un dispositif mécanique qui permet la transmission d une rotation angulaire entre deux arbres dont les axes géométriques concourent en un même point … Wikipédia en Français
Joint-stock company — A joint stock company (JSC) is a type of corporation or partnership involving two or more individuals that own shares of stock in the company. Certificates of ownership ( shares ) are issued by the company in return for each financial… … Wikipedia
Joint de transmission — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Joint. Animation montrant le fonctionnement d un joint de transmission homocinétique. Un joint de transmission ou accouplement mé … Wikipédia en Français
Joint de Cardan — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Cardan. Principe de fonctionnement du cardan Le cardan (ou plus précisément le joint de Cardan) est un dispositif mécanique qui permet la transmis … Wikipédia en Français
joint patent — A patent issued to two or more persons jointly where both have participated in the process of discovery and invention. 40 Am J1st Pat § 66 … Ballentine's law dictionary
Constant-velocity joint — Rzeppa six ball CV joint Constant velocity joints (aka homokinetic or CV joints) allow a drive shaft to transmit power through a variable angle, at constant rotational speed, without an appreciable increase in friction or play. They are mainly… … Wikipedia
Juke joint — (or jook joint) is the vernacular term for an informal establishment featuring music, dancing, gambling, and drinking, primarily operated by African American people in the southeastern United States. The term juke is believed to derive from the… … Wikipedia
Canfield joint — The Canfield joint is a mechanism that allows for full hemispherical motion from whatever connects to it. Invented by Dr. Stephen Canfield of the Tennessee Tech University, this revolutionary joint was developed specifically for spacecraft… … Wikipedia
Bardeen, John — born May 23, 1908, Madison, Wis., U.S. died Jan. 30, 1991, Boston, Mass. U.S. physicist. He earned a Ph.D. in mathematical physics from Princeton University. He worked for the U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory during World War II, after which he… … Universalium
Boneless Fish — The nihongo|Boneless Fish|骨なし魚|Hone nashi Sakana is a fish based frozen food invented by Dairei Corporation (大冷株式会社) of Japan in 1998. It is essentially a fish that has been scaled, gutted and deboned by a skilled worker before being reassembled… … Wikipedia
Advaxis — is a biotechnology company based in North Brunswick [ cite news |publisher=dBusiness News |title=Advaxis Enrolls Patients to Cervical Cancer Vaccine Trial date=Last accessed 05 28 06 |url=http://newyork.dbusinessnews.com/shownews.php?newsid=73910 … Wikipedia
