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  • 1 ♦ December

    ♦ December /dɪˈsɛmbə(r)/
    A n. [uc]
    dicembre: in December, in dicembre; in December 2006, nel dicembre del 2006; on December 10th (o on the 10th of December) il 10 dicembre; in early [late] December, all'inizio [alla fine] di dicembre; in mid December, a metà dicembre; by the end of December, entro la fine di dicembre; We go to Paris every December, in dicembre andiamo sempre a Parigi
    B a. attr.
    di dicembre; dicembrino: It was a cold December day, era una fredda giornata di dicembre.

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ December

  • 2 dejar

    v.
    1 to leave, to put.
    dejó los papeles en la mesa he put o left the papers on the table
    deja el abrigo en la percha put your coat on the hanger
    he dejado la moto muy cerca I've left o parked my motorbike nearby
    Ricardo dejó a Ilse Richard left Ilse.
    Fuss dejó a Ricardo en la escuela Fuss left=dropped off Richard at school.
    Dejé mi trabajo anterior I left my former job.
    El viejo le dejó su dinero a su hijo The old man left his money to his son.
    2 to leave (abandonar) (casa, trabajo, país).
    dejar algo por imposible to give something up as a lost cause
    dejar a alguien atrás to leave somebody behind
    su marido la ha dejado her husband has left her
    te dejo, tengo que irme I have to leave you now, I must go
    3 to leave out.
    dejar algo por o sin hacer to fail to do something
    dejó lo más importante por resolver he left the most important question unresolved
    4 to forget (about).
    ¡déjame, que tengo trabajo! leave me alone, I'm busy!
    déjame tranquilo o en paz leave me alone o in peace
    déjalo, no importa forget it, it doesn't matter
    5 to leave behind, to clear out of, to leave.
    Missy dejó su bolso en su apuro Missy left behind her purse in the rush.
    6 to be given, to inherit, to receive.
    Se me dejó dinero en el testamento I was given money in the will.
    7 to let, to allow to.
    Dejé al perro salir a la calle I allowed the dog to go outside.
    8 to be allowed to.
    Se nos dejó ir We were allowed to go.
    9 to be left.
    Se nos dejó asombrados We were left astonished.
    10 to quit, to give up, to abandon, to relinquish.
    Ella dejó y se fue She quitted and left.
    11 to lend, to lend out.
    * * *
    1 (colocar) to leave, put
    2 (abandonar - persona, lugar) to leave; (- hábito, cosa, actividad) to give up
    3 (permitir) to allow, let
    4 (prestar) to lend
    5 (ceder) to give
    6 (producir dinero) to bring in, make
    7 (producir humo, ceniza) to produce, leave
    8 (esperar) to wait
    9 (aplazar) to put off
    10 (omitir) to leave out, omit
    12 (legar) to bequeath, leave
    1 dejar de + inf (cesar - voluntariamente) to stop + gerund, give up + gerund; (- involuntariamente) to stop + gerund
    2 no dejar de + inf not to fail to + inf
    3 dejar + past participle
    1 (abandonarse) to neglect oneself, let oneself go
    2 (olvidar) to forget, leave behind
    3 (permitir) to let oneself, allow oneself to
    1 (cesar) to stop
    \
    dejar algo por imposible to give up on something
    dejar caer to drop
    dejar en paz to leave alone
    dejar frío,-a figurado to leave cold
    dejar mal a alguien to make somebody look bad
    dejar plantado,-a a alguien to stand somebody up
    dejar preocupado,-a to worry
    dejarse caer to drop, fall 2 (en casa de alguien) to drop in
    dejarse llevar por alguien to be influenced by somebody
    dejarse llevar por algo to get carried away with something
    dejarse oír (gen) to be heard 2 (gritar) to make oneself heard
    dejarse sentir el frío/verano/invierno to feel the cold/summer/winter
    * * *
    verb
    4) let
    5) allow, permit
    •
    - dejarse
    * * *
    Para las expresiones dar importancia, dar ejemplo, dar las gracias, dar clases, dar a conocer, dar a entender, darse prisa, ver la otra entrada.
    1. VERBO TRANSITIVO
    1) (=poner, soltar) to leave

    dejé 1.500 euros de entrada — I put down 1,500 euros as a deposit

    • dejar algo [aparte] — to leave sth aside

    • dejar [atrás] — [+ corredor, vehículo adelantado, competidor] to leave behind

    se vino de Holanda, dejando atrás a su familia — he came over from Holland, leaving his family behind

    • dejar algo a un [lado] — to set sth aside

    2) [al desaparecer, morir] to leave
    3) (=guardar)

    ¿me habéis dejado algo de tarta? — have you left {o} saved me some cake?

    4) (=abandonar)
    a) [+ actividad, empleo] to give up

    • dejar la [bebida] — to give up drink, stop drinking

    b) [+ persona, lugar] to leave
    c) [en coche] to drop off

    ¿te dejo en tu casa? — shall I drop you off at your place?

    5) (=no molestar)

    deja ya el ordenador, que lo vas a romper — leave the computer alone, you're going to break it

    déjame, quiero estar solo — leave me be, I want to be alone

    ¡déjalo! — (=¡no hagas eso!) stop it!; (=no te preocupes) forget it!, don't worry about it!

    • dejar [así] las cosas — to leave things as they are

    • ¡déjame [en paz]!, ¡déjame [tranquilo]! — leave me alone!

    6) (=posponer)

    • dejar algo [para] — to leave sth till

    7) (=prestar) to lend

    ¿me dejas diez euros? — can you lend me ten euros?

    ¿me dejas el coche? — can I borrow the car?, will you lend me the car?

    8) (=permitir) + infin to let

    dejar pasar a algn — to let sb through {o} past

    dejar que ({+ subjun})

    dejar que las cosas vayan de mal en peor — to let things go {o} allow things to go from bad to worse

    9) [indicando resultado]
    + adj

    me dejó confundido — she left me confused, she confused me

    • dejar algo [como nuevo], me han dejado el abrigo como nuevo — my coat was as good as new when it came back from them

    10) (=producir)
    [+ dinero]
    11) dejar que (=esperar)

    deja que me toque la lotería y verás — just wait till I win the lottery, then you'll see

    12) (=omitir) to leave out, forget
    2.
    VERBO INTRANSITIVO [con una actividad]

    deja, ya lo hago yo — leave it, I'll do it

    deja, yo lo pago — no {o} it's all right, I'll pay for it

    dejar de hacer algo [por un momento] to stop doing sth; [por una temporada] to give up doing sth, stop doing sth

    cuando deje de llover — when it stops raining, when the rain stops

    ¡déja de hacer eso! — stop that!

    yo dejé de ir hace muchos años — I gave up {o} stopped going years ago

    no puedo dejar de fumar — I can't give up {o} stop smoking

    cuando murió su padre dejó de comer — when her father died she stopped eating {o} she went off her food

    no dejar de ({+ infin})

    no dejes de visitarlos — don't fail to visit them, make sure you visit them

    3.
    See:
    DEJAR Dejar en el sentido de prestar se puede traducir al inglés empleando borrow o lend. Borrow se usa cuando el sujeto es quien pide (significa tomar prestado) y lend cuando el sujeto es quien da (significa dejar prestado): ¿Me dejas tus botas de esquiar? Can I borrow your ski boots? o Can you lend me your ski boots? ¿Me podrías dejar tu reloj? Could I borrow your watch? o Could you lend me your watch? NOTA: Borrow y lend no se utilizan normalmente con cosas que no pueden trasladarse de un sitio a otro: ¿Me dejas tu casa de campo este fin de semana? Can I use your house in the country this weekend? Para otros usos y ejemplos ver la entrada
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( en lugar determinado) to leave

    lo dejé en recepción/en la mesa — I left it in reception/on the table

    ¿cuánto se deja de propina? — how much do you leave as a tip?

    déjala, ella no tuvo la culpa — leave her alone, it wasn't her fault

    dejar mucho que desear — to leave a great deal to be desired

    b) ( olvidar) to leave
    c) ( como herencia) to leave
    2)
    a) <marca/mancha/huella> to leave
    b) < ganancia> to produce
    3) ( abandonar) <novia/marido> to leave; < familia> to leave, abandon; < trabajo> to give up, leave; < lugar> to leave
    4) (+ compl)
    a) ( en cierto estado) to leave

    el avión/bus nos dejó — (Col, Ven) we missed the plane/bus

    me lo dejó en 1.000 pesos — he let me have it for 1,000 pesos

    dejar algo/a alguien estar — to let something/somebody be (colloq), to leave something/somebody alone; lado 5)

    b) (CS)
    5)
    a) ( posponer) leave

    no lo dejes para después, hazlo ahora — don't put it off o leave it until later, do it now

    b) (reservar, guardar) <espacio/margen> to leave
    6) ( permitir)

    dejar algo/a alguien + inf — to let something/somebody + inf

    déjalo entrar/salir — let it/him in/out

    ¿me dejas ir? — will you let me go?

    dejar que algo/alguien + subj — to let somebody/something + inf

    7)
    a)
    b)

    dejar caer — < objeto> to drop; < comentario> to let... drop

    2.
    a) ( cesar)

    dejar de + inf — to stop -ing

    deja de llorar/importunarme — stop crying/bothering me

    b) (omitir, no hacer)

    dejar de + inf: no dejes de escribirme en cuanto llegues make sure you write as soon as you get there; no dejes de recordarles que... be sure to remind them that...; es algo que no deja de sorprenderme — it's something I still find surprising

    3.
    dejarse v pron
    1)
    a) ( abandonarse) to let oneself go
    b)

    dejarse + inf: se deja dominar por la envidia he lets his feelings of envy get the better of him; se deja convencer fácilmente he's easily persuaded; dejarse llevar por la música to let oneself be carried along by the music; no te dejes, tú también pégale (AmL exc RPl) don't just take it, hit him back (colloq); nunca te dejas ver we never seem to see you; dejarse estar (AmL): no te dejes estar you'd better do something; si nos dejamos estar vamos a perder el contrato — if we don't get our act together we'll lose the contract

    2) <barba/bigote> to grow
    3) (esp Esp fam) ( olvidar) to leave

    me dejé el dinero en casa — I left my/the money at home

    4) dejarse de (fam)

