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41 Johnson, Thomas
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]fl. 1800s Englandd. after 1846[br]English developer of the sizing and beaming machine, and improver of the hand loom.[br]Thomas Johnson was an assistant to William Radcliffe c.1802 in his developments of the sizing machine and hand looms. Johnson is described by Edward Baines (1835) as "an ingenious but dissipated young man to whom he [Radcliffe] explained what he wanted, and whose fertile invention suggested a great variety of expedients, so that he obtained the name of the “conjuror” among his fellow-workmen". Johnson's genius, and Radcliffe's judgement and perseverance, at length produced the dressing-machine that was soon applied to power looms and made their use economic. Cotton warps had to be dressed with a starch paste to prevent them from fraying as they were being woven. Up to this time, the paste had had to be applied as the warp was unwound from the back of the loom, which meant that only short lengths could be treated and then left to dry, holding up the weaver. Radcliffe carried out the dressing and beaming in a separate machine so that weaving could proceed without interruption. Work on the dressing-machine was carried out in 1802 and patents were taken out in 1803 and 1804. These were made out in Johnson's name because Radcliffe was afraid that if his own name were used other people, particularly foreigners, would discover his secrets. Two more patents were taken out for improvements to hand looms. The first of these was a take-up motion for the woven cloth that automatically wound the cloth onto a roller as the weaver operated the loom. This was later incorporated by H.Horrocks into his own power loom design.Radcliffe and Johnson also developed the "dandy-loom", which was a more compact form of hand loom and later became adapted for weaving by power. Johnson was the inventor of the first circular or revolving temples, which kept the woven cloth at the right width. In the patent specifications there is a patent in 1805 by Thomas Johnson and James Kay for an improved power loom and another in 1807 for a vertical type of power loom. Johnson could have been involved with further patents in the 1830s and 1840s for vertical power looms and dressing-machines, which would put his death after 1846.[br]Bibliography1802, British patent no. 2,684 (dressing-machine).1803, British patent no. 2,771 (dressing-machine).1805, with James Kay, British patent no. 2,876 (power-loom). 1807, British patent no. 6,570 (vertical powerloom).Further ReadingThere is no general account of Johnson's life, but references to his work with Radcliffe may be found in A.Barlow, 1878, The History and Principles of Weaving by Hand and by Power, London; and in E.Baines, 1835, History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain, London.D.J.Jeremy, 1981, Transatlantic Industrial Revolution. The Diffusion of Textile Technologies Between Britain and America, 1790–1830s, Oxford (for the impact of the dressing-machine in America).RLH -
42 Johnson, Clarence Leonard (Kelly)
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 27 February 1910 Michigan, USAd. 21 December 1990 Burbank County, California, USA[br]American aircraft designer responsible for many outstanding Lockheed aircraft over a period of almost forty-eight years.[br]The large and successful Lockheed Aircraft Corporation grew out of a small company founded by Allan and Malcolm Loughhead (pronounced "Lockheed") in 1913. The company employed many notable designers such as Jack Northrop, Jerry Vultee and Lloyd Stearman, but the most productive was "Kelly" Johnson. After studying aeronautical engineering at the University of Michigan, Johnson joined Lockheed in 1933 and gained experience in all the branches of the design department. By 1938 he had been appointed Chief Research Engineer and became involved with the design of the P-38 Lightning twin-boom fighter and the Constellation airliner. In 1943 he set up a super-secret research and development organization called Advanced Development Projects, but this soon became known as the "Skunk Works": the name came from a very mysterious factory which made potions from