    déjate de lamentaciones/de rodeos — stop complaining/beating about the bush

    * * *
    = cease, dump, leave, let, forsake, put down, drop off, maroon, flake out, let + go of, go + cold turkey, leave off, walk out on.
    Ex. After collection has ceased (because a point of diminishing returns appears to have been reached), the cards must be put into groups of 'like' terms.
    Ex. The books may simply be laid before the librarian as they are found, ' dumped in his lap', as one writer puts it.
    Ex. Many libraries are reluctant to reclassify stock and many libraries leave stock classified according to earlier editions long after the earlier edition has been superseded.
    Ex. If the user does not know what the answer is, he stops the command chain at that point, lets the system show an intermediate display for guidance, and then continues his work.
    Ex. Indeed, she was delighted to forsake the urban reality of steel and glass, traffic and crime, aspirin and litter, for the sort of over-the-fence friendliness of the smaller city.
    Ex. The implication is that these are books to be picked up, looked at, leafed through and put down again.
    Ex. That they received regular visits from people who dropped off packages on a regular basis along with money.
    Ex. A seemingly simple tale of schoolboys marooned on an island, the novel 'Lord of the Flies' is an enigmatic and provocative piece of literature.
    Ex. The actress flaked out again and the director is trying to line up a replacement.
    Ex. For one, large areas of city were in the hands of the Mafia, who was not eager to let got of their vested interests.
    Ex. Judging by the critical responses to the article so far, it looks like the world isn't quite ready to go cold turkey on its religion addiction.
    Ex. This book takes up the thread where Volume One left off.
    Ex. There are many thankless jobs in this world, but does that mean you can just walk out on them for your own selfish reasons?.
    ----
    * como el perro del hortelano que ni come ni deja comer = a dog in the manger.
    * dejando a un lado = apart from.
    * dejar a Alguien atónito = leave + Nombre + breathless, leave + Nombre + speechless.
    * dejar a Alguien boquiabierto = leave + Nombre + gagging, make + Posesivo + eyes + pop (out).
    * dejar a Alguien colgado = hang + Nombre + out to dry.
    * dejar a Alguien embarazada = knock + Alguien + up.
    * dejar a Alguien en estado = knock + Alguien + up.
    * dejar a Alguien en la cuneta = leave + Alguien + in the lurch.
    * dejar a Alguien en la estacada = leave + Alguien + in the lurch, hang + Nombre + out to dry.
    * dejar a Alguien en la ignorancia = leave + Nombre + in the dark.
    * dejar a Alguien estupefacto = leave + Nombre + speechless, astound, make + Posesivo + eyes + pop (out).
    * dejar a Alguien inconsciente = knock + Nombre + out, knock + Nombre + unconscious.
    * dejar a Alguien patidifuso = make + Posesivo + eyes + pop (out).
    * dejar a Alguien plantado = leave + Alguien + in the lurch.
    * dejar a Alguien preñada = knock + Alguien + up.
    * dejar a Alguien que se las apañe como pueda = leave + Alguien + to sink or swim.
    * dejar a Alguien que se las apañe solo = leave + Pronombre + to + Posesivo + own devices.
    * dejar a Alguien que se las arregle solo = leave + Pronombre + to + Posesivo + own devices.
    * dejar a Alguien sin aliento = leave + Nombre + breathless, leave + Nombre + speechless.
    * dejar a Alguien sin sentido = knock + Nombre + out, knock + Nombre + unconscious.
    * dejar a Alguien sin trabajo = put + Nombre + out of work.
    * dejar a Alguien sin un duro = take + Nombre + to the cleaners.
    * dejar abierta la posibilidad de que = leave + open the possibility that.
    * dejar a la buena de Dios = leave + Nombre + out in the cold.
    * dejar a la posteridad = bequeath to + posterity.
    * dejar al descubierto = lay + bare.
    * dejar Algo a la suerte = leave + Nombre + to chance.
    * dejar Algo al azar = leave + Nombre + to chance.
    * dejar Algo al criterio de Alguien = leave + Nombre + up to.
    * dejar Algo aparcado = put + Nombre + on ice, put + Nombre + on mothballs.
    * dejar Algo completamente destrozado = leave + Nombre + in shambles.
    * dejar Algo para otro día = take + a rain cheque.
    * dejar a oscuras = cut out + light.
    * dejar aparte = leave + aside.
    * dejar a + Posesivo + suerte = strand.
    * dejar a su aire = leave to + Reflexivo, leave + unchecked.
    * dejar atónito = stun, astound.
    * dejar atrás = leave + behind, outstrip, outpace, outdistance, leave + Nombre + behind, leave by + the wayside, move on from.
    * dejar a una lado = put + Nombre + to one side.
    * dejar a un lado = put + aside, move + beyond, lay + Nombre + aside, leave by + the wayside.
    * dejar bastante que desear = fall (far) short of + ideal, leave + a lot to be desired, leave + much to be desired.
    * dejar bien claro = make + it + crystal clear, make + Reflexivo + crystal clear.
    * dejar caer = drop, dump.
    * dejar caer insinuaciones = throw + hints.
    * dejar caer un indirecta = drop + a hint.
    * dejar ciego = blind.
    * dejar claro = make + it + clear, hammer + home + message, make + plain, send + a clear signal that.
    * dejar claro que = make + the point that.
    * dejar como + estar = leave + untouched.
    * dejar con el culo al aire = leave + Nombre + out in the cold.
    * dejar constancia de = record.
    * dejar de = cease to, relax + the grip on.
    * dejar de actualizar el catálogo = close down + catalogue.
    * dejar de circular = drop out of + circulation.
    * dejar de existir = be no more.
    * dejar de fumar = stop + smoking, quit + smoking, smoking cessation.
    * dejar de funcionar = go down, cease to + function, go + belly up, flake out, go + dead, pack up.
    * dejar de gustar = go off.
    * dejar de hacer huelga = cross + the picket line.
    * dejar de hacer sufrir = put + Nombre + out of + Posesivo + misery.
    * dejar de + Infinitivo = skip + Gerundio, give up + Gerundio, stop + Gerundio.
    * dejar de lado = leave + aside, forego [forgo].
    * dejar de percatarse de = become + blind to.
    * dejar de pie = leave + standing.
    * dejar de publicarse = cease + publication.
    * dejar de remar = lie on + Posesivo + oars, rest on + Posesivo + oars.
    * dejar desamparado = leave + Nombre + out in the cold, leave + unprotected.
    * dejar de ser actual = date.
    * dejar de ser popular = outlive + Posesivo + popularity.
    * dejar de ser útil = outlive + Posesivo + usefulness.
    * dejar desguarnecido = leave + unprotected.
    * dejar de sonreír = extinguish + smile.
    * dejar desprotegido = leave + unprotected, leave + Nombre + out in the cold.
    * dejar desvalido = leave + unprotected.
    * dejar de trabajar temporalmente = career break.
    * dejar de ver = become + blind to.
    * dejar dormido = put + Nombre + to sleep.
    * dejar el agua correr = let bygones be bygones.
    * dejar el hábito = kick + the habit.
    * dejar el nido = fly + the nest, leave + the nest.
    * dejar el puesto de trabajo = resign from + Posesivo + post.
    * dejar el trabajo = resign from + Posesivo + post, quit + Posesivo + job, jump + ship.
    * dejar en adobo = marinade.
    * dejar en blanco = leave + blank.
    * dejar encargado = leave in + charge.
    * dejar en el dique seco = mothball.
    * dejar en evidencia = call + Posesivo + bluff.
    * dejar en garantía = pledge.
    * dejar en herencia = bequeath.
    * dejar en la cuneta = ditch.
    * dejar en la estacada = leave + Nombre + high and dry, be left out on a limb.
    * dejar en libertad para + Infinitivo = afford + the freedom to + Infinitivo.
    * dejar en prenda = pledge.
    * dejar en remojo = steep.
    * dejar en ridículo = make + a joke of, put + Nombre + to shame.
    * dejar en segundo plano = overshadow.
    * dejar en suspenso = put into + abeyance.
    * dejar en testamento = will.
    * dejar entrever = provide + a glimpse of, hint, insinuate, hint at, give + a hint, intimate.
    * dejar escapar a Alguien = let + Nombre + escape.
    * dejar espacio para = leave + room for.
    * dejar estupefacto = stagger.
    * dejar frío a Alguien = knock + Nombre + cold.
    * dejar frío y vacío = leave + Nombre + cold and empty.
    * dejar fuera = leave out, cut out, count + Nombre + out, leave + Nombre + out of the picture, drop + Nombre + out of the picture.
    * dejar fuera de combate = lay + Nombre + low.
    * dejar fuera del equipo = sideline.
    * dejar hecho polvo = screw + Nombre + up.
    * dejar huella = leave + Posesivo + mark, cut + a swath(e), leave + a trace, touch + Posesivo + life, leave + an impression, leave + an imprint, make + an impression.
    * dejar huellas = leave + footprints.
    * dejar huérfano = orphan.
    * dejar incompleto = leave + unfinished.
    * dejar inconsciente = overcome, knock + the hell out out of, leave + unconscious.
    * dejar indefenso = leave + unprotected.
    * dejar intacto = leave + intact, leave + untouched.
    * dejar la cuestión abierta = leave + the question open.
    * dejar la empresa = jump + ship.
    * dejar la puerta abierta a = open + the door to.
    * dejar la puerta abierta de par en par = leave + the door wide open.
    * dejar las armas = put down + weapons.
    * dejar las cosas como están = let + the matter + rest, let + sleeping dogs lie.
    * dejar las cosas tranquilas = let + sleeping dogs lie.
    * dejar las manos de uno libres de = free + Posesivo + hands from.
    * dejar la tierra en barbecho = let + farmland lie fallow.
    * dejar libertad para + Infinitivo = leave + Nombre + free to + Infinitivo.
    * dejar libre = vacate, leave + vacant.
    * dejar limpio a Alguien = take + Nombre + to the cleaners.
    * dejar lisiado = lame.
    * dejarlo a la discreción de = leave + it to the discretion of.
    * dejarlo en paz = give + it a rest, let + it drop.
    * dejarlo para última hora = leave + it until the last minute.
    * dejar los campos en barbecho = let + fields lie fallow.
    * dejar los estudios = drop out (from school), drop out of + school.
    * dejar marcado = scar.
    * dejar margen = allow + margin.
    * dejar mella = leave + an impression, touch + Posesivo + life, leave + Posesivo + mark, cut + a swath(e), leave + an imprint, make + an impression.
    * dejar mucho que desear = fall (far) short of + ideal, leave + a lot to be desired, leave + much to be desired.
    * dejar para cuando = move to + a time when.
    * dejar pasar = pass up, forego [forgo], let through.
    * dejar pasar a Alguien = let + Alguien + by.
    * dejar pasar Algo = put + Nombre + behind.
    * dejar pasar una oportunidad = forego + opportunity, miss + opportunity, pass up + opportunity, miss + chance.
    * dejar pasmado = stagger.
    * dejar paso = step + aside.
    * dejar paso (a) = give + way (to).
    * dejar pelado a Alguien = take + Nombre + to the cleaners.
    * dejar perplejo = puzzle, mystify, perplex, stump, blow + Posesivo + mind, bewilder, nonplus.
    * dejar plantado = walk out on.
    * dejar que Alguien haga las cosas a su manera = let + Nombre + do things + Posesivo + (own) way.
    * dejar que Alguien se las arregle solo = leave (up) to + Posesivo + own resources, leave to + Posesivo + own devices.
    * dejar que Alguien se salga con la suya = let + Nombre + do things + Posesivo + (own) way.
    * dejar que Alguien se vaya = let + Nombre + go.
    * dejar que desear = leave + something + to be desired, leave + a bit to be desired.
    * dejar que se pudra = leave to + rot.
    * dejar que + Subjuntivo = allow + Infinitivo.
    * dejar rastro = leave + a trace.
    * dejarse arrastrar = go with + the flow, go along with + the flow.
    * dejarse arrastrar por la corriente = go with + the flow, go along with + the flow.
    * dejarse caer = drop by, drop in, slump, droop, mosey.
    * dejarse el pellejo = play out + Posesivo + skin, work + Posesivo + butt off, sweat + blood, slog + Posesivo + guts out, give + Posesivo + all.
    * dejarse el pellejo trabajando = work + Posesivo + fingers to the bone.
    * dejarse embaucar = get + sucked in.
    * dejarse engañar = fall for, get + sucked in.
    * dejarse guiar por el instinto = fly by + the seat of + Posesivo + pants.
    * dejarse la piel = sweat + blood, work + Posesivo + butt off, slog + Posesivo + guts out, play out + Posesivo + skin.
    * dejarse la piel trabajando = work + Posesivo + fingers to the bone.
    * dejarse llevar = become + carried away by, drift along, drift, coast along, go with + the flow, let + go, go along with + the flow.
    * dejarse llevar fácilmente = be easily led.
    * dejarse llevar (por) = fall + victim to, give + way (to).
    * dejarse llevar por el instinto = fly by + the seat of + Posesivo + pants.
    * dejarse llevar por el pánico = panic.
    * dejarse llevar por la corriente = go with + the flow, go along with + the flow.
    * dejarse ver = have + visibility.
    * dejar sin cambiar = leave + unchanged.
    * dejar sin hacer = leave + undone.
    * dejar sin palabras = leave + Nombre + speechless, nonplus.
    * dejar sin poder = disempower.
    * dejar sin protección = leave + unprotected.
    * dejar sin referente a una referencia anafórica = dangle + anaphoric reference.
    * dejar sin tocar = leave + Nombre + alone, leave + Nombre + undisturbed.
    * dejar sin trabajo = put + Nombre + out of work.
    * dejar sitio (a) = make + room (for), make + way (for).
    * dejar solo = leave + Alguien + alone, leave + Nombre + alone, leave + Nombre + undisturbed.
    * dejar su impronta en = set + Posesivo + stamp on.
    * dejar tiempo = free up + time.
    * dejar tiempo libre = free up + time.
    * dejar tirado = strand, walk out on.
    * dejar tranquilo = leave + Nombre + undisturbed.
    * dejar tras sí = leave + behind.
    * dejar una cicatriz = scar.
    * dejar una huella imborrable = leave + a lasting impression, leave + a lasting memory.
    * dejar una impresión = leave with + the impression, leave + an impression, leave + an imprint, make + an impression.
    * dejar una marca = leave + Posesivo + mark.
    * dejar una pista = leave + a trace.
    * dejar (un) buen sabor de boca = leave + a good taste in + Posesivo + mouth.
    * dejar un cargo = resign + office, step down from + Posesivo + position, leave + office.
    * dejar un grato sabor de boca = leave + a good taste in + Posesivo + mouth.
    * dejar un hábito = stop + habit.
    * dejar un hueco = leave + gap.
    * dejar un mal sabor de boca = leave + a bad taste in + Posesivo + mouth.
    * dejar un puesto de trabajo = resign from + Posesivo + position.
    * dejar un reguero de = leave + a trail of.
    * dejar un sabor amargo en la boca = leave + a bitter aftertaste.
    * dejar un trabajo = quit, resign + Posesivo + post.
    * dejar vacante = leave + vacant.
    * dejar vacío = leave + vacant.
    * dejar vulnerable = leave + unprotected, leave + Nombre/Reflexivo + vulnerable.
    * desaparecer sin dejar huella = evaporate into + thin air, vanish into + thin air, disappear into + thin air, disappear without + a trace, disappear into + the blue, vanish into + the blue.
    * desaparecer sin dejar rastro = evaporate into + thin air, disappear into + thin air, disappear without + a trace, disappear into + the blue, vanish into + the blue.
    * desapareder sin dejar rastro = vanish into + thin air.
    * estar tan bueno que no se puede dejar de comer = moreish.
    * golpear a Alguien hasta dejarlo inconsciente = beat + Nombre + unconscious.
    * los efectos negativos se están dejando sentir ahora = chickens come home to roost.
    * lo tomas o lo dejas = take it or leave it.
    * no dejar a nadie fuera = inclusivity.
    * no dejar de enviar + Nombre = keep + Nombre + coming.
    * no dejar de mandar + Nombre = keep + Nombre + coming.
    * no dejar duda = leave + little doubt.
    * no dejar entrar = turn + Nombre + away, keep out.
    * no dejar ninguna duda = leave + no doubt.
    * no dejar ni un cabo suelto = tie up + all the loose ends.
    * no dejar pasar = keep out.
    * no dejar pasar la oportunidad = ride + the wave.
    * no dejar títere con cabeza = turn + everything upside down.
    * no poder dejar de mencionar = cannot but notice.
    * no poder dejar de recalcar la importancia de Algo = the importance of + Nombre + cannot be stressed too strongly.
    * no se puede dejar de recalcar el + Nombre + de = the + Nombre + of + Nombre + cannot be overemphasised.
    * no se puede dejar de recalcar el + Nombre + of = the + Nombre + of + Nombre + cannot be overstated.
    * no se puede dejar de recalcar la importancia de Algo = the importance of + Nombre + cannot be overstressed, the importance of + Nombre + cannot be overstated.
    * persona que deja un trabajo = leaver.
    * persuadir a Alguien para que deje Algo = lure away from.
    * programa + dejar de funcionar = programme + crash.
    * sin dejar huella = into thin air.
    * sin dejar nada fuera = the works!.
    * sin dejar rastro = into thin air.
    * sin dejarse amedrentar por = undaunted by.
    * sin dejarse amilanar por = undaunted by.
    * sin dejarse desanimar = undaunted.
    * sin dejarse intimidar por = undaunted by.
    * sistema + dejar de funcionar = system + crash.
    * vive y deja vivir = live and let live.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( en lugar determinado) to leave

    lo dejé en recepción/en la mesa — I left it in reception/on the table

    ¿cuánto se deja de propina? — how much do you leave as a tip?

    déjala, ella no tuvo la culpa — leave her alone, it wasn't her fault

    dejar mucho que desear — to leave a great deal to be desired

    b) ( olvidar) to leave
    c) ( como herencia) to leave
    2)
    a) <marca/mancha/huella> to leave
    b) < ganancia> to produce
    3) ( abandonar) <novia/marido> to leave; < familia> to leave, abandon; < trabajo> to give up, leave; < lugar> to leave
    4) (+ compl)
    a) ( en cierto estado) to leave

    el avión/bus nos dejó — (Col, Ven) we missed the plane/bus

    me lo dejó en 1.000 pesos — he let me have it for 1,000 pesos

    dejar algo/a alguien estar — to let something/somebody be (colloq), to leave something/somebody alone; lado 5)

    b) (CS)
    5)
    a) ( posponer) leave

    no lo dejes para después, hazlo ahora — don't put it off o leave it until later, do it now

    b) (reservar, guardar) <espacio/margen> to leave
    6) ( permitir)

    dejar algo/a alguien + inf — to let something/somebody + inf

    déjalo entrar/salir — let it/him in/out

    ¿me dejas ir? — will you let me go?

    dejar que algo/alguien + subj — to let somebody/something + inf

    7)
    a)
    b)

    dejar caer — < objeto> to drop; < comentario> to let... drop

    2.
    a) ( cesar)

    dejar de + inf — to stop -ing

    deja de llorar/importunarme — stop crying/bothering me

    b) (omitir, no hacer)

    dejar de + inf: no dejes de escribirme en cuanto llegues make sure you write as soon as you get there; no dejes de recordarles que... be sure to remind them that...; es algo que no deja de sorprenderme — it's something I still find surprising

    3.
    dejarse v pron
    1)
    a) ( abandonarse) to let oneself go
    b)

    dejarse + inf: se deja dominar por la envidia he lets his feelings of envy get the better of him; se deja convencer fácilmente he's easily persuaded; dejarse llevar por la música to let oneself be carried along by the music; no te dejes, tú también pégale (AmL exc RPl) don't just take it, hit him back (colloq); nunca te dejas ver we never seem to see you; dejarse estar (AmL): no te dejes estar you'd better do something; si nos dejamos estar vamos a perder el contrato — if we don't get our act together we'll lose the contract

    2) <barba/bigote> to grow
    3) (esp Esp fam) ( olvidar) to leave

    me dejé el dinero en casa — I left my/the money at home

    4) dejarse de (fam)

    déjate de lamentaciones/de rodeos — stop complaining/beating about the bush

    * * *
    = cease, dump, leave, let, forsake, put down, drop off, maroon, flake out, let + go of, go + cold turkey, leave off, walk out on.

    Ex: After collection has ceased (because a point of diminishing returns appears to have been reached), the cards must be put into groups of 'like' terms.

    Ex: The books may simply be laid before the librarian as they are found, ' dumped in his lap', as one writer puts it.
    Ex: Many libraries are reluctant to reclassify stock and many libraries leave stock classified according to earlier editions long after the earlier edition has been superseded.
    Ex: If the user does not know what the answer is, he stops the command chain at that point, lets the system show an intermediate display for guidance, and then continues his work.
    Ex: Indeed, she was delighted to forsake the urban reality of steel and glass, traffic and crime, aspirin and litter, for the sort of over-the-fence friendliness of the smaller city.
    Ex: The implication is that these are books to be picked up, looked at, leafed through and put down again.
    Ex: That they received regular visits from people who dropped off packages on a regular basis along with money.
    Ex: A seemingly simple tale of schoolboys marooned on an island, the novel 'Lord of the Flies' is an enigmatic and provocative piece of literature.
    Ex: The actress flaked out again and the director is trying to line up a replacement.
    Ex: For one, large areas of city were in the hands of the Mafia, who was not eager to let got of their vested interests.
    Ex: Judging by the critical responses to the article so far, it looks like the world isn't quite ready to go cold turkey on its religion addiction.
    Ex: This book takes up the thread where Volume One left off.
    Ex: There are many thankless jobs in this world, but does that mean you can just walk out on them for your own selfish reasons?.
    * como el perro del hortelano que ni come ni deja comer = a dog in the manger.
    * dejando a un lado = apart from.
    * dejar a Alguien atónito = leave + Nombre + breathless, leave + Nombre + speechless.
    * dejar a Alguien boquiabierto = leave + Nombre + gagging, make + Posesivo + eyes + pop (out).
    * dejar a Alguien colgado = hang + Nombre + out to dry.
    * dejar a Alguien embarazada = knock + Alguien + up.
    * dejar a Alguien en estado = knock + Alguien + up.
    * dejar a Alguien en la cuneta = leave + Alguien + in the lurch.
    * dejar a Alguien en la estacada = leave + Alguien + in the lurch, hang + Nombre + out to dry.
    * dejar a Alguien en la ignorancia = leave + Nombre + in the dark.
    * dejar a Alguien estupefacto = leave + Nombre + speechless, astound, make + Posesivo + eyes + pop (out).
    * dejar a Alguien inconsciente = knock + Nombre + out, knock + Nombre + unconscious.
    * dejar a Alguien patidifuso = make + Posesivo + eyes + pop (out).
    * dejar a Alguien plantado = leave + Alguien + in the lurch.
    * dejar a Alguien preñada = knock + Alguien + up.
    * dejar a Alguien que se las apañe como pueda = leave + Alguien + to sink or swim.
    * dejar a Alguien que se las apañe solo = leave + Pronombre + to + Posesivo + own devices.
    * dejar a Alguien que se las arregle solo = leave + Pronombre + to + Posesivo + own devices.
    * dejar a Alguien sin aliento = leave + Nombre + breathless, leave + Nombre + speechless.
    * dejar a Alguien sin sentido = knock + Nombre + out, knock + Nombre + unconscious.
    * dejar a Alguien sin trabajo = put + Nombre + out of work.
    * dejar a Alguien sin un duro = take + Nombre + to the cleaners.
    * dejar abierta la posibilidad de que = leave + open the possibility that.
    * dejar a la buena de Dios = leave + Nombre + out in the cold.
    * dejar a la posteridad = bequeath to + posterity.
    * dejar al descubierto = lay + bare.
    * dejar Algo a la suerte = leave + Nombre + to chance.
    * dejar Algo al azar = leave + Nombre + to chance.
    * dejar Algo al criterio de Alguien = leave + Nombre + up to.
    * dejar Algo aparcado = put + Nombre + on ice, put + Nombre + on mothballs.
    * dejar Algo completamente destrozado = leave + Nombre + in shambles.
    * dejar Algo para otro día = take + a rain cheque.
    * dejar a oscuras = cut out + light.
    * dejar aparte = leave + aside.
    * dejar a + Posesivo + suerte = strand.
    * dejar a su aire = leave to + Reflexivo, leave + unchecked.
    * dejar atónito = stun, astound.
    * dejar atrás = leave + behind, outstrip, outpace, outdistance, leave + Nombre + behind, leave by + the wayside, move on from.
    * dejar a una lado = put + Nombre + to one side.
    * dejar a un lado = put + aside, move + beyond, lay + Nombre + aside, leave by + the wayside.
    * dejar bastante que desear = fall (far) short of + ideal, leave + a lot to be desired, leave + much to be desired.
    * dejar bien claro = make + it + crystal clear, make + Reflexivo + crystal clear.
    * dejar caer = drop, dump.
    * dejar caer insinuaciones = throw + hints.
    * dejar caer un indirecta = drop + a hint.
    * dejar ciego = blind.
    * dejar claro = make + it + clear, hammer + home + message, make + plain, send + a clear signal that.
    * dejar claro que = make + the point that.
    * dejar como + estar = leave + untouched.
    * dejar con el culo al aire = leave + Nombre + out in the cold.
    * dejar constancia de = record.
    * dejar de = cease to, relax + the grip on.
    * dejar de actualizar el catálogo = close down + catalogue.
    * dejar de circular = drop out of + circulation.
    * dejar de existir = be no more.
    * dejar de fumar = stop + smoking, quit + smoking, smoking cessation.
    * dejar de funcionar = go down, cease to + function, go + belly up, flake out, go + dead, pack up.
    * dejar de gustar = go off.
    * dejar de hacer huelga = cross + the picket line.
    * dejar de hacer sufrir = put + Nombre + out of + Posesivo + misery.
    * dejar de + Infinitivo = skip + Gerundio, give up + Gerundio, stop + Gerundio.
    * dejar de lado = leave + aside, forego [forgo].
    * dejar de percatarse de = become + blind to.
    * dejar de pie = leave + standing.
    * dejar de publicarse = cease + publication.
    * dejar de remar = lie on + Posesivo + oars, rest on + Posesivo + oars.
    * dejar desamparado = leave + Nombre + out in the cold, leave + unprotected.
    * dejar de ser actual = date.
    * dejar de ser popular = outlive + Posesivo + popularity.
    * dejar de ser útil = outlive + Posesivo + usefulness.
    * dejar desguarnecido = leave + unprotected.
    * dejar de sonreír = extinguish + smile.
    * dejar desprotegido = leave + unprotected, leave + Nombre + out in the cold.
    * dejar desvalido = leave + unprotected.
    * dejar de trabajar temporalmente = career break.
    * dejar de ver = become + blind to.
    * dejar dormido = put + Nombre + to sleep.
    * dejar el agua correr = let bygones be bygones.
    * dejar el hábito = kick + the habit.
    * dejar el nido = fly + the nest, leave + the nest.
    * dejar el puesto de trabajo = resign from + Posesivo + post.
    * dejar el trabajo = resign from + Posesivo + post, quit + Posesivo + job, jump + ship.
    * dejar en adobo = marinade.
    * dejar en blanco = leave + blank.
    * dejar encargado = leave in + charge.
    * dejar en el dique seco = mothball.
    * dejar en evidencia = call + Posesivo + bluff.
    * dejar en garantía = pledge.
    * dejar en herencia = bequeath.
    * dejar en la cuneta = ditch.
    * dejar en la estacada = leave + Nombre + high and dry, be left out on a limb.
    * dejar en libertad para + Infinitivo = afford + the freedom to + Infinitivo.
    * dejar en prenda = pledge.
    * dejar en remojo = steep.
    * dejar en ridículo = make + a joke of, put + Nombre + to shame.
    * dejar en segundo plano = overshadow.
    * dejar en suspenso = put into + abeyance.
    * dejar en testamento = will.
    * dejar entrever = provide + a glimpse of, hint, insinuate, hint at, give + a hint, intimate.
    * dejar escapar a Alguien = let + Nombre + escape.
    * dejar espacio para = leave + room for.
    * dejar estupefacto = stagger.
    * dejar frío a Alguien = knock + Nombre + cold.
    * dejar frío y vacío = leave + Nombre + cold and empty.
    * dejar fuera = leave out, cut out, count + Nombre + out, leave + Nombre + out of the picture, drop + Nombre + out of the picture.
    * dejar fuera de combate = lay + Nombre + low.
    * dejar fuera del equipo = sideline.
    * dejar hecho polvo = screw + Nombre + up.
    * dejar huella = leave + Posesivo + mark, cut + a swath(e), leave + a trace, touch + Posesivo + life, leave + an impression, leave + an imprint, make + an impression.
    * dejar huellas = leave + footprints.
    * dejar huérfano = orphan.
    * dejar incompleto = leave + unfinished.
    * dejar inconsciente = overcome, knock + the hell out out of, leave + unconscious.
    * dejar indefenso = leave + unprotected.
    * dejar intacto = leave + intact, leave + untouched.
    * dejar la cuestión abierta = leave + the question open.
    * dejar la empresa = jump + ship.
    * dejar la puerta abierta a = open + the door to.
    * dejar la puerta abierta de par en par = leave + the door wide open.
    * dejar las armas = put down + weapons.
    * dejar las cosas como están = let + the matter + rest, let + sleeping dogs lie.
    * dejar las cosas tranquilas = let + sleeping dogs lie.
    * dejar las manos de uno libres de = free + Posesivo + hands from.
    * dejar la tierra en barbecho = let + farmland lie fallow.
    * dejar libertad para + Infinitivo = leave + Nombre + free to + Infinitivo.
    * dejar libre = vacate, leave + vacant.
    * dejar limpio a Alguien = take + Nombre + to the cleaners.
    * dejar lisiado = lame.
    * dejarlo a la discreción de = leave + it to the discretion of.
    * dejarlo en paz = give + it a rest, let + it drop.
    * dejarlo para última hora = leave + it until the last minute.
    * dejar los campos en barbecho = let + fields lie fallow.
    * dejar los estudios = drop out (from school), drop out of + school.
    * dejar marcado = scar.
    * dejar margen = allow + margin.
    * dejar mella = leave + an impression, touch + Posesivo + life, leave + Posesivo + mark, cut + a swath(e), leave + an imprint, make + an impression.
    * dejar mucho que desear = fall (far) short of + ideal, leave + a lot to be desired, leave + much to be desired.
    * dejar para cuando = move to + a time when.
    * dejar pasar = pass up, forego [forgo], let through.
    * dejar pasar a Alguien = let + Alguien + by.
    * dejar pasar Algo = put + Nombre + behind.
    * dejar pasar una oportunidad = forego + opportunity, miss + opportunity, pass up + opportunity, miss + chance.
    * dejar pasmado = stagger.
    * dejar paso = step + aside.
    * dejar paso (a) = give + way (to).
    * dejar pelado a Alguien = take + Nombre + to the cleaners.
    * dejar perplejo = puzzle, mystify, perplex, stump, blow + Posesivo + mind, bewilder, nonplus.
    * dejar plantado = walk out on.
    * dejar que Alguien haga las cosas a su manera = let + Nombre + do things + Posesivo + (own) way.
    * dejar que Alguien se las arregle solo = leave (up) to + Posesivo + own resources, leave to + Posesivo + own devices.
    * dejar que Alguien se salga con la suya = let + Nombre + do things + Posesivo + (own) way.
    * dejar que Alguien se vaya = let + Nombre + go.
    * dejar que desear = leave + something + to be desired, leave + a bit to be desired.
    * dejar que se pudra = leave to + rot.
    * dejar que + Subjuntivo = allow + Infinitivo.
    * dejar rastro = leave + a trace.
    * dejarse arrastrar = go with + the flow, go along with + the flow.
    * dejarse arrastrar por la corriente = go with + the flow, go along with + the flow.
    * dejarse caer = drop by, drop in, slump, droop, mosey.
    * dejarse el pellejo = play out + Posesivo + skin, work + Posesivo + butt off, sweat + blood, slog + Posesivo + guts out, give + Posesivo + all.
    * dejarse el pellejo trabajando = work + Posesivo + fingers to the bone.
    * dejarse embaucar = get + sucked in.
    * dejarse engañar = fall for, get + sucked in.
    * dejarse guiar por el instinto = fly by + the seat of + Posesivo + pants.
    * dejarse la piel = sweat + blood, work + Posesivo + butt off, slog + Posesivo + guts out, play out + Posesivo + skin.
    * dejarse la piel trabajando = work + Posesivo + fingers to the bone.
    * dejarse llevar = become + carried away by, drift along, drift, coast along, go with + the flow, let + go, go along with + the flow.
    * dejarse llevar fácilmente = be easily led.
    * dejarse llevar (por) = fall + victim to, give + way (to).
    * dejarse llevar por el instinto = fly by + the seat of + Posesivo + pants.
    * dejarse llevar por el pánico = panic.
    * dejarse llevar por la corriente = go with + the flow, go along with + the flow.
    * dejarse ver = have + visibility.
    * dejar sin cambiar = leave + unchanged.
    * dejar sin hacer = leave + undone.
    * dejar sin palabras = leave + Nombre + speechless, nonplus.
    * dejar sin poder = disempower.
    * dejar sin protección = leave + unprotected.
    * dejar sin referente a una referencia anafórica = dangle + anaphoric reference.
    * dejar sin tocar = leave + Nombre + alone, leave + Nombre + undisturbed.
    * dejar sin trabajo = put + Nombre + out of work.
    * dejar sitio (a) = make + room (for), make + way (for).
    * dejar solo = leave + Alguien + alone, leave + Nombre + alone, leave + Nombre + undisturbed.
    * dejar su impronta en = set + Posesivo + stamp on.
    * dejar tiempo = free up + time.
    * dejar tiempo libre = free up + time.
    * dejar tirado = strand, walk out on.
    * dejar tranquilo = leave + Nombre + undisturbed.
    * dejar tras sí = leave + behind.
    * dejar una cicatriz = scar.
    * dejar una huella imborrable = leave + a lasting impression, leave + a lasting memory.
    * dejar una impresión = leave with + the impression, leave + an impression, leave + an imprint, make + an impression.
    * dejar una marca = leave + Posesivo + mark.
    * dejar una pista = leave + a trace.
    * dejar (un) buen sabor de boca = leave + a good taste in + Posesivo + mouth.
    * dejar un cargo = resign + office, step down from + Posesivo + position, leave + office.
    * dejar un grato sabor de boca = leave + a good taste in + Posesivo + mouth.
    * dejar un hábito = stop + habit.
    * dejar un hueco = leave + gap.
    * dejar un mal sabor de boca = leave + a bad taste in + Posesivo + mouth.
    * dejar un puesto de trabajo = resign from + Posesivo + position.
    * dejar un reguero de = leave + a trail of.
    * dejar un sabor amargo en la boca = leave + a bitter aftertaste.
    * dejar un trabajo = quit, resign + Posesivo + post.
    * dejar vacante = leave + vacant.
    * dejar vacío = leave + vacant.
    * dejar vulnerable = leave + unprotected, leave + Nombre/Reflexivo + vulnerable.
    * desaparecer sin dejar huella = evaporate into + thin air, vanish into + thin air, disappear into + thin air, disappear without + a trace, disappear into + the blue, vanish into + the blue.
    * desaparecer sin dejar rastro = evaporate into + thin air, disappear into + thin air, disappear without + a trace, disappear into + the blue, vanish into + the blue.
    * desapareder sin dejar rastro = vanish into + thin air.
    * estar tan bueno que no se puede dejar de comer = moreish.
    * golpear a Alguien hasta dejarlo inconsciente = beat + Nombre + unconscious.
    * los efectos negativos se están dejando sentir ahora = chickens come home to roost.
    * lo tomas o lo dejas = take it or leave it.
    * no dejar a nadie fuera = inclusivity.
    * no dejar de enviar + Nombre = keep + Nombre + coming.
    * no dejar de mandar + Nombre = keep + Nombre + coming.
    * no dejar duda = leave + little doubt.
    * no dejar entrar = turn + Nombre + away, keep out.
    * no dejar ninguna duda = leave + no doubt.
    * no dejar ni un cabo suelto = tie up + all the loose ends.
    * no dejar pasar = keep out.
    * no dejar pasar la oportunidad = ride + the wave.
    * no dejar títere con cabeza = turn + everything upside down.
    * no poder dejar de mencionar = cannot but notice.
    * no poder dejar de recalcar la importancia de Algo = the importance of + Nombre + cannot be stressed too strongly.
    * no se puede dejar de recalcar el + Nombre + de = the + Nombre + of + Nombre + cannot be overemphasised.
    * no se puede dejar de recalcar el + Nombre + of = the + Nombre + of + Nombre + cannot be overstated.
    * no se puede dejar de recalcar la importancia de Algo = the importance of + Nombre + cannot be overstressed, the importance of + Nombre + cannot be overstated.
    * persona que deja un trabajo = leaver.
    * persuadir a Alguien para que deje Algo = lure away from.
    * programa + dejar de funcionar = programme + crash.
    * sin dejar huella = into thin air.
    * sin dejar nada fuera = the works!.
    * sin dejar rastro = into thin air.
    * sin dejarse amedrentar por = undaunted by.
    * sin dejarse amilanar por = undaunted by.
    * sin dejarse desanimar = undaunted.
    * sin dejarse intimidar por = undaunted by.
    * sistema + dejar de funcionar = system + crash.
    * vive y deja vivir = live and let live.

    * * *
    ■ dejar (verbo transitivo)
    A
    1 dejar en un lugar
    2 olvidar
    3 como herencia
    4 depositar: persona
    B
    1 dejar: marca, mancha etc
    2 Comercio
    C abandonar: novia, marido etc
    D
    1 en cierto estado
    2 dejar algo dicho
    E
    1 posponer
    2 reservar, guardar
    F prestar
    A
    1 permitir
    2 esperar
    B
    1 dejar paso
    2 dejar caer
    ■ dejar (verbo intransitivo)
    A deja/dejen
    B
    1 dejar de: omitir, no hacer
    2 dejar de: cesar
    ■ dejarse (verbo pronominal)
    A abandonarse
    B
    1 dejarse la barba etc
    2 dejarse + infinitivo
    C olvidar
    D dejarse de
    vt
    A
    1 (en un lugar) to leave
    ¿dónde dejaste el coche? where did you leave the car?
    déjamelo en recepción leave it in reception for me
    deja ese cuchillo, que te vas a cortar put that knife down, you'll cut yourself
    dejé un depósito I put down o left a deposit
    ¿cuánto se suele dejar de propina? how much do you normally leave as a tip?
    dejémoslo, no quiero discutir por eso let's forget o drop it, I don't want to argue about it
    déjalo ya, no le pegues más that's enough o stop it now, don't hit him any more
    déjala, ella no tuvo la culpa leave her alone o let her be, it wasn't her fault
    dejar que desear: la calidad deja bastante/mucho que desear the quality leaves rather a lot/much to be desired
    2 (olvidar) to leave
    dejó el paraguas en el tren she left her umbrella on the train
    3 (como herencia) to leave
    le dejó sus alhajas a su nieta she left her jewels to her granddaughter
    4 (depositar) ‹persona› to drop, drop … off
    dejó a los niños en el colegio she dropped the children (off) at school
    B
    1 ‹marca/mancha/huella› to leave
    deja un gusto amargo en la boca it leaves a bitter taste in the mouth
    deja viuda y tres hijos he leaves a widow and three children
    2 ( Comercio):
    no deja mucho margen it does not have a very high profit margin
    ese tipo de negocio deja mucho dinero that type of business is very lucrative o yields high returns
    C (abandonar) ‹novia/marido› to leave; ‹familia› to leave, abandon; ‹trabajo› to give up, leave; ‹lugar› to leave
    lo dejó por otro she left him for another man
    quiere dejar el ballet he wants to give up ballet dancing
    no quería dejar esa casa donde había sido tan feliz he didn't want to leave that house where he had been so happy
    te dejo, que tengo que arreglarme I must go, I have to get ready
    D (+ compl)
    dejé la ventana abierta I left the window open
    su muerte los dejó en la miseria his death left them in absolute poverty
    su respuesta me dejó boquiabierta I was astonished by her reply
    ese estilo de cine me deja frío that sort of movie leaves me cold
    el golpe lo dejó inconsciente the blow knocked o rendered him unconscious
    dejar los garbanzos en remojo leave the chickpeas to soak
    dejo el asunto en tus manos I'll leave the matter in your hands
    me dejó esperando afuera she left me waiting outside
    el avión/bus nos dejó (Col, Ven); we missed the plane/bus
    ¡déjame en paz! leave me alone!
    me lo dejó en 1.000 pesos he let me have it for 1,000 pesos
    quiero dejar esto bien claro I want to make this quite clear, I want this to be quite clear
    dejando aparte la cuestión de … leaving aside the question of …
    dejó atrás a los otros corredores she left the other runners behind
    dejar algo/a algn estar to let sth/sb be ( colloq), to leave sth/sb alone
    2
    (CS): dejar algo dicho to leave a message
    dejó dicho que lo llamaran he left a message for them to call him
    ¿quiere dejar algo dicho? do you want to leave a message?
    E
    1 (posponer) leave
    no lo dejes para después, hazlo ahora don't put it off o leave it until later, do it now
    dejemos los platos para mañana let's leave the dishes until tomorrow
    2 (reservar, guardar) to leave
    deja tus chistes para otro momento save your jokes for some other time
    dejen un poco de postre para Gustavo leave some dessert for Gustavo
    deja un margen leave a margin
    F ( Esp fam) (prestar) (+ me/te/le etc) to lend
    he salido sin dinero — yo te puedo dejar algo I've come out without any money — I can lend you some o let you have some
    A
    1 (permitir) dejar algo/a algn + INF to let sth/sb + INF
    ¿me dejas ir? will you let me go?, can I go?
    déjame entrar/salir let me in/out
    siempre lo han dejado hacer lo que le da la gana they've always allowed him to do o let him do just as he pleases
    deja correr el agua let the water run, run the water
    tú déjame hacer a mí y no te preocupes you leave it to me and don't worry
    sacar del horno y dejar reposar remove from the oven and leave to stand
    dejar que algo/algn + SUBJ to let sth/sb + INF
    dejó que lo eligiera ella he let her choose, he left the choice to her
    déjame que te ayude let me help you
    no dejes que se queme la carne don't let the meat burn
    2 (esperar) dejar que algo/algn + SUBJ:
    dejar que espese la salsa allow the sauce to thicken, wait until the sauce thickens
    deja que se tranquilice un poco primero wait for him to calm down o let him calm down a bit first
    ¡deja que te agarre y vas a ver! just you wait till I get my hands on you!
    B
    1
    dejar paso to make way
    dejen paso a la ambulancia let the ambulance through, make way for the ambulance
    hay que dejar paso a las nuevas ideas we have to make way for new ideas
    2
    dejar caer ‹objeto› to drop;
    ‹comentario› to let … drop
    dejó caer la noticia de que se casaba she let it drop that she was getting married
    ■ dejar
    vi
    A
    deja/dejen: deja, me toca pagar a mí no, no, it's my turn to pay
    toma lo que te debía — deja, deja here, this is what I owed you — no, it doesn't matter o no, forget it o no, please
    dejen, no se preocupen look, leave it, don't bother
    1 (omitir, no hacer) dejar DE + INF:
    no dejes de escribirme en cuanto llegues don't forget to write o make sure you write as soon as you get there
    no deja de llamar ni un solo día he telephones every day without fail
    no dejes de recordarles que … be sure to remind them that …
    no por eso voy a dejar de decir lo que siento that won't stop me from saying what I feel
    yo no puedo dejar de sacar mis propias conclusiones I can't help but draw my own conclusions
    no deja de sorprenderme que haya venido a disculparse I still find it surprising that he came to apologize
    lo que hagan o dejen de hacer es cosa suya whatever they do or don't do is their business
    por no dejar ( Chi fam); for the sake of it
    2 (cesar) dejar DE + INF to stop -ING
    deja de llorar/importunarme stop crying/bothering me
    creía que habías dejado de fumar I thought you had given up smoking
    A (abandonarse) to let oneself go
    se ha dejado mucho desde que enviudó he's let himself go terribly since he lost his wife
    B
    1 ‹barba/bigote› to grow
    quiero dejarme el pelo largo I want to grow my hair long
    2 dejarse + INF:
    se deja dominar por la envidia he lets his feelings of envy get the better of him
    no me voy a dejar convencer tan fácilmente I am not going to be persuaded that easily
    quería besarla, pero ella no se dejó he wanted to kiss her but she wouldn't let him
    se dejó llevar por la música she let herself be carried o swept along by the music
    se dejó abatir por el desánimo she succumbed to despondency
    no te dejes, tú también pégale ( AmL exc RPl); don't just take it, hit him back ( colloq)
    ¿qué tal el postre? — se deja comer ( fam hum); what's the dessert like? — it's not bad o I've tasted worse ( colloq hum)
    de vez en cuando se dejaba caer por el club he used to drop by o into the club now and then
    nunca te dejas ver we never seem to see you
    dejarse estar: no te dejes estar you'd better do something
    si nos dejamos estar vamos a perder el contrato if we don't get our act together o get a move on we'll lose the contract, if we don't do something, we'll lose the contract ( colloq)
    C ( fam) (olvidar) to leave
    me dejé el dinero en casa I left my/the money at home
    déjate de rodeos y dime la verdad stop beating about the bush and tell me the truth
    a ver si se dejan de perder el tiempo why don't you stop wasting time
    * * *