skunks in the popular comic strip Li'lAbner. The first aircraft designed and built by Johnson's small hand-picked team was the XP-80 Shooting Star prototype jet fighter, which was produced in just 143 days: it became the United States' first production jet fighter. At this stage the Skunk Works produced a prototype, then the main Lockheed factories took over the production run. The F-104 Starfighter and the C-130 Hercules transport were produced in this way and became widely used in many countries. In 1954 work began on the U-2 reconnaissance aircraft which was so secret that production was carried out within the Skunk Works. This made the headlines in 1960 when one was shot down over Russia. Probably the most outstanding of Johnson's designs was the SR-71 Blackbird of 1964, a reconnaissance aircraft capable of flying at Mach 3 (three times the speed of sound). Johnson was not only a great designer, he was also an outstanding manager, and his methods—including his "14 Rules"—have been widely followed. He retired from the Lockheed board in 1980, having been involved in the design of some forty aircraft.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNational Medal of Freedom (the highest United States award for a civilian) 1964.Further ReadingObituary, 1991, Aerospace (Royal Aeronautical Society) (March).B.R.Rich, 1989, "The Skunk Works" management style: it's no secret', Aerospace (Royal Aeronautical Society) (March) (Rich was Johnson's successor).Details of Lockheed aircraft can be found in several publications, e.g.: R.J.Francillon, 1982, Lockheed Aircraft since 1913, London.JDSBiographical history of technology > Johnson, Clarence Leonard (Kelly)
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43 Johnson, Isaac Charles
[br]b. 28 January 1811 Vauxhall, London, Englandd. 29 November 1911 Gravesend (?), Kent, England[br]English contributor to the development of efficient hydraulic cements.[br]As a young man Johnson studied both chemistry and physics and gained some experience in the manufacture of cement before joining the firm of John Bazely White as Works Manager at Swanscombe in Kent in 1838. He spent some years investigating the production processes and left the firm to set up on his own in 1851 on the Limehouse Reach of the River Medway, moving later to Gateshead on the River Tyne. Johnson produced a cement that was a great improvement on that of Parker and of Frost: like William Aspdin (see Aspdin, Joseph), he made a true Portland cement by mixing chalk, clay and water, and then clinkering the mixture. He used local clay at Gateshead and had the chalk shipped from the Thames area. In 1872 Johnson patented an improved bottle kiln, called the Johnson Chamber Kiln; it was of horizontal design, which speeded up manufacturing processes.[br]Further ReadingA.J.Francis, The Cement Industry 1796–1914: A History, David \& Charles.DY -
44 Johnson, Samuel Waite
[br]b. 14 October 1831 Bramley, Leeds, Englandd. 14 January 1912 Nottingham, England[br]English locomotive engineer, designer of Midland Railway's successful compound locomotives.[br]After an apprenticeship with E.B.Wilson, Leeds, Johnson worked successively for the Great Northern, Manchester Sheffield \& Lincolnshire, Edinburgh \& Glasgow and Great Eastern Railways before being appointed Locomotive Superintendent of the Midland Railway in 1873. There he remained for the rest of his working life, becoming notable for well-designed, well-finished locomotives. Of these, the most famous were his 4–2–2 express locomotives, introduced in 1887. The use of a single pair of driving-wheels was made possible at this late date by application of steam sanding gear (invented in 1886 by F. Holt) to enable them to haul heavy trains without slipping. In 1901, almost at the end of his career, he produced the first Midland compound 4–4–0, with a single internal high-pressure cylinder and two external low-pressure ones. The system had been devised by W.M.Smith, working on the North Eastern Railway under Wilson Worsdell. These locomotives were successful enough to be developed and built in quantity by Johnson's successors and were adopted as a standard locomotive by the London Midland \& Scottish Railway after the grouping of 1923.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1898.Further ReadingC.Hamilton Ellis, 1958, Twenty Locomotive Men, Ian Allan, Ch. 11 (describes Johnson's career).E.L.Ahrons, 1927, The British Steam Railway Locomotive 1825–1925, The Locomotive Publishing Co. (describes Johnson's locomotives).PJGR -