     

    Multiple Entries:
    dejar    
    dejar algo
    dejar ( conjugate dejar) verbo transitivo
    1


    dejó a los niños en el colegio she dropped the children (off) at school;
    dejar un recado to leave a message;
    dejar propina to leave a tip;
    deja ese cuchillo put that knife down;
    déjala, ella no tuvo la culpa leave her alone, it wasn't her fault;
    dejar mucho que desear to leave a great deal to be desired
    b) ( olvidar) ‹dinero/objeto› to leave;

    ◊ ¡déjalo! forget it!


    2
    a) ‹mancha/huella/sabor› to leave

    b) ‹ ganancia› to produce;


    3 ( abandonar) ‹novia/marido› to leave;
    ‹ familia› to leave, abandon;
    ‹ trabajo› to give up, leave;
    ‹ lugar› to leave;

    4 (+ compl) ( en cierto estado) to leave;

    me dejó esperando afuera she left me waiting outside;
    ¡déjame en paz! leave me alone!;
    me lo dejó en 1.000 pesos he let me have it for 1,000 pesos;
    See also→ lado 3
    5

    ◊ no lo dejes para después, hazlo ahora don't put it off o leave it until later, do it now

    b) (reservar, guardar) ‹espacio/margen/comida› to leave

    ( permitir)
    ◊ dejara algo/algn hacer algo to let sth/sb do sth;

    déjalo entrar let it/him in;
    deja correr el agua let the water run;
    ¿me dejas ir? will you let me go?;
    dejar que algo/algn haga algo to let sb/sth do sth;
    déjame que te ayude let me help you;
    See Also→ caer 1, See Also→ paso 1 b
    verbo intransitivo dejar de hacer algo to stop doing sth;
    ◊ dejar de fumar to give up o to stop smoking;

    no dejes de escribirme make sure you write to me
    dejarse verbo pronominal
    1

    b)

    ◊ dejarse hacer algo: se deja dominar por la envidia he lets his feelings of envy get the better of him;

    se deja influir fácilmente he's easily influenced;
    dejarse llevar por la música to let oneself be carried along by the music;
    dejarse estar (AmL);

    ( descuidarse) to be careless;
    ( abandonarse) to let oneself go
    2 ‹barba/bigote› to grow
    3 dejarse de hacer algo to stop doing sth;

    4 (esp Esp fam) ( olvidar) to leave
    dejar
    1 verbo transitivo
    1 (poner en un sitio una cosa) to leave: déjalo donde estaba, leave it where it was
    no sé dónde dejé las llaves, I don't know where I left my keys
    (a una persona en un lugar) to drop off
    2 (prestar) to lend: ¿me dejas tu blusa?, may I borrow your blouse?
    3 (abandonar a un niño) to abandon
    (romper relaciones con) to leave: Carmen dejó a su novio, Carmen broke up with her boyfriend
    (una actividad) to give up: dejó de bailar, she gave up dancing
    dejar el trabajo, to leave one's job
    (desistir) to give up: lo dejé por imposible, I gave it up
    4 (autorizar, dar permiso) to let, allow: no sé si le dejarán viajar solo, I don't know if they'll let her travel unaccompanied
    dejar entrar/salir, to let in/out ➣ Ver nota en let 5 (no molestar) to leave sb alone: deja a mamá, que está descansando, leave mummy alone, she's having a rest
    6 (producir beneficios) to produce
    7 (aplazar) dejaron la visita para otro día, they put the visit off for another day
    8 (+ adjetivo: en un estado) to make
    dejar cansado, to make (sb) tired
    dejar preocupado/satisfecho, to worry/satisfy
    II v aux ( dejar de + infinitivo) to stop, give up: no deja de hablar de él, she never stops talking about him
    no dejes de llamar para avisarme, don't forget to call me
    de pronto dejó de respirar, suddenly he stoped breathing ➣ Ver nota en give y stop
    ♦ Locuciones: déjame en paz, leave me alone
    dejar dicho, to leave a word o a message
    dejar fuera, (excluir, no tener en cuenta) to leave out, omit
    dejar mucho que desear, to leave a lot to be desired: su examen dejó mucho que desear, his exam performance left a lot to be desired
    ' dejar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    agotar
    - aplanar
    - aturdir
    - barbecho
    - betún
    - cabida
    - cabo
    - caer
    - callar
    - clara
    - claro
    - colgada
    - colgado
    - consistir
    - Cristo
    - dejarse
    - descendencia
    - descolgar
    - desconectarse
    - despedirse
    - desplumar
    - destartalar
    - destilar
    - desvelar
    - deteriorarse
    - enseñar
    - entrever
    - estacada
    - estampar
    - franquear
    - hoy
    - huella
    - imprimir
    - miel
    - olvidar
    - palmo
    - petrificar
    - piedra
    - pieza
    - plantar
    - plantificar
    - poltrona
    - prenda
    - rastro
    - reñir
    - reposo
    - respirar
    - sabor
    - salirse
    - señal
    English:
    abandon
    - admit
    - advance
    - advise
    - allow
    - astound
    - black out
    - blind
    - boggle
    - bowl over
    - break off
    - brew
    - brush aside
    - burner
    - butt out
    - cease
    - chuck in
    - cold
    - come off
    - consider
    - cripple
    - cut
    - cut off
    - cut out
    - dangle
    - dent
    - device
    - disable
    - dismiss
    - drop
    - drop off
    - drop out
    - dump
    - end
    - fool
    - forward
    - fox
    - free
    - gear
    - give
    - give up
    - gripping
    - imprint
    - jack in
    - jilt
    - keep
    - keep in
    - keep out
    - knock out
    - lay down
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [poner] to leave, to put;
    dejó los papeles en la mesa he put o left the papers on the table;
    deja el abrigo en la percha put your coat on the hanger;
    he dejado la moto muy cerca I've left o parked my motorbike nearby;
    deja el jarrón, que lo vas a romper put that vase down or you'll break it;
    su compañero le dejó un balón perfecto y sólo tuvo que rematar a gol his team-mate played a perfect ball for him and all he had to do was tap it in
    2. [olvidar] to leave;
    dejé el paraguas en el cine I left my umbrella at the movies
    3. [encomendar]
    dejarle algo a alguien to leave sth with sb;
    le dejé los niños a mi madre I left the children with my mother
    4. Esp [prestar]
    dejar algo a alguien to lend sb sth, to lend sth to sb;
    ¿me dejas un paraguas? could you lend me an umbrella?;
    ¿nos dejarás tu casa el próximo verano? will you let us use your house next summer?
    5. [abandonar] [casa, trabajo, país] to leave;
    [tabaco, estudios] to give up; [familia] to abandon;
    dejé la fiesta a medianoche I left the party at midnight;
    dejó el tenis cuando empezó la universidad she gave up tennis when she started university;
    dejó lo que estaba haciendo para ayudarla he stopped o dropped what he was doing to help her;
    te dejo, que si no pierdo el autobús I have to leave you now, or I'll miss the bus;
    su marido la ha dejado her husband has left her;
    lo dejó por un hombre más joven she left him for a younger man;
    dejar a alguien en algún sitio [con el coche] to drop sb off somewhere;
    el avión dejó a treinta pasajeros en la primera escala thirty passengers got off (the plane) at the first stopover;
    dejar atrás a alguien to leave sb behind;
    es muy inteligente y ha dejado atrás al resto de la clase she's very intelligent and has left the rest of the class behind (her), she's very intelligent and is way ahead of the rest of the class;
    dejó atrás al resto de corredores he left the other runners behind o in his wake;
    dejar algo por imposible to give sth up as a lost cause
    6. [posponer] to leave;
    dejemos esto para la próxima reunión let's leave this matter until the next meeting;
    dejamos el viaje para diciembre we put off the journey until December;
    no dejes para mañana lo que puedas hacer hoy don't put off till o leave for tomorrow what you can do today
    7. [permitir]
    dejar a alguien hacer algo to let sb do sth, to allow sb to do sth;
    no me dejan salir, estoy castigado I'm being kept in as a punishment;
    dejar entrar/salir a alguien to let sb in/out;
    sus gritos no me dejaron dormir his cries prevented me from sleeping;
    déjame a mí, que tengo más experiencia let me do it, I'm more experienced;
    déjame a mí, yo me encargo de preparar la comida leave it to me, I'll get dinner;
    deja que tu hijo venga con nosotros let your son come with us;
    ¿me dejas ir? will you let me go?, can I go?;
    dejar correr algo to leave sth be;
    dejar pasar o [m5] escapar algo to let sth slip;
    dejó pasar tres semanas he let three weeks go by;
    el resultado final no deja lugar a dudas the final result leaves no room for doubt
    8. [reservar]
    deja algo de café para mí leave some coffee for me;
    deja algo para los demás leave some for the others;
    deja tus críticas para una mejor ocasión save your criticisms for another time
    9. [legar] to leave;
    dejar algo a alguien to leave sth to sb;
    10. [reportar] to bring;
    el negocio les deja varios millones al año the business brings them several million a year
    11. [omitir] to leave out;
    la cocina déjala de momento, ahora hay que limpiar el baño leave the kitchen for the moment, I want you to clean the bathroom now;
    dejemos aparte las introducciones y comencemos la negociación let's dispense with the introductions and get straight down to the negotiations;
    dejar algo por o [m5] sin hacer to fail to do sth;
    dejó lo más importante por resolver he left the most important question unresolved
    12. (en imperativo) [olvidar] to forget (about);
    déjalo, no importa forget it, it doesn't matter
    13. (en imperativo) [no molestar] to leave alone o in peace;
    ¡déjame, que tengo trabajo! leave me alone, I'm busy!;
    déjame tranquilo o [m5] en paz leave me alone o in peace;
    ¡deja a tu padre, está durmiendo! leave your father alone o in peace, he's sleeping!;
    déjalo estar leave it as it is, let it be
    14. (+ infinitivo)
    dejó adivinar sus intenciones she allowed her intentions to be guessed;
    lo dejó caer she dropped it;
    dejó caer que no se presentaría a las próximas elecciones he let it drop that he wouldn't be standing at the next election;
    dejó escapar una magnífica oportunidad she missed an excellent opportunity, she allowed an excellent opportunity to slip by
    15. [indica resultado] to leave;
    deja un sabor agridulce it has a bittersweet aftertaste;
    la lejía ha dejado marcas en la ropa the bleach has left stains on the clothes;
    el examen me dejó agotado I was left exhausted by the exam;
    ¡no me dejes así, cuéntame qué pasó! don't leave me guessing, tell me what happened!;
    yo dejaría la pared tal y como está I'd leave the wall as it is;
    tu comportamiento deja bastante/mucho que desear your behaviour leaves something/a lot to be desired;
    dejar algo hecho to get sth done;
    te lo dejaré hecho para el lunes I'll get it done for you by Monday;
    dejar algo como nuevo to leave sth as good as new
    16. [esperar a]
    dejar que to wait until;
    dejó que acabara de llover para salir he waited until it had stopped raining before going out;
    retirar del fuego y dejar enfriar o [m5] que se enfríe remove from the heat and allow to cool;
    deja que se calme un poco, y entonces háblale wait until she calms down a bit before you talk to her
    ♦ vi
    1. [parar]
    dejar de hacer algo to stop doing sth;
    dejó de llover it stopped raining, the rain stopped;
    ha dejado de fumar/beber he's stopped smoking/drinking;
    no deja de venir ni un solo día he never fails to come;
    poco a poco dejaron de llamarse they gradually stopped phoning one another;
    no deja de ser extraño que haga tanto calor en esta época del año it really is most strange for it to be so hot at this time of year
    2. (en negativo) [indica promesa]
    no dejar de to be sure to;
    ¡no dejes de escribirme! be sure to write to me!;
    no dejes de avisarnos si tienes algún problema be sure to tell us if you have any problem
    3. (en imperativo) [indica negación]
    deja, ya subo yo las maletas leave the cases, I'll bring them up;
    deje, señora, ya lo hago yo allow me, madam, I'll do it;
    ¿vas a volver a correr la maratón? – ¡deja, deja! ya tuve suficiente con la del año pasado are you going to run the marathon again? – don't! last year was more than enough
    * * *
    I v/t
    1 leave; estudios give up, quit fam ;
    dejar mucho que desear leave a lot to be desired;
    dejar algo para mañana leave sth until tomorrow;
    dejémoslo aquí let’s leave it here;
    ¡déjalo! persona leave him alone!; asunto drop it!
    2 ( permitir) let, allow;
    déjale marcharse let him go;
    dejar que algo ocurra let sth happen, allow sth to happen
    3 ( prestar) lend
    4 beneficios yield
    5
    :
    déjame en la esquina drop me at the corner;
    dejar caer algo drop sth
    II v/i
    1 ( parar)
    :
    dejar de hacer algo stop doing sth;
    dejar de fumar give up smoking, stop o quit smoking;
    no deja de fastidiarme he keeps (on) annoying me;
    no puedo dejar de pensar en ellos I can’t stop thinking about them
    2
    :
    no dejes de visitarnos be sure to visit us
    * * *
    dejar vt
    1) : to leave
    2) abandonar: to abandon, to forsake
    3) : to let be, to let go
    4) permitir: to allow, to permit
    dejar vi
    dejar de : to stop, to quit
    dejar de fumar: to quit smoking
    * * *
    dejar vb
    1. (en general) to leave [pt. & pp. left]
    2. (abandonar una actividad) to give up [pt. gave; pp. given]
    3. (permitir) to let [pt. & pp. let]
    4. (prestar) to lend [pt. & pp. lent]
    ¿me dejas este libro? can you lend me this book? / can I borrow this book?
    dejar caer to drop [pt. & pp. dropped]
    dejar de (involuntariamente) to stop [pt. & pp. stopped] (voluntariamente) to give up [pt. gave; pp. given]
    ¡déjame en paz! leave me alone!

    Spanish-English dictionary > dejar

  • 3 run

    1. I
    1) set off running пуститься бежать; run and fetch the doctor сбегай за врачом; when I called he came running когда я позвал его, он тут же прибежал /примчался/; the enemy ran противник бежал; he dropped his gun and ran он бросил ружье и пустился наутек; I must run мне надо бежать /срочно идти/
    2) a ball (a sledge, etc.) runs мяч и т.д. катится; a wheel (a spindle, etc.) runs колесо вращается /вертится/
    3) water (blood, etc.) runs вода и т.д. течет /льется/; the pus was running сочился гной; the ice cream (the jelly, the coating, etc.) is beginning to run мороженое и т.д. потекло; the candle ran свеча оплыла; the butter ran масло растаяло; this ink does not run эти чернила не расплываются; colours are guaranteed not to run прочность красок гарантируется; I'm afraid the colours ran when I washed that skirt к сожалению, юбка в стирке полиняла; wash this towel separately the dye runs стирай это полотенце отдельно run оно линяет || let water run спустить воду
    4) the tap (the barrel, the vessel, the kettle, etc.) runs кран и т.д. течет; who has left the tap running? кто оставил кран открытым /не закрыл кран/?; this pen runs ручка течет /сажает кляксы/; his nose is running у него течет из носу, у него насморк; his eyes are running у него слезятся глаза; we laughed till our eyes ran мы смеялись до слез; an ulcer (a wound, a sore, etc.) that runs язва и т.д., которая гноится
    5) trains (buses, boats, ships, etc.) run поезда и т.д. ходят; trams are not running трамваи не ходят
    6) a motor (a machine, the works, etc.) runs мотор и т.д. работает; the lift is not running лифт не работает; leave the engine running не выключай мотор; the plant has ceased running завод встал /остановился/; the clock (the watch) runs часы идут /ходят/
    7) time runs время летит /мчится/
    8) several days running несколько дней подряд; he hit the target seven times running он попал в цель семь раз подряд
    9) the agreement (the contract, the lease of the house, etc.) has two more years to run срок соглашения и т.д. действует еще два года
    10) my stocking has run у меня на чулке спустилась петля; stockings guaranteed not to run чулки с неспускающимися петлями
    2. II
    1) run in some manner run run fast (slowly, noiselessly, etc.) бегать быстро и т.д.; the horse runs well лошадь хорошо бежит /идет/, у лошади хороший ход; run somewhere run about бегать повсюду, суетиться, сновать взад и вперед; let the dogs run about пусть собаки побегают /порезвятся/; the children are running about дети играют /резвятся/; chickens run about as soon as they are out of the shell стоит только цыплятам вылупиться, как они начинают бегать; run up /upstairs/ (down/downstairs/) бегать вверх (вниз) [по лестнице]; run upstairs and get the iodine сбегай наверх и принеси йод; run at some time I must run now мне пора бежать /уходить/
    2) run in some manner the river runs quietly (smoothly, sluggishly, etc.) река течет спокойно и т.д.; the current is running strong сейчас сильное течение; the tide is running strong вода сильно поднимается (при приливе), blood ran in torrents кровь лилась ручьями; his ideas ran freely его мысли текли свободно; run somewhere the water has run out вся вода вытекла
    3) run at some time these pens (such taps, etc.) often run эти ручки и т.д. часто текут
    4) run at some time these trains (the steamers, the buses, etc.) run daily /every day/ (every ten minutes, etc.) эти поезда и т.д. ходят ежедневно и т.д.; the traffic runs day and night движение на улице не прекращается ни днем ни ночью; the 9 o'clock train is not running today девятичасовой поезд сегодня отменен /не ходит/
    5) run in some manner an engine (a sewing-machine, etc.) runs smoothly (well, badly, efficiently, etc.) мотор и т.д. работает ритмично и т.д.; the саг is running nicely машина идет хорошо; the printing-press doesn't run properly печатный станок плохо работает; the drawer doesn't run easily ящик открывается /выдвигается/ с трудом; how does your new watch runrun? как идут ваши новые часы?
    7) run somewhere the road (the boundary, the forest, etc.) runs east (north and south, up, etc.) дорога и т.д. идет /тянется/ на восток и т.д.; the river runs south река течет на юг; new streets will run here здесь пройдут /будут проложены/ новые улицы
    8) run in some manner months (years, days, etc.) run fast быстро проходит месяц за месяцем; time runs fast время летит быстро; his life runs smoothly (quietly, etc.) жизнь его течет спокойно /гладко/ и т.д.; how time runs! как бежит /летит/ время!
    9) run for some time this law (this bill) will run much longer этот закон (этот билль) будет действовать значительно дольше; run at /in/ some place regions (places, offices, etc.) where these rules do not run районы и т.д., где не действуют эти правила /на которые не распространяются эти правила/; this writ doesn't run here здесь это постановление /распоряжение/ не действует / не имеет силы/
    10) run in some manner the letter (the note, the clause, the contract, etc.) ran thus... письмо и т.д. гласило следующее...; so the story ran вот что говорилось в рассказе; this is how the tune runs вот как звучит эта мелодия; I don't remember how the first line runs я не помню первую строку
    11) run somewhere the ship /the boat/ ran aground корабль сел на мель; the boat ran ashore лодка врезалась в берег
    12) run at some time silk stockings often (sometimes) run на шелковых чулках часто (иногда) спускаются петли; run in some manner these stockings run easily на этих чулках очень легко спускаются петли; эти чулки быстро рвутся
    13) run in some manner all my arrangements ran smoothly все шло, как было обусловлено; is everything running well in your office? на работе у вас все в порядке?, дела на работе идут нормально?
    3. III
    1) run smth. run a mile (six miles. etc.) пробежать милю и т.д., участвовать в беге на одну милю и т.д.; run a distance бежать на какую-л. дистанцию; run a race участвовать в забеге /в скачках/; the children ran races дети бегали наперегонки
    2) run smth. run errands /messages/ быть посыльным; быть на посылках; I want you to run an errand я хочу послать тебя с поручением
    3) run smb., smth. run a fox (a hare, a stag, etc.) гнать /преследовать лису/ и т.д.; run a false scent идти по ложному следу; run cattle (horses, etc.) гнать скот и т.д.; run logs сплавлять /гнать/ лес /бревна/
    4) run smth. run extra (special) trains пускать дополнительные (специальные) поезда
    5) run smth. run cargoes (a cargo of coffee, etc.) перевозить /транспортировать/ грузы и т.д.; run arms (drugs, liquor, narcotics. etc.) нелегально /контрабандой/ ввозить в страну оружие и т.д.
    6) run smth., smb. run a blockade прорвать /прорваться через/ блокаду; run the rapids пройти /преодолеть/ пороги; run the guard проскользнуть /пройти незамеченным/ мимо охраны
    7) run smth. run a саг (a bus, a taxi, etc.) водить машину и т.д.; he runs a blue Volga он ездит на голубой "Волге"; run the engine запускать мотор /двигатель/; run a tractor (a sewing-machine, a ferry, etc.) работать на тракторе и т.д.; can you run a washing-machine? вы умеете обращаться со стиральной машиной?; run a bath наполнить ванну
    10) run some distance the river (the road, etc.) run 200 miles река (дорога и т.д.) тянется на 200 миль
    11) || run its course идти своим чередом; the illness must run its course болезнь должна идти своим ходом; the war was running its course война все продолжалась
    12) run smth. run a business (a bus company, a factory, etc.) управлять предприятием и т.д.; run a theatre (a newspaper, a youth club, etc.) руководить театром и т.д.; run a shop (a hotel, etc.) заведовать магазином и т.д.; run a competition (a match, a race, etc.) проводить соревнования и т.д.; run the external affairs of a country направлять внешнюю политику государства, руководить внешней политикой страны; run a new system of payment осуществлять /внедрять/ новую систему оплаты; run smb.'s house вести чье-л. хозяйство; she runs the household она ведет хозяйство; весь дом на ней; run the show cool. заправлять чем-л.; who is running the show? кто здесь главный?; run one's life (one's fortune) самому строить свою жизнь (свое счастье); run experiments ставить /проводить/ опыты; run a blood test сделать анализ крови
    13) run smb. run a candidate выставлять чью-л. кандидатуру, выдвигать кого-л. кандидатом
    14) semiaux run smth. run debts залезать в /делать/ долги; run a temperature температурить
    15) id run smth. run a risk (the risk of discovery, the risk of losing one's job, a danger, the danger of being fired, the chance of being suspect of theft, etc.) подвергаться риску и т.д.; run chances положиться на счастье
    4. IV
    1) run smth. т some time this bus (a car, ale.) runs 40 miles (an hour, etc.) автобус и т.д. делает сорок миль в час и т.д.; we ran 20 knots a day мы делали двадцать узлов в день
    2) run smb. in some manner run smb. (too) fast гнать кого-л. (очень) быстро; run smb. somewhere run a horse up and down прохаживать лошадь [взад и вперед]; run the gun out выкапывать орудие; run the car downhill (uphill) ехать на машине с горы (в гору)
    3) run smth. at some time run a bus every three minutes отправлять автобус каждые три минуты; run cars day and night держать машины на линии круглые сутки, обеспечивать работу у машин круглосуточно
    4) run smb. somewhere run smb. home отвозить кого-л. домой; run smb. out выгнать кого-л.
    5) run smth. for (in) some time run the machine (the press, etc.) 24 hours a day работать на машине и т.д. двадцать четыре часа в сутки /круглосуточно/; run 500 barrels of oil daily (1000 bottles of milk a day, etc.) выпускать 500 бочек масла и т.д. в день
    6) run smth. at some time run a film often (twice a week, six times, etc.) демонстрировать /показывать/ фильм часто и т.д.; I'll run the first part of the film through again я прокручу еще раз первую часть фильма
    7) run smth. at some time interviews (oral examinations, the programme, etc.) ran twenty minutes behind интервью и т.д. началось на двадцать минут позже; the rehearsal (the meeting, etc.) can ten minutes earlier репетиция и т.д. началась на десять минут раньше
    8) run smth. somewhere run a ship aground посадить корабль на мель; run a boat (a ship) ashore направить лодку корабль) к берегу
    5. V
    1) run smb. some distance run a fox (a hare, etc.) five miles (a long distance, the length of the field, etc.) преследовать /гнать/ лису и т.д. пять миль и т.д.
    2) run smb. some sum of money the dress (this picture, this boat, the new house, this car, etc.) will run you a considerable sum of money это платье и т.д. будет вам дорого стоить
    6. VI
    semiaux run smb. to some state run smb. breathless гонять кого-л. до изнеможения || run smb. close (hard) не уступать кому-л., быть чьим-л. опасным противником /соперником/; run smth. close быть почти равным чему-л.; run it fine иметь (времени, денег) в обрез
    7. XI
    1) be run after she is much run after a) с ней многие ищут знакомства; б) за ней многие ухаживают; I hate to feel that I am being run after терпеть не могу, когда за мной бегают
    2) || be run off one's feet coll. сбиться с ног; I was run off my feet that day я набегался за день
    3) be run into smth. molten metal is run into moulds расплавленный металл разливают в формы
    4) be run at some time sleepingcars (express trains, these boats, etc.) are run twice a week (on week days, etc.) поезда со спальными вагонами и т.д. ходят два раза в неделю и т.д.; be run somewhere these trains are run between X and Y эти поезда курсируют между X и Y
    5) be run on smth. trains (buses, etc.) are run on electricity (on coal, on steam, etc.) поезда и т.д. работают на электричестве и т.д.; be run at smth. be run at some cost обходиться в определенную сумму (об эксплуатации машины и т.п.); this car can be run at a small cost расходы на эксплуатацию этой машины очень невелика
    6) be run on smth. this book is to be run on good paper эта книга будет издана на хорошей бумаге
    7) be run through he was run through and through ему было нанесено множество колотых ран; be run through by smth. he was run through by a bayonet его пронзили штыком, его закололи штыком
    8) be run at some time the race (the match, the competition, etc.) will be run tomorrow (next week, etc.) скачки и т.д. состоятся /будут проводиться/ завтра и т.д.; the cup will be run for today сегодня состоятся соревнования на кубок /состоится розыгрыш кубка/; be run in some condition the Derby was run in a snowstorm (in rain, etc.) дерби проводилось во время сильного снегопада /вьюги/ и т.д.; be run as (on) smth. this business (it, this scheme, etc.) is run /is being run/ as a commercial enterprise /on a commercial basis/ это дело и т.д. ведется на коммерческой основе; be run by smb. he is (hard) run by his wife (by his secretary, etc.) он под башмаком у своей жены и т.д.; the school is run by a committee школа управляется советом
    8. XIII
    run to do smth. run to catch the train (to meet us, to see what is going on, etc.) бежать /торопиться/, чтобы успеть на писал и т.д.; she ran to help us она бросилась нам на помощь
    9. XV
    1) run in some state run free /loose/ бегать на свободе; let the dog run loose дай собаке побегать на воле
    2) run in some order run second (third, etc.) a) бежать вторым и т.д.; б) идти /прийти/ вторым и т.д.; my horse ran last моя лошадь пришла последней /заняла последнее место/
    3) abs run parallel идти /бежать/ параллельно /бок о бок/ || run foul of smth. налететь на что-л.; run foul of a hidden reef налететь на скрытый риф; run foul of the law нарушить закон; run foul of smb. вызвать чье-л. недовольство; the ships ran foul of each other корабли столкнулись [в море]
    4) semiaux run to some state run low /short/ a) понижаться, опускаться; б) иссякать; our provisions /our supplies, our stock, our stores /are running low /short/ наши запасы кончаются /на исходе/; I am running short of time у меня остается мало времени; run dry высыхать, пересыхать; the well ran dry колодец высох; the river ran dry река пересохла; my imagination ran dry моя фантазия иссякла, мое воображение истощилось; run cold похолодеть; my blood ran cold у меня кровь застыла в жилах; run hot нагреваться; wait till the water runs hot at the tap подожди, пока из крана пойдет горячая вода; run clear быть чистым; rivers run clear вода в реках частая; run high a) подниматься; б) возрастать; the sea runs high море волнуется; the waves run high волны вздымаются; the tide runs high /strong/ прилив нарастает, вода прибывает; feelings /passions/ run high страсти бушуют; the debates ran high споры разгорелись; the prices run high цены растут; run strong набирать силу; run mad сходить с ума; run wild не знать удержу; she lets her children run wild она оставляет детей без присмотра; the garden ran wild сад запущен; we are letting the flowers run wild за цветами у нас никто не ухаживает; his imagination ran wild у него разыгралось воображение; run a certain size apples (pears, potatoes, etc.) run big (small, etc.) this year яблоки и т.д. в этом году крупные и т.д.
    10. XVI
    1) run about (across, around, up, down, in, etc.) smth. run about the streets (about the fields, about the garden, in the pastures, in the yard, etc.) бегать по улицам и т.д.; run across the road (across the street, across the square, etc.) перебегать дорогу и т.д.; run down the road (down the street, down the hill, down the path, down the mountain, down the lane, etc.) бежать вниз по дороге и т.д.; run along the wall (along the bank of the river, etc.) бежать вдоль стены и т.д.; run up the path (up the mountain, etc.) бежать вверх по тропинке и т.д.; run out of the house (out of the room, etc.) выбежать из дома и т.д.; run into a room вбежать в комнату; run through the garden (through the yard, through the village, etc.) пробегать через сад и т.д.; every morning he ran around the garden to keep in condition каждое утро он бегал по саду, чтобы быть в форме; run to /towards/ smth., smb. run towards the door (to the coming visitors, to her son, etc.) подбежать /броситься/ к двери и т.д.; run before (behind, past, by, etc.) smb. run before the crowd (behind the marchers, by her past the waiting people, etc.) бежать впереди толпы и т.д.; he ran past her without saying "hello" он пробежал мимо и даже не поздоровался; run before the wind идти по ветру
    2) run after smb., smth. run after the burglar (after the thief, after a rabbit, etc.) гнаться за грабителем и т.д.; don't bother running after the bus, you'll never catch it какой толк бежать за автобусом, все равно его не догонишь; run after him, he's left his wallet behind догони его, он забыл свой бумажник; who's running after you? кто за вами гонится?; I can't keep running after you all day! coll. я не могу бегать за тобой весь день!; run from smth., smb. run from the village (from the enemy, from danger, etc.) бежать из деревни и т.д.; run to (for) smth., smb. run to smb.'s help поспешить кому-л. на помощь; run to the post-office сбегать на почту; run for the doctor (for the police, etc.) сбегать за врачом и т.д.; run for a prize бежать на приз; run to smb. for help бежать к кому-л. за помощью; run to his mother (to his parents, etc.) with every little problem бегать к матери и т.д. с каждой мелочью; run in smth. run in a race участвовать в забеге /в соревнованиях по бегу/ || run for one's life colt. бежать во весь дух; run for it coll, бежать что есть мочи
    3) run after smb. coll. she runs after every good-looking man in the village она бегает за каждым красивым парнем в деревне; you shouldn't run after him не надо вешаться ему на шею, run after the great увлекаться великими людьми: run after smth. coll. he runs after the country club set он стремится попасть в круг членов загородного клуба; run after new theories увлекаться новыми веяниями
    4) run along (over, past, on, etc.) smth. run along the highway (along the streets, over the hill, over slippery roads, through the city, etc.) двигаться /мчаться, нестись/ по шоссе и т.д.; cars run along these roads по этим дорогам движутся автомобили; sledges run well over frozen snow сани хорошо скользят по мерзлому снегу, the train ran past the signal поезд проскочил светофор; the ball ran past the hole шарик прокатился мимо лунки; the ball ran over the curb and into the street мяч перекатился через обочину и попал /выкатился/ на дорогу; run on snow (on macadam roads, etc.) передвигаться /катиться, скользить/ по снегу и т.д.; trains run on rails поезда ходят по рельсам; the table runs on wheels стол передвигается на колесиках; file drawers run on ball bearings каталожные ящики двигаются /выдвигаются, ходят/ на подшипниках; the fire ran along the ground огонь побежал по земле the fire ran through the-building огонь охватил все здание; run at some speed run at a very high speed (at full speed, at 60 miles an hour, etc.) двигаться с очень большой скоростью и т.д. the train ran at an illegal speed поезд шел с превышением предела скорости