45 Johnson and Johnson
n. Johnson and Johnson (groot Amerikaans bedrijf voor gezondheidsartikelen, geneesmiddelen en cosmetica, haar centrum in New Jersey) -
46 Johnson City
1) Город на северо-востоке штата Теннесси, в Большой Аппалачской долине [ Great Appalachian Valley]. 55,4 тыс. жителей (2000). Входит в МСА [ MSA] Джонсон-Сити - Кингспорт - Бристол (480 тыс. жителей.) Крупная лесопильная и деревообрабатывающая промышленность. Производство паркета, химических волокон, ЭВМ, подшипников. Крупный рынок табака. Национальный лесной заповедник "Чероки" [Cherokee National Forest]. Первый капитолий Юго-Западной территории [Southwest Territory] - Роки-Маунт [Rocky Mount] - построен в 17702) Населенный пункт [ village] на юге штата Нью-Йорк, на р. Саскуэханна [ Susquehanna River], между г. Эндикотт и г. Бингемтон, с которыми образует Тройной город [Triple Cities]. 15,5 тыс. жителей (2000). Основан в 1892. Крупная обувная промышленность [Endicott Johnson Shoe Co.]. Производство оборудования для обувной промышленности3) Городок в центре штата Техас. Около 1 тыс. жителей. Основан предками президента Л. Джонсона [ Johnson, Lyndon Baines (LBJ)]. Среди достопримечательностей: Национальный исторический заповедник Линдона Б. Джонсона [ Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park], парк штата "Педернейлс-Фолс" [Pedernales Falls State Park]English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Johnson City
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47 Johnson v. Transportation Agency
эк. тр., юр., амер. Джонсон против "Транспортэйшен Эйдженси"* (название судебного прецедента 1987 г., определившего обратную дискриминацию по половому признаку как незаконную)Syn:Johnson v. Transportation Agency, Santa Clara County, California, Johnson v. Transportation Agency, Santa Clara County, CaliforniaSee:Англо-русский экономический словарь > Johnson v. Transportation Agency
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48 Johnson Space Center
Находится в г. Хьюстоне, шт. Техас. В его составе центр управления полетами пилотируемых объектов [mission control]. Занимается также отбором и подготовкой астронавтов [ astronaut], проектированием, разработкой и испытанием космических кораблей. При Центре открыт музей истории освоения космического пространства, среди экспонатов которого спутники и космические корабли. Назван в честь президента Л. Б. Джонсона [ Johnson, Lyndon Baines (LBJ)].тж Lyndon B. Johnson Space CenterEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Johnson Space Center
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49 Johnson theorem
межд. эк. теорема Джонсона (усовершенствование технологии в экспортирующей отрасли ведет к относительному росту производства и экспорта в ней и сокращению производства в других отраслях, тем самым ухудшая условия торговли)See: -
50 Johnson v. Transportation Agency, Santa Clara County, California
эк. тр., юр., амер. = Johnson v. Transportation AgencyАнгло-русский экономический словарь > Johnson v. Transportation Agency, Santa Clara County, California
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51 Johnson, Harry Gordon
перс.межд. эк. Джонсон, Гарри Гордон (1923-1977; канадский экономист, автор теории оптимального тарифа и детальных теоретических исследований относительных преимуществ)See: -
52 Johnson, Marguerite
Maya Angelou (1928 —), Майя А́нджелу, амер. писательница и поэтесса; урожденная Маргарит Джонсон (Marguerite Johnson)Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > Johnson, Marguerite
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53 Johnson-Rauschen
n <el> ■ thermal noise; Johnson noise; Nyquist noise; thermal agitation noise; resistance noise -
54 Johnson noise
<el> ■ thermisches Rauschen n ; Johnson-Rauschen n ; Nyquist-Rauschen n ; Wärmerauschen n< phys> ■ Widerstandsrauschen n -
55 Johnson and Lark Horowitz formula
formula Johnson dan Lark HorowitzEnglish-Indonesian dictionary > Johnson and Lark Horowitz formula