    5) run at smb. run at the enemy (на)броситься на врага
    6) run down ( along, into, to, from, at, etc.) smth. run down the wind screen (down the rain-pipe, down the slope, down smb.'s face, down her cheeks,.etc.) катится /стекать/ по ветровому стеклу и т.д.; the rapids run over the rocks на камнях вода образовывает пороги; run over the table (over the floor, etc.) растекаться или рассыпаться по столу и т.д.; wax ran down the burning candle воск оплывал и стекал по горящей свече; the river runs into the ocean (into the sea, etc.) река впадает в океан и т.д.; water is running into the bath в ванну наливается вода; water runs from a tap (from a cistern from a cask, etc.) из крана и т.д. бежит /льётся вода; sweat was running from his forehead (from his face) у него по лбу (по лицу) струился пот; blood ran from a wound (from a cut, etc.) из раны и т.д. потекла кровь; tears ran from her eyes у нее из глаз катились слезы; he is running at the nose (at the mouth) у него течет из носу (изо рта); I felt tile blood running to my head я чувствовал, как кровь бросилась мне в голову; good blood runs in his veins в его жилах течет хорошая кровь; the colours (the dyes) run in the washing при стирке краски линяют; run with smth. run with sweat взмокнуть от пота, обливаться потом; his eyes ran with tears у него глаза наполнились слезами; the floor (the streets, etc.) ran with water (with blood, with wine, etc.) пол и т.д. был залит водой и т.д.; run off smb. water ran off him с него стекала вода id run off smb. as /like/ water off a duck's back = как с гуся вода; her words (scoldings, admonitions, etc.) ran off him like water off a duck's back на все ее слова и т.д. он не обращал ни малейшего внимания
    7) run to (between) smth. a morning train runs to Paris (to the south, to this city, etc.) в Париж и т.д. ходит утренний поезд; trains (boats, buses, etc.) run between the capitals of these countries (between these towns, between London and the coast. etc.) между столицами этих стран и т.д. ходят /курсируют/ поезда и т.д.
    8) run on (off) smth. cars run on gasoline автомобили работают на бензине; the apparatus runs off the mains аппаратура работает от сети
    9) run for some time the play ran for 200 nights (for a year) пьеса выдержала двести спектаклей (шла целый год); the picture runs for 3 hours фильм идет три часа; the interval sometimes runs to as much as half an hour антракт иногда длится полчаса; run at some place the play (the film) is now running at the Lyceum пьеса сейчас идет в театре "Лицеум"
    10) run across ( along, through, over, up, etc.) smth. the road (the path, etc.) runs across the plain (along the river, along the shore, through the wood, over a hill, up the mountain, close to the village, right by my house, at right angles to the highway, etc.) дорога и т.д. проходит по равнине и т.д.; a corridor runs through the house по всей длине дома тянется коридор; shelves run round the walls (round the room) по всем стенам (по всей комнате) идут полки; a fence runs round the house дом обнесен забором: ivy runs all over the wall (up the side of the house, upon other plants, etc.) плющ вьется по всей стене и т.д.; vine.runs over the porch крыльцо увито виноградом; a scar runs across his left cheek через всю его левую щеку проходит шрам; run from smth. to smth. the chain of mountains runs from north to south горная цепь тянется с севера на юг; shelves run from floor to ceiling полки идут от пола до потолка; this road runs from the village to the station эта дорога идет от деревни к станции; run for some distance the river ( the unpaved section, the path, etc.) runs for 200 miles (for eight miles, etc.) река и т.д. тянется на двести миль и т.д.
    11) run in smth. what sizes do these dresses run in? каких размеров бывают в продаже эти платья?; run in certain numbers иметь определенные номера; on this side house numbers run in odd numbers по этой стороне [улицы] идут нечетные номера домов
    12) run over smth. his fingers ran over the strings (over the piano, over the keys, etc.) он пробежал пальцами по струнам и т.д.; run over one's pockets ощупать свой карманы; run over the seams of the boat осмотреть /ощупать/ швы лодки
    13) run down ( over, through, etc.) smth. a cheer ran down the line (down the ranks of spectators) возгласы одобрения /крики ура/ прокатились по строю (по рядам зрителей); a murmur (a whisper) ran through the crowd по толпе пробежал /прокатился/ ропот (шепот); the news ran all over the town новость облетела весь город; rumours ran through the village (through the town, etc.) no деревне и т.д. прошли /разнеслись/ слухи; a thought (an idea, etc.) ran in /through/ his head /his mind/ у него в голове пронеслась /промелькнула/ мысль и т.д.; this idea run-s through the whole book эта идея проходит через /пронизывает/ всю книгу; the song (the old tune, his words, a snatch of their conversation, etc.) kept running in my mind /through my head/ эта песенка и т.д. неотвязно звучала у меня в ушах; his influence runs through every department его влияние чувствуется /ощущается/ во всех отделах; run up /down/ smth. a cold shiver ran up /down/ his spine холодная дрожь пробежала у него по спине; a sharp pain ran up /down/ his arm (his spine, his leg, etc.) он почувствовал острую боль в руке и т.д.
    14) run into smth. days ran into weeks дни складывались в недели; one year ran into the next шел год за годом
    15) run (up)on smth. the talk (the whole argument, etc.) ran on this point (on this subject, upon the past, on this problem, on the matter, on the same event, on the recent occurrence, etc.) разговор и т.д. вертелся вокруг этого вопроса и т.д.; the conversation ran on politics разговор шел о политике; the boy's thoughts /mind/ kept running on the same theme (on food, on the event, etc.) мальчик все время думал об одном и том же и т.д. || run along familiar lines касаться привычных тем, думать или говорить традиционно
    16) run for some time the law (the contract, the lease, etc.) runs for 3 years этот закон и т.д. имеет /сохраняет/ силу в течение трех лет; your interest runs from January 1st to December 31 вам начисляются проценты с первого января по тридцать первое декабря
    17) run out of smth. we have run out of sugar (out of provisions, out of food, out of petrol, out of tobacco, out of bread, etc.) у нас кончился сахар и т.д.
    18) run over (through, down) smth. run over one's notes (over these proofs, over the story, through one's mail, through the main points of the subject, down the list of names, etc.) просмотреть /пробежать глазами/ свои заметки и т.д.; her eyes ran over the room она окинула комнату беглым взглядом; his eyes ran down the front row and stopped suddenly он глазами пробежал по первому ряду, и вдруг его взгляд на ком-то задержался; don't run through your work so fast не делайте свою работу в спешке
    19) run over/through/ smth. just run over /through/ my lines with me before the rehearsal begins повторите со мной роль до начала репетиции; we'll run over that song again мы еще раз пропоем эту песенку; she ran over his good points она перечислила его достоинства; run through the scene оживить в своей памяти эту сцену
    20) run in (on, etc.) smth. the account (the story, the article, etc.) ran in all the papers сообщение и т.д. было напечатано /опубликовано/ во всех газетах; this item ran under a sensational heading эта информация была напечатана под сенсационным заголовком; political cartoons run on the editorial page политические карикатуры печатаются /помещаются/ на той же полосе, где и передовая статья || run in certain words быть сформулированным определённым образом; the order ran in these words приказ был сформулирован именно следующими словами
    21) run into /through /smth. the book (his novel, etc.) ran into /through/ 5 editions (10 impressions, thousands of copies, etc.) эта книга выдержала пять изданий и т.д.
    22) run through smth. run through a fortune (through the money he won, through his winnings, etc.) растратить /растранжирить/ наследство и т.д.; he ran through his father's money very quickly он очень быстро промотал отцовские деньги; money runs through his fingers [like water through a sieve], he runs through money quickly деньги у него не задерживаются; we run through a lot of sugar in a week мы расходуем много сахара за неделю
    23) run in (to) some amount his income (her bank account, their inheritance, etc.) runs to ten or twelve thousand pounds его доходы и т.д. исчисляются в десять-двенадцать тысяч фунтов; our hotel bill ran to t 500 наш счет за гостиницу достиг суммы в пятьсот фунтов /равняется пятистам фунтам/; the losses run into five figures убытки выражаются в пятизначных числах; a boat like that runs into a lot of money (to a pretty penny) такая лодка стоит больших денег (станет в копеечку); prices run from 50 pence to a pound цены колеблются от пятидесяти пенсов до одного фунта; my money won't run to a car на машину у меня не хватит денег; we can't run to a holiday abroad this year в этом году мы себе не можем позволить провести отпуск за границей; the story (the manuscript, etc.) runs to 16 pages (to three volumes, etc.) рассказ и т.д. занимает шестнадцать страниц и т.д.; her letter ran to a great length она написала очень длинное письмо
    24) run against (into, on, at, etc.) smth. run against /into/ a tree (into a wall, into a bank of soft mud, at the railing, etc.) налететь на дерево и т.д., врезаться в дерево и т.д.; run against a rock (on a mine, etc.) наскочить на скалу и т.д.; run into a patch of thick mist (into a gale, into a storm, etc.) попасть в густой туман и т.д.
    25) run into (across, etc.) smb. run into each other (into an old classmate, into an old friend, etc.) случайно встретить друг друга и т.д.; run across smb. in the street столкнуться с кем-л. на улице; when did you last run across him? когда вы с ним последний раз виделись?; you never know whom you'll run into at a party никогда не знаешь, кого встретишь на вечеринке
    26) run into (across) smth. run into danger (into trouble, into mischief, etc.) попасть в опасное положение и т.д.; run into difficulties очутиться в затруднительном положении; run into debts залезть в долга; run across one of his earliest recordings (across the first edition of this book in a second-hand bookshop, etc.) натолкнуться на /случайно найти/ одну из его ранних записей и т.д.; he ran across her name in the phone book он случайно встретил /увидел/ ее имя в телефонной книге; run against smth. this runs against my interests это идет вразрез с моими интересами
    27) run for smth. run for parliament (for office, for the presidency, for governor, etc.) баллотироваться в члены парламента и т.д.; run in smth. run in an election баллотироваться на выборах; how many candidates is the Liberal Party running in the General Election? сколько кандидатов выставляет либеральная партия на выборах?; run against smb. whom will the Republicans run against the Democratic candidate? кого выставят республиканцы против кандидата от демократической партии?
    28) aux run in smth. musical talent (courage, broadmindedness, red hair, etc) runs in the family (in the blood) музыкальность и т.д. - их семейная черта (у них в крови); run to smth. run to sentiment /to sentimentality/ (to fat, etc.) быть склонным /расположенным/ к сентиментальности и т.д.; they run to big noses (to red hair, to being overweight, etc.) in that family в их семье у всех большие носы и т.д.; the novel runs to long descriptions в романе слишком много затянутых описаний
    11. XIX1
    1) run like smb., smth. run like a deer /like a hare, like the devil, like hell, like blazes, like anything/ бежать во весь опор /что есть мочи/
    2) run like smth. news (rumours) run like wildfire (like lightning) новости (слухи) распространяются как лесной пожар (с быстротой молнии)
    12. XX3
    2) || run as follows гласить следующее; the conversation ran as follows... разговор был такой...
    13. XXI1
    1) run smth. in (over) smth. run two miles in six minutes проехать две мили за шесть минут; run a race over a mile бежать на дистанцию в одну милю;
    2) run smb. across (out of, etc.) smth. run a horse across a field погонять лошадь по полю; run oneself out of breath бежать так, что начинаешь задыхаться
    3) run smb., smth. (in)to (off, out of, etc.) smth. run a fox to cover /to earth/ загнать лису в нору; they ran him off his property его согнали с собственной земля; run smb. out of the country выдворить кого-л. из страны; run a саг into a garage (a ship into harbour, a cart into the yard, etc.) завезти машину в гараж и т.д.
    4) run smth. in (to) smth. run some water into glasses (milk into casks, lead into moulds, etc.) наливать воду в стаканы и т.д.; run bullets into a mould отливать пули; run oil in a still рафинировать масло; run smth. for smb., smth. run a hot tub for smb. сделать для кого-л. горячую ванну; run the water for a tub наполнять ванну водой
    5) run smth. to smth. run ships (trains, etc.) to London водить корабли и т.д. в Лондон; run smth. between smth. run trains (buses, etc.) between these towns пускать поезда и т.д. между этими городами; run a ferry between these villages соединить эти деревни паромом; run smth. from smth. to smth. run trains ( line of mail-boats, etc.) from the capital to other cities пускать поезда и т.д. из столицы в другие города; run smth. during smth. run extra trains during rush hours пускать дополнительные поезда в часы пик
    6) run smth., smb. across (into, to, etc.) smth. run guns (narcotics, drugs, etc.) across the border (into the country) провозить /переправлять/ оружие и т.д. [контрабандой] через границу (в какую-л. страну); run smb. up to town отвозить кого-л. в город
    7) run smth. at smth. run a factory at a loss иметь от фабрики один убытки; run a саг at small cost тратить на содержание машины немного денег; run smth. off smth. she runs her electric sewing-machine off the mains ее электрическая швейная машина работает от сети; run smth., smb. in smth. run a car (a bicycle, etc.) in a race участвовать в автогонках и т.д.; he runs horses in races a) он жокей; б) он держит конюшню /скаковых лошадей/
    8) run smth. across (around, from... to, etc.) smth. run a partition across a room разгородить комнату перегородкой; run a rope across the street натянуть канат через улицу; run a fence around the lot обнести участок забором; run a telephone cable from one place to another проложить /провести/ телефонный кабель от одного пункта в другой, соединять два пункта телефонным кабелем
    9) run smth. against (over, through, etc.) smth. run one's fingers (one's hand) against a door (over a surface, over the seams of the boat, etc.) провести пальцами (рукой) по двери и т.д.; ощупать дверь и т.д.; run a comb through one's hair расчесать волосы гребнем; run one's hand over one's hair пригладить волосы ладонью; run one's fingers over the strings of a harp (over the keys of a piano, etc.) пробежать пальцами по струнам арфы и т.д.; run one's eyes over a page (over a letter, etc.) пробежать глазами страницу и т.д.; run one's finger down the list просмотреть список, водя по строчкам пальцем; run one's pencil through these names (through a word, etc.) зачеркнуть эти фамилии и т.д. карандашом; run a line on a map (over a surface, etc.) провести /прочертить/ линию на карте и т.д.
    10) run smth. behind smth. run a few minutes behind schedule (behind time) не укладываться в расписание (во времени); if we run ten minutes behind schedule the whole evening's viewing will be thrown out of gear если расписание сдвинется больше, чем на десять минут, то программа всего вечера будет нарушена; the programmes are running 10 minutes behind schedule наши программы сегодня запаздывают на десять минут
    11) run smb., smth. through smth. run the actors through their parts заставить актеров повторить свои роли или партии; I'd like to run you through that scene я бы хотел, чтобы вы еще раз провели эту сцену
    12) run smth. to smth. run tile rumour to its source выяснить источник слухов; run a quotation to earth выяснить, откуда взята цитата
    13) run smth. on smth. run the story (this account, the article, this cartoon, etc.) on page one напечатать рассказ и т.д. на первой странице
    14) run smth., smb. into (on) smth., smb. run a саг into a tree (into a wall, into a post, etc.) врезаться машиной в дерево и т.д.; run a ship on a rock разбить корабль о скалу; run the troops into an ambush загнать или заманить войска в засаду; he ran me into a сор из-за него я налетел на полицейского; run smb. into a corner загнать кого-л. в угол; run smth. against smth. run one's head against a wall стукнуться /удариться/ головой о стену; run one's nose against a post (against a wall, etc.) разбить нос о столб и т.д.
    15) run smth. into (through) smth., smb. run a nail into a board забить /загнать/ гвоздь в доску; run a splinter into one's toe (into one's foot, into one's finger, etc.) занозить палец и т.д.; run a thorn (a needle) into one's finger загнать шип (иголку) в палец; run a knife into a loaf разрезать буханку хлеба ножом; run a thread through an eyelet (a rope through a loop) продеть нитку в иголку (веревку в петлю); run a sword through one's enemy пронзить /проколоть/ своего противника шпагой; run smb. through with smth. run a man through with a sword проткнуть кого-л. шпагой
    16) || run a stocking on smth. рвать чулок обо что-л.; run a stocking on a nail разодрать чулок о гвоздь
    17) run smth. for smb. who runs his house for him? кто ведет у него хозяйство?
    18) run smb. (in)to smth. run smb. into expense ввести кого-л. в расход; run smb. into debts заставить кого-л. влезть в долги; run oneself to death до смерти забегаться || this ran me clean off my legs я из-за этого столько бегал, что теперь ног под собой не чую
    19) aux run smth. on (at) smth. I can't afford to run a car on my salary на свою зарплату я не могу содержать машину; run 60 head of cattle on this ranch держать на ранчо шестьдесят голов скота; run an account at the grocery иметь счет у бакалейщика
    14. XXV
    1) run if... (when..., etc.) you'll have to run if you want to catch the train тебе придется бежать, если ты хочешь успеть на поезд; he used to run when he was at college когда он был студентом, он занимался бегом
    2) run when the colour of the dress ran when it was washed платье полиняло в стирке
    3) run that... the story (the rumour) runs that... по рассказам (по слухам)...

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > run

  • 4 być

    impf (jestem, jesteś, jest, jesteśmy, jesteście, są, byłem, byłeś, był, byliśmy, byliście, byli, będę, będziesz, będzie, będziemy, będziecie, będą) Ⅰ vi 1. (istnieć, żyć) to be
    - jest wielu znanych aktorów there are many well known actors
    - nie ma nikogo, kto mógłby to zrobić there’s no one who could do it
    - czy jest Bóg, czy go nie ma? does God exist, or not?
    - był sobie kiedyś stary król there was a. lived once an old king
    - nie było cię jeszcze wtedy na świecie this was before you were born
    - kiedy mnie już z wami nie będzie euf. when I am no more a. I am no longer with you euf.
    - myślę, więc jestem I think, therefore I am
    - być albo nie być to be or not to be
    - to dla nas być albo nie być this is our to be or not to be, this is our Waterloo
    - nie ma już dla niej ratunku nothing can save her now
    - jest wiele powodów do zadowolenia there’s good reason to be happy
    - nie ma obaw a. strachu pot. ! no problem! pot., not to worry! pot.
    - nie ma powodu do obaw there is no reason a. need to worry
    - są sprawy, których nigdy nie zrozumiesz there are (certain) things that you’ll never understand
    - nie ma co płakać/gadać it’s no use crying/talking (about it)
    - nie ma co żałować (there’s) no need to be sorry
    - nie ma co a. czego żałować it’s no great loss
    - nie ma czemu się dziwić, że… it’s no surprise a. wonder that…
    - nie ma o co się kłócić there’s nothing to quarrel about
    - nie ma czym się martwić/czego się bać there’s nothing to worry about/to be afraid of
    - nie ma z czego być dumnym (it’s) nothing to be proud of
    - nie ma z czego się cieszyć/śmiać there’s nothing to rejoice/to laugh about
    - „dziękuję za podwiezienie” – „nie ma za co” ‘thanks for the lift’ – ‘don’t mention it’ a. ‘you’re welcome‘
    - „przepraszam, że panu przerwałem” – „nie ma za co” ‘sorry I interrupted you’ – ‘that’s all right’
    - już cię/was nie ma! off with you!
    2. (przebywać, znajdować się) to be
    - być w pracy/szkole to be at work/at school
    - być w teatrze/na koncercie to be at the theatre/at a concert
    - teraz wychodzę, ale będę w domu o piątej I’m going out now, but I’ll be home at five
    - dzisiaj nie ma go w biurze he’s not in the office today
    - w pokoju nikogo nie ma/nie było there is/was no-one in the room
    - jest już piąta, a jego jak nie ma, tak nie ma it’s already five, and he’s still not here a. there’s still no trace of him
    - „czy jest Robert?” – „nie, nie ma go, jest jeszcze w szkole” ‘is Robert in?’ – ‘no, he’s not, he’s still at school’
    - „są jeszcze bilety na ostatni seans?” – „niestety, już nie ma” ‘do you still have tickets for the last showing?’ – ‘sorry, all sold out’
    - czy będziesz jutro w domu? ‘will you be at home a. in home tomorrow?’
    - kiedy (ona) będzie znowu w Warszawie? when will she be in Warsaw again?
    - byłem wczoraj u Roberta/u babci I was at Robert’s/granny’s yesterday, I went to see Robert/granny yesterday
    - był przy narodzinach swojej córki he was present at the birth of his daughter
    - nigdy nie byłem w Rosji I’ve never been to Russia
    - „skąd jesteś?” – „(jestem) z Krakowa/Polski” ‘where are you from?’ – ‘(I’m) from Cracow/Poland’
    - „gdzie jesteś?” – „tutaj!” ‘where are you?’ – ‘(I’m) here!’
    - „jestem!” (przy odczytywaniu listy) ‘here!’, ‘present’
    - będąc w Londynie, odwiedziłem Annę when a. while I was in London I went to see Anna
    - biblioteka jest w budynku głównym the library is in the main building
    - w jednym pudełku jest dziesięć bateryjek there are ten batteries in a packet
    - w domu nie było nic do jedzenia there was nothing to eat at home a. in the house
    - co jest w tym pudle? what’s in this box?
    - gdzie jest moja książka/najbliższa apteka? where’s my book/the nearest chemist’s?
    - co jest dzisiaj na lunch? what’s for lunch today?
    - wczoraj na kolację był dorsz there was cod for dinner yesterday
    - „dużo masz tych ziemniaków?” – „oj, będzie” pot. ‘got a lot of those spuds?’ – ‘loads’ pot.
    - będzie, będzie, więcej się nie zmieści pot. that’s plenty a. that’ll do, there’s no room for any more
    3. (trwać, stawać się) to be
    - jest godzina druga po południu it’s two in the afternoon a. two p.m.
    - nie ma jeszcze szóstej rano it’s not yet six a.m.
    - zanim dotrzemy do domu, będzie ósma wieczorem/północ it’ll be eight p.m./midnight by the time we reach home
    - był maj it was in May
    - to było w grudniu 1999 it was in December 1999
    - to było dawno, dawno temu this was a long, long time ago
    - jest piękny ranek it’s a fine morning
    - jest mroźno/upalnie it’s nippy/hot
    - wczoraj był deszcz/mróz it was raining/freezing yesterday
    - ciekawe, czy jutro będzie pogoda I wonder if it’s going to be fine tomorrow
    - nie pamiętam dokładnie, to było dość dawno temu I can’t really remember, it was some time ago
    - z niego jeszcze coś będzie he’ll turn out all right
    - co z niego będzie? how will he turn out?, what will become of him?
    - będzie z niego dobry pracownik he’ll be a good worker
    - kuchmistrz to z ciebie nie będzie you’ll never make a chef
    - z tych kwiatów nic już nie będzie these flowers/plants have had it pot.
    - z naszych planów/wakacji nic nie będzie nothing will come of our plans/holidays
    - nic z tego nie będzie it’s hopeless
    - nic dobrego z tego nie będzie nothing good will come of it
    - tyle pracy i nic z tego nie ma (he’s done) so much work and nothing to show for it
    4. (odbywać się, zdarzać się) to be
    - koncert/egzamin jest jutro the concert/exam is tomorrow
    - zebranie było w sali konferencyjnej the meeting was (held) in the conference room
    - jutro nie będzie a. nie ma lekcji there are no classes tomorrow
    - był do ciebie telefon there was a phone call for you
    - czy były do mnie jakieś telefony? has anyone called me?
    - był wypadek w kopalni there was an accident in the mine
    - co będzie, jeśli nie zdasz egzaminu? what’s going to happen if you fail the exam?
    - co będzie, jeśli ktoś nas zobaczy? supposing a. what if someone sees us?
    - nie martw się, wszystko będzie dobrze don’t worry, it’ll be a. it’s going to be fine
    - w życiu bywa rozmaicie you never know what life may bring
    - opowiedziałem jej wszystko, tak jak było I told her everything just as it happened
    - co ci/jej jest? what’s the matter with you/her?
    - coś mi/jemu jest something’s the matter with me/him
    - czy jemu coś jest? is anything the matter with him?
    - nic mu nie będzie, to tylko przeziębienie he’ll be fine, it’s only a cold
    5. (uczestniczyć, uczęszczać) to be
    - być na weselu/zebraniu to be at a wedding/meeting
    - wczoraj byliśmy na przyjęciu we were at a reception yesterday
    - być w liceum/na uniwersytecie to be at secondary school/at university
    - być na studiach to be a student a. at college
    - być na prawie/medycynie to study law/medicine
    - był na trzecim roku anglistyki he was in his third year in the English department
    - być na kursie komputerowym to be on a computer course
    - być na wojnie to go to war
    6. (przybyć) to be, to come
    - być pierwszym/drugim to be the first/second to arrive
    - był na mecie trzeci he came third
    - czy był już listonosz? has the postman been a. come yet?
    7. (znajdować się w jakimś stanie) to be
    - być pod urokiem/wrażeniem kogoś/czegoś to be charmed/impressed by sb/sth
    - być pod wpływem kogoś/czegoś to be under the influence of sb/sth
    - prowadzić samochód, będąc pod wpływem alkoholu to drive while under the influence of alcohol
    - być w ciąży to be pregnant
    - być w dobrym/złym humorze to be in a good/bad mood
    - nie być w nastroju do zabawy not to feel like going out a. partying
    - być w doskonałej formie to be in excellent form a. in fine fettle
    - być w strachu to be scared
    - być w rozpaczy to be in despair
    - bądźmy dobrej myśli let’s hope for the best
    - jestem przed obiadem I haven’t had my lunch yet
    - jestem już po śniadaniu I’ve already had breakfast
    - był siedem lat po studiach he had graduated seven years earlier
    - być po kielichu/po paru kieliszkach pot. to have had a drop/a few euf.
    - być na diecie to be on a diet
    - być na kaszce a. kleiku to be on a diet of gruel
    - być na emeryturze/rencie to be on a pension
    - sukienka jest do kolan the dress is knee-length
    - wody było do kostek the water was ankle-deep
    - firanka była do połowy okna the net curtain reached halfway down the window
    - chwila nieuwagi i było po wazonie one unguarded moment and the vase was smashed to pieces
    - jest już po nim/nas! it’s curtains for him/us! pot.
    - jeszcze chwila i byłoby po mnie another instant and it would have been curtains for me a. would have been all up with me pot.
    Ⅱ v aux. 1. (łącznik w orzeczeniu złożonym) to be
    - być nauczycielem/malarzem to be a teacher/painter
    - kiedy dorosnę, będę aktorem when I grow up, I’ll be an actor
    - być Polakiem/Duńczykiem to be Polish/Danish
    - borsuk jest drapieżnikiem the badger is a predator
    - nie bądź dzieckiem! don’t be childish a. such a child!
    - jestem Anna Kowalska I’m Anna Kowalska
    - „cześć, to ty jesteś Robert?” – „nie, jestem Adam” ‘hi, are you Robert? a. you’re Robert, are you?’ – ‘no, I’m Adam’
    - co to jest – ma cztery nogi i robi „miau”? what (is it that) has four legs and says ‘miaow’?
    - była wysoka/niska she was tall/short
    - jest autorką cenioną przez wszystkich she’s an author appreciated by all a. everybody
    - mój dziadek był podobno bardzo przystojnym mężczyzną my grandfather is said to have been a very handsome man
    - wciąż jest taka, jaką była za młodu she’s still her old self
    - kwiaty były żółte i czerwone the flowers were yellow and red
    - pizza była całkiem dobra the pizza was quite good
    - pojemnik był z drewna/plastiku the container was made of wood/plastic
    - z tych listewek byłby ładny latawiec these slats could make a fine kite
    - wszystko to były jedynie domysły it was all only conjecture
    - czyj jest ten samochód? whose car is this?, who does this car belong to?
    - ta książka jest jej/Adama this book is hers/Adam’s, this is her/Adam’s book
    - żona była dla niego wszystkim his wife was everything to him
    - nie naśladuj innych, bądź sobą don’t imitate others, be yourself
    - ta zupa jest zimna this soup is cold
    - Maria jest niewidoma Maria is blind
    - jesteś głodny? are you hungry?
    - Robert jest żonaty/rozwiedziony Robert is married/divorced
    - są małżeństwem od dziesięciu lat they’ve been married for ten years
    - bądź dla niej miły be nice to her
    - bądź tak dobry a. uprzejmy would you mind
    - bądź tak miły i otwórz okno would you mind opening the window?
    - czy byłaby pani uprzejma podać mi sól would you be kind enough a. would you be so kind as to pass me the salt?
    - nie bądź głupi! don’t be a fool!
    - cicho bądź! be quiet!
    - być w kapeluszu/kaloszach/spodniach to be wearing a hat/rubber boots/trousers
    - była w zielonym żakiecie/czarnym berecie she was wearing a green jacket/black beret, she had a green jacket/black beret on
    - być za kimś/czymś (opowiadać się) to support sb/sth, to be for sb/sth
    - byłem za tym, żeby nikomu nic nie mówić I was for not telling anyone anything
    - dwa razy dwa jest cztery two times two is four
    2. (w stronie biernej) artykuł jest dobrze napisany the article is well written
    - ściany pokoju były pomalowane na różowo the walls of the room were painted pink
    - dzieci, które są maltretowane przez rodziców children who are abused by their parents
    - tak jest napisane w gazecie that’s what it says in the paper
    - samochód będzie naprawiony jutro the car will be repaired by tomorrow
    - to musi być zrobione do czwartku this must be done by Thursday
    - sukienka była uszyta z czarnej wełenki the dress was made of black wool
    3. (w czasie przyszłym złożonym) shall, will
    - będzie pamiętał a. pamiętać tę scenę przez cały życie he will remember this scene all his life
    - będziemy długo go wspominali a. wspominać we shall a. will long remember him
    4. przest. (w czasie zaprzeszłym) w Krakowie mieszkał był przed trzema laty he would have been living a. was living in Cracow three years ago 5. (w trybie warunkowym) byłbym napisał a. napisałbym był do ciebie, gdybym znał twój adres I would have written to you, had I known your address a. if I had known your address
    - co by się było stało, gdyby nie jego pomoc what would have happened if it hadn’t been for his help
    - byłaby spadła ze schodów (omal nie) she almost fell down the stairs
    - byłbym zapomniał! zabierz ze sobą śpiwór I almost a. nearly forgot! take a sleeping bag with you
    6. (w zwrotach nieosobowych) było już późno it was already late
    - jest dopiero wpół do ósmej it’s only half past seven
    - nie było co jeść there was nothing to eat
    - za ciepło będzie ci w tym swetrze you’ll be too hot in this jumper
    - byłoby przyjemnie zjeść razem obiad it would be nice to have lunch together
    - wychodzić po zmierzchu było niebezpiecznie it was dangerous going out after dark
    - nie kupić tego mieszkania będzie niewybaczalnym błędem not to buy that a. the flat would be an inexcusable mistake
    - z chorym było źle/coraz gorzej the patient was bad/getting worse
    - z dziadkiem jest nienajlepiej grandfather is poorly
    - wszystko będzie na niego he’ll get all the blame
    - żeby nie było na mnie I don’t want to get the blame
    - na imię było jej Maria her name was Maria
    - było dobrze po północy it was well after midnight
    - będzie z godzinę/trzy lata temu an hour or so/some three years ago
    - będzie kwadrans jak wyszedł he must have left fifteen minutes or so ago, it’s been fifteen minutes or so since he left
    - do najbliższego sklepu będzie ze trzy kilometry it’s a good three kilometres to the nearest shop
    - nie ma tu gdzie usiąść there’s nowhere here to sit
    - w tym mieście na ma dokąd pójść wieczorem there’s nowhere to go at night in this town
    - nie ma komu posprzątać/zrobić zakupy there’s no-one to clean/to do shopping
    - nie ma z kim się bawić there’s no-one to play with
    7. (z czasownikami niewłaściwymi) to be
    - trzeba było coś z tym zrobić something had to be done about it
    - trzeba było od razu tak mówić why didn’t you say so in the first place?
    - czytać można było tylko przy świecach one could read only by candlelight
    - jest gorzej niż można było przypuszczać it’s worse than might have been expected
    ■ bądź zdrów! (pożegnanie) goodbye!, take care!
    - być bez forsy/przy forsie pot. to be penniless/flush pot.
    - być do niczego (bezużyteczny) [osoba, przedmiot] to be useless a. no good; (chory, słaby) [osoba] to be poorly a. out of sorts
    - być może perhaps, maybe
    - być może nam się uda perhaps we’ll succeed
    - być może a. może być, że… it may happen that…
    - być niczym [osoba] to be a nobody
    - znałem ją, kiedy jeszcze była nikim I knew her when she was still a nobody
    - być przy nadziei a. być w poważnym a. odmiennym a. błogosławionym stanie książk. to be in an interesting condition a. in the family way przest.; to have a bun in the oven euf., pot.
    - było nie było (tak czy owak) when all’s said and done, after all; (niech się dzieje co chce) come what may, be that as it may
    - było nie było, to już ćwierć wieku od naszego ślubu when all’s said and done a. after all, it’s twenty-five years since we got married
    - było nie było, idę pogadać z szefem o podwyżce come what may, I’m going to the boss to talk about a rise
    - było siedzieć w domu/nie pożyczać mu pieniędzy pot. serves you right, you should have stayed at home/shouldn’t have lent him money
    - było nic mu nie mówić you should have told him nothing
    - co będzie, to będzie whatever will be, will be
    - co było, to było let bygones be bygones
    - co jest? pot. what’s up? pot.
    - co jest, do jasnej cholery? dlaczego nikt nie otwiera? what the hell’s going on? – why doesn’t anyone open the door? pot.
    - co jest? przyjacielowi paru groszy żałujesz? what’s wrong? – can’t spare a friend a few pence? pot.
    - coś w tym jest a. coś w tym musi być there must be something in it
    - coś w tym musi być, że wszyscy dyrektorzy będą na tym zebraniu there must be something in it, if all the directors are going to the meeting
    - jakoś to będzie things’ll a. it’ll work out somehow pot.
    - nie ma co a. rady oh well
    - nie ma co, trzeba brać się do roboty oh well, time to do some work
    - nie ma co! well, well!
    - mieszkanie, nie ma co, widne i ustawne well, well, not a bad flat, airy and well laid out
    - ładnie się spisałeś, nie ma co! iron. well, well, you’ve done it now, haven’t you!
    - nie ma (to) jak kuchnia domowa/kieliszek zimnej wódki nothing beats a. you can’t beat home cooking/a glass of cold vodka
    - nie ma (to) jak muzyka klasyczna give me classical music every time
    - nie ma to jak wakacje! there’s nothing like a holiday!
    - nie może być! (niedowierzanie) I don’t believe it!, you don’t say!
    - niech będzie! oh well!
    - niech ci/wam będzie! have it your own way!
    - niech mu/jej będzie! let him/her have his/her own way!
    - niech tak będzie! (zgoda) so be it!
    - tak jest! (owszem) (that’s) right!
    - „to jest pańskie ostatnie słowo” – „tak jest, ostatnie” ‘is that your final word?’ – ‘yes, it is’, ‘that’s right’
    - tak jest, panie pułkowniku/generale! Wojsk. yes, sir!
    - to jest książk. that is, that is to say
    - główne gałęzie przemysłu, to jest górnictwo i hutnictwo the main branches of industry, that is (to say) mining and metallurgy
    * * *
    (jestem, jesteś); pl jesteśmy; pl jesteście; pl są; imp bądź; pt był, była, byli; sg fut będę; sg fut; będziesz; vi

    jestem! — present!, here!

    jest ciepło/zimno — it's warm/cold

    jest mi zimno/przykro — I'm cold/sorry

    będę pamiętać lub pamiętał — I will remember

    co będzie, jeśli nie przyjdą? — what will happen if they don't come?

    nie może być! — this lub it can't be!

    tak jest! — yes, sir!