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56 Johnson crystal geometry
geometri hablur Johnson -
57 Johnson noise
derau Johnson -
58 Johnson Act
English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Johnson Act
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59 Johnson Debt Default Act of 1934
Запрещал предоставление займов иностранному государству, правительство которого задолжало США по прежним займамтж Johnson ActEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Johnson Debt Default Act of 1934
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60 Johnson Doctrine for Asia
ист, политВнешнеполитическая программа, сформулированная в ряде выступлений президента Джонсона [ Johnson, Lyndon Baines (LBJ)] в 1965-66 в условиях эскалации войны во Вьетнаме [ Vietnam War] и нарастания внешнеполитических и внутриполитических трудностей, порожденных этой войной. Доктрина выдвигала азиатский регион в число приоритетных направлений американской внешней политикиEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Johnson Doctrine for Asia
См. также в других словарях:
Johnson — bezeichnet: Johnson (Familienname), siehe dort Namensträger und Etymologie Johnson ist der Name folgender Unternehmen Howard Johnson s, US amerikanische Hotelkette Johnson Johnson, US amerikanischer Kosmetikahersteller und Pharmakonzern Johnson… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Johnson — Johnson, Andrew Johnson, Eyvind Johnson, Lyndon Baines Johnson, Philip Johnson, Samuel * * * (as used in expressions) . Marguerite Johnson Bunche, Ralph (Johnson) Field, Stephen J(ohnson) Heade, Martin Johnson Johnson … Enciclopedia Universal
Johnson — [ dʒɔnsn], 1) Andrew, 17. Präsident der USA (1865 69), * Raleigh (North C.) 29. 12. 1808, ✝ Carter Station (Tennessee) 31. 7. 1875; Schneider, war 1843 53 Kongressabgeordneter, 1853 57 Gouverneur von Tennessee. 1861 stand er als einziger… … Universal-Lexikon
Johnson — Johnson, AR U.S. city in Arkansas Population (2000): 2319 Housing Units (2000): 990 Land area (2000): 3.087187 sq. miles (7.995777 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 3.087187 sq. miles (7.995777 sq … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Johnson — hace referencia a: Brian Johnson, Vocalista del grupo Australiano AC/DC; Alexz Johnson, actriz y cantante canadiense; Andrew Johnson, 17º presidente de EE.UU; Eric Johnson, músico estadounidense; Holly Johnson, cantante británico (Frankie Goes to … Wikipedia Español
JOHNSON (L. B.) — JOHNSON LYNDON BAINES (1908 1973) Né au Texas dans une famille pauvre, Lyndon Johnson participe de la mythologie américaine du président né dans une cabane de rondins. Cette pauvreté n’est cependant pas le comble de la déchéance, puisque son père … Encyclopédie Universelle
JOHNSON (S.) — Bien qu’il n’ait laissé en aucun genre une œuvre de premier plan, l’écrivain anglais Samuel Johnson, communément appelé le Dr Johnson, domine son siècle de sa réputation et de son autorité. Il a donné son nom à l’époque littéraire comprise entre… … Encyclopédie Universelle
JOHNSON (E. O. V.) — JOHNSON EYVIND OLOF VERNER (1900 1976) Le romancier suédois Eyvind Johnson représentait l’une des tendances littéraires les plus originales qu’ait connues la Suède en ce XXe siècle; c’est d’ailleurs à ce titre que, conjointement avec son… … Encyclopédie Universelle
JOHNSON (U.) — JOHNSON UWE (1934 1984) D’origine poméranienne, Uwe Johnson a fait ses études de germanistique à Rostock et à Leipzig, avant de s’établir en 1959 en République fédérale. Il a donc vécu de manière directe le problème de la séparation des deux… … Encyclopédie Universelle
JOHNSON (P. C.) — JOHNSON PHILIP CORTELYOU (1906 ) Architecte américain. Après des études à l’université Harvard, Johnson débute comme critique et historien de l’architecture contemporaine. Propagandiste fervent du mouvement rationaliste, il organise en 1932 une… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Johnson — (Andrew) (1808 1875) homme politique américain. élu vice président (républicain) des États Unis en 1864, il succéda à Lincoln, assassiné en 1865. Johnson (Benjamin, dit Ben) (né en 1961) athlète canadien d origine jamaïquaine. Champion du monde… … Encyclopédie Universelle