    jestem za +instr /przeciw być — +dat I am for/against

    * * *
    I.
    być1
    ipf.
    1. (= znajdować się w jakimś stanie l. miejscu) be; (= istnieć) exist, be there; być na diecie be on a diet; być na emeryturze be retired; jestem po robocie I'm finished l. done with work (for today); pewnego razu był sobie król... once upon a time there lived a king...; w ogrodzie były róże there were roses in the garden; w Galaktyce są miliardy gwiazd there are billions of stars in the Galaxy; ile ich jest? how many of them are there?; być w kinie be at the theater; być na wycieczce be on a trip; być w Warszawie be in Warsaw; być u babci na wsi be at grandma's house in the country; być z kimś sam na sam be one on one with sb; od świtu jestem na nogach I have been on my feet all day; Ewa jest na ostatnich nogach Eva is ready to drop l. dead on her feet; jesteś na drodze do zawału you are on the road to a heart attack; wszystko jest na swoim miejscu everything is in its place; to było nie na miejscu that was out of line; być na ustach całego miasteczka be on the lips of everyone in town; być jedną nogą na tamtym świecie have one foot in the grave; co dzisiaj będzie na obiad? what's for supper today?; wszystko jest pod ręką we have everything right at hand; być u steru przen. be at the wheel; no to jestem w domu (= zrozumiałem) that hits home; być w latach l. w leciech be up in one's years; być w sile wieku be in one's prime; być w opałach be in a bind; teraz wszystko jest w twoich rękach now everything is in your hands l. up to you; być w siódmym niebie be in seventh heaven; być w swoim żywiole be in one's element; być na zebraniu be at a meeting; być na wojnie be (fighting) in a war; być na studiach be at college; być na anglistyce be in the English Department; nigdy nie byłem w Chicago I've never been to Chicago; Adam jest pod pantoflem swojej żony Adam is henpecked; być nie w sosie be in a bad mood; jest gaz i woda we have gas and water; jestem takiego samego zdania I'm of the same opinion; jestem dobrej myśli I'm hoping for the best; jest mi u ciebie tak dobrze I feel so good at your place; jest mi głupio I feel stupid; to jest do niczego it's no good; być górą be on top; to nie jest czas po temu this is not the time for that; to nie jest mi na rękę this is inconvenient (for me); to nie jest po mojej myśli that's not what I intended l. what I had in mind; jestem pod wrażeniem I'm impressed; jestem bez pieniędzy I'm broke; jestem w ciąży I'm pregnant; Ewa jest przy nadziei przest. Eva is in the family way; jestem na służbie I'm on duty; byliśmy na spacerze we were taking a walk; dobrze wiesz, że jesteś na mojej łasce you know fully well that you're at my mercy; czy jesteś w stanie mnie zrozumieć? are you able to understand me?; jestem w dobrym humorze I'm in a good mood; byliśmy w kłopocie, co zrobić z... we couldn't figure out what to do with...; Ewa przez moment była w rozterce for a moment Ewa was in a dilemma; Ewa jest z Adamem w przyjaźni Ewa is friends with Adam; po czyjej jesteś stronie? whose side are you on?; Adam jest w porządku Adam is OK l. alright; to nie jest w moim guście that's not my style; jestem na bakier z gramatyką I haven't a clue about grammar; z teściową jestem na złej stopie I'm on bad terms with my mother-in-law; z prezesem jestem na ty I'm on a first name basis with the president; jestem za reformą I'm for the reform; oni są z sobą za pan brat they are on familiar terms; jestem z Ewą po słowie przest. I'm engaged to Eve.
    2. ( część orzeczenia imiennego) jestem studentem I am a student; byłam piosenkarką I was a singer; będę generałem I will be a general; ta dziewczyna jest ładna that girl is pretty; samochód jest ojca that's father's car; ten długopis nie jest mój this pen isn't mine; bądź zdrów! get well!; jesteś dla mnie niczym! you mean nothing to me; on nie był sobą he wasn't himself; dwa razy dwa jest cztery two plus two is l. equals four.
    3. ( w zdaniach bezosobowych) (= zdarzać się) jest piękny dzień it's a beautiful day; był kwiecień it was April; było to dość dawno it was l. happened quite a long time ago; był do ciebie telefon you had a call; było już późno it was getting late; nie ma co jeść there's nothing to eat; będzie z godzinę temu, jak... it's been an hour since...; a co będzie ze mną? what will happen to me?; ciekaw jestem, co z niego będzie I'm curious (about) what will become of him; jeżeli tak jest if it is so; być może maybe, perhaps; co będzie, to będzie come what may; co było, to było let bygones be bygones; jakoś to (w końcu) będzie thing's will turn out fine (in the end); co ci jest? what's wrong l. the matter with you?; z tej mąki nie będzie chleba it's hopeless; nie może być that's impossible; jest już po nim it's too late for him; he's done for; he's a goner l. a has-been; co było, a nie jest, nie pisze się w rejestr what's done is done; tak jest! exactly!, precisely!, that's right; wojsk. yes, sir!; to jest (= czyli) that is; było nie było whatever happens; no matter what (happens).
    II.
    być2
    ipf.
    1. tylko będę będziesz itd. ( w formach czasu przyszłego) will (be); będę pamiętał o tym I'll remember that; dzieci będą w ogrodzie the kids will be in the garden; będziemy śpiewać kolędy we're going to sing carols.
    2. ( w formach strony biernej) dom był sprzedany za... the house was sold for...; jesteś obserwowany you are being watched; droga jest już naprawiona the road has been repaired.

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > być

  • 5 bastante

    adj.
    1 enough (suficiente).
    no tengo dinero bastante I haven't got enough money
    2 a lot of, sufficient, enough, plenty of.
    adv.
    1 quite, pretty (considerablemente).
    es bastante fácil it's pretty o quite easy
    bastante mejor quite a lot better
    me gustó bastante I enjoyed it quite a lot
    2 a lot, very much, a great deal.
    pron.
    enough, a good deal, a lot, a sufficient quantity.
    * * *
    1 enough, sufficient
    ■ ¿tienes bastante dinero? have you got enough money?
    2 (abundante) quite a lot of
    1 enough
    2 (un poco) fairly, quite
    3 (tiempo) some time, quite a while
    * * *
    1. adv.
    1) enough, sufficiently
    2) quite, rather
    2. pron. 3. adj.
    1) enough, sufficient
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=suficiente) enough ( para for)

    ¿no tienes ya bastantes? — haven't you got enough?

    2) (=mucho) quite a lot of, a fair amount of
    3) (=muchos) quite a lot of, quite a few

    -¿tienes muchos cuadros? -bastantes — "do you have many paintings?" - "quite a few"

    4) Méx (=demasiado) too much
    2. ADV
    1) (=suficiente) enough

    ya tienen bastante como para que vayamos también nosotros con nuestros problemas — they've got enough on their plate already without us taking our problems along

    2) (=de forma considerable) [con verbos] quite a lot; [con adjetivos, adverbios] quite

    me gusta bastante — I quite like it, I like it quite a lot

    el libro está bastante bien — it's a fairly good book, it's quite a good book

    habla inglés bastante bien — she speaks quite good English, her English is quite good

    * * *
    I
    1) ( suficiente) enough

    bastantes vasos/bastante vino — enough glasses/wine

    2) ( cantidad o número considerable) plenty of, quite a lot of
    II
    1) ( suficiente) enough
    2) ( demasiado)
    III
    1) ( suficientemente) enough
    2) ( considerablemente) (con verbos) quite a lot; (con adjetivos, adverbios) quite

    me pareció bastante aburrido/agradable — I thought he was rather boring/quite pleasant

    es bastante fácil de curar — it's quite o fairly easy to cure

    * * *
    = a good deal of, a great deal of, enough, plenty of, pretty much, substantive, plenty, a good many, numerable, fair share.
    Ex. There is a good deal of scope for users and novice cataloguers to find difficulty in identifying the appropriate heading for many of the works which are the responsibility of corporate bodies.
    Ex. As earlier sections amply demonstrate, there is a great deal of choice with regards to data bases.
    Ex. Also, the supplier with a number of clients has enough maintenance income to justify the establishment of a sound maintenance service.
    Ex. There are plenty of omission failures of this sort, and they litter most of the Hennepin County Library Cataloging Bulletins.
    Ex. Of course, suspicion always arises that both are weak; for where the library is a vital force, the public is usually pretty much alive to its worth.
    Ex. In Zimbabwe out of the seven universities with substantive librarians in the country, six of them were headed by women.
    Ex. One of the great glories of books is that there are plenty to suit everybody, no matter what our taste, our mood, our intellectual ability, age or living experience.
    Ex. A good many heavily gilt retailers' bindings (such as the small English devotional books that were sold in large numbers from the 1560s until the later seventeenth century) were indeed intended to look expensive while really being cheaply executed.
    Ex. During the past decade both groups have developed numerable measures to assess creative potential.
    Ex. Some librarians complain that they are not getting a fair share of these funds.
    ----
    * ayudar bastante a = go + a long way (towards/to/in) + Gerundio.
    * bastante + Adjetivo = fairly + Adjetivo, pretty + Adjetivo, rather + Adjetivo, reasonably + Adjetivo.
    * bastante bien = good enough, rather well, fairly + Verbo.
    * bastante desarrollado = well-developed.
    * bastante extenso = longish.
    * bastante general = wide-ranging [wide ranging].
    * bastante grande = largish.
    * bastante largo = longish.
    * bastante lejos de = well away from.
    * bastante malo = third rate [third-rate].
    * bastante más = rather more.
    * bastante para todos = enough to go round.
    * bastante tiempo = ample time.
    * con bastante antelación = well in advance, far in advance.
    * con bastante frecuencia = quite frequently, fairly often.
    * dar bastante importancia a = place + great store on.
    * dejar bastante que desear = leave + a lot to be desired, leave + much to be desired.
    * estar bastante acostumbrado a = be all too familiar with.
    * estar bastante alejado = be a distance apart.
    * ganar bastante dinero = make + good money, earn + good money.
    * lo bastante elevado = high enough.
    * lo bastante extenso = adequately scoped.
    * no lo bastante lejos = not far enough.
    * Participio Pasado + bastante bueno = decently + Participio Pasado.
    * que necesita bastante dedicación de personal = staff-intensive [staff intensive].
    * que necesita bastante mano de obra = labour-intensive [labour intensive].
    * remontarse bastante en el tiempo = go back + a long way.
    * ya es bastante = enough is enough.
    * ya hace bastante tiempo = for quite a while now.
    * ya hemos hablado bastante de = so much for.
    * * *
    I
    1) ( suficiente) enough

    bastantes vasos/bastante vino — enough glasses/wine

    2) ( cantidad o número considerable) plenty of, quite a lot of
    II
    1) ( suficiente) enough
    2) ( demasiado)
    III
    1) ( suficientemente) enough
    2) ( considerablemente) (con verbos) quite a lot; (con adjetivos, adverbios) quite

    me pareció bastante aburrido/agradable — I thought he was rather boring/quite pleasant

    es bastante fácil de curar — it's quite o fairly easy to cure

    * * *
    = a good deal of, a great deal of, enough, plenty of, pretty much, substantive, plenty, a good many, numerable, fair share.

    Ex: There is a good deal of scope for users and novice cataloguers to find difficulty in identifying the appropriate heading for many of the works which are the responsibility of corporate bodies.

    Ex: As earlier sections amply demonstrate, there is a great deal of choice with regards to data bases.
    Ex: Also, the supplier with a number of clients has enough maintenance income to justify the establishment of a sound maintenance service.
    Ex: There are plenty of omission failures of this sort, and they litter most of the Hennepin County Library Cataloging Bulletins.
    Ex: Of course, suspicion always arises that both are weak; for where the library is a vital force, the public is usually pretty much alive to its worth.
    Ex: In Zimbabwe out of the seven universities with substantive librarians in the country, six of them were headed by women.
    Ex: One of the great glories of books is that there are plenty to suit everybody, no matter what our taste, our mood, our intellectual ability, age or living experience.
    Ex: A good many heavily gilt retailers' bindings (such as the small English devotional books that were sold in large numbers from the 1560s until the later seventeenth century) were indeed intended to look expensive while really being cheaply executed.
    Ex: During the past decade both groups have developed numerable measures to assess creative potential.
    Ex: Some librarians complain that they are not getting a fair share of these funds.
    * ayudar bastante a = go + a long way (towards/to/in) + Gerundio.
    * bastante + Adjetivo = fairly + Adjetivo, pretty + Adjetivo, rather + Adjetivo, reasonably + Adjetivo.
    * bastante bien = good enough, rather well, fairly + Verbo.
    * bastante desarrollado = well-developed.
    * bastante extenso = longish.
    * bastante general = wide-ranging [wide ranging].
    * bastante grande = largish.
    * bastante largo = longish.
    * bastante lejos de = well away from.
    * bastante malo = third rate [third-rate].
    * bastante más = rather more.
    * bastante para todos = enough to go round.
    * bastante tiempo = ample time.
    * con bastante antelación = well in advance, far in advance.
    * con bastante frecuencia = quite frequently, fairly often.
    * dar bastante importancia a = place + great store on.
    * dejar bastante que desear = leave + a lot to be desired, leave + much to be desired.
    * estar bastante acostumbrado a = be all too familiar with.
    * estar bastante alejado = be a distance apart.
    * ganar bastante dinero = make + good money, earn + good money.
    * lo bastante elevado = high enough.
    * lo bastante extenso = adequately scoped.
    * no lo bastante lejos = not far enough.
    * Participio Pasado + bastante bueno = decently + Participio Pasado.
    * que necesita bastante dedicación de personal = staff-intensive [staff intensive].
    * que necesita bastante mano de obra = labour-intensive [labour intensive].
    * remontarse bastante en el tiempo = go back + a long way.
    * ya es bastante = enough is enough.
    * ya hace bastante tiempo = for quite a while now.
    * ya hemos hablado bastante de = so much for.

    * * *
    A (suficiente) enough
    ¿tenemos bastantes vasos/bastante vino? do we have enough glasses/wine?
    compra bastantes aceitunas buy plenty of olives
    necesita bastante sal it needs plenty of o quite a lot of salt
    nos dio bastantes ejemplos he gave us plenty of o quite a lot of o quite a few examples
    vámonos, ya he visto bastante let's go, I've seen enough
    ya tenemos bastantes we already have enough
    B
    (en cantidad o número considerable): la traducción deja bastante que desear the translation leaves rather a lot to be desired
    no te has esforzado bastante you haven't tried hard enough
    el río no es lo bastante profundo the river isn't deep enough
    es lo bastante fácil como para que lo pueda hacer sola it's easy enough for her to do on her own
    B (considerablemente) ( con verbos) quite a lot; (con adjetivos, adverbios) quite
    me ayudó bastante he gave me quite a lot of help, he helped me quite a lot
    me pareció bastante aburrido/agradable I thought he was rather boring/quite pleasant
    llegó bastante cansado he was pretty o quite tired when he arrived
    lo que tiene es bastante fácil de curar what she has is quite o fairly easy to cure
    habla español bastante bien she speaks Spanish quite o pretty well
    los resultados fueron bastante decepcionantes the results were rather disappointing
    * * *

     

    bastante adjetivo

    ◊ bastantes vasos/bastante vino enough glasses/wine


    ◊ había bastante gente/bastantes coches there were plenty of people/cars

    ■ pronombre
    1 ( suficiente) enough;

    2 ( demasiado):

    ■ adverbio
    1 ( suficientemente) enough;

    2 ( considerablemente) ( con verbos) quite a lot;
    (con adjetivos, adverbios) quite;

    me pareció bastante agradable/aburrido I thought he was quite pleasant/rather boring
    bastante
    I adjetivo
    1 (suficiente) enough: ¿tenéis bastantes mantas?, do you have enough blankets?
    bastante dinero/azúcar, enough money/sugar
    2 (en abundancia) quite a lot of: tiene bastante valor, he's quite brave
    bastantes personas, quite a lot of people
    II adverbio
    1 (suficiente) enough: nunca tiene bastante, it's never enough for her
    es lo bastante inteligente como para..., he's clever enough to...
    2 (muy, mucho) fairly, quite: conduces bastante bien, you drive rather well
    es una película bastante buena, it's quite a good film
    viaja bastante, she travels quite often ➣ Ver nota en quite
    1) Cuando quieres decir suficiente, debes usar la palabra enough, que se coloca detrás de un adjetivo o adverbio, pero delante de un sustantivo: Tengo bastante dinero. I have enough money. No es bastante grande. It's not big enough.
    Recuerda que nunca puedes usar enough cuando bastante significa muy: Este libro es bastante (muy) interesante. This book is very interesting. Hace bastante calor. It's very hot.
    2) Cuando quieres decir abundante, puedes emplear la palabra quite, pero también:
    fairly: bastante pero no suficiente
    pretty: más o mejor de lo esperado (informal)
    rather: más o mejor de lo esperado (formal)
    En una escala de nada a muy, el orden sería: not-fairly-quite-rather/pretty-very.
    Quite     se coloca delante de a/an + sustantivo
    pretty y fairly entre a/an y el sustantivo, y rather en ambas posiciones: It's quite/ rather a nice day today o it's a pretty/fairly/rather nice day today. Hoy es un día bastante agradable.
    En la comparación sólo puedes emplear rather: It's rather warmer today. Hoy hace bastante más calor.
    Con un verbo sólo podemos usar quite o rather: I rather/ quite liked it. Me gustó bastante.
    ' bastante' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abundante
    - animosidad
    - apolillada
    - apolillado
    - chillón
    - chillona
    - decente
    - dentro
    - descreída
    - descreído
    - desear
    - destreza
    - eufórica
    - eufórico
    - excitable
    - informal
    - lucir
    - miedosa
    - miedoso
    - ordinaria
    - ordinario
    - parecerse
    - pedestre
    - pequeña
    - pequeño
    - potable
    - rancia
    - rancio
    - reparación
    - suficiente
    - tonta
    - tonto
    - adelantado
    - alto
    - creer
    - defender
    - guisar
    - hombre
    - para
    English:
    accurately
    - aspect
    - by
    - carefree
    - close
    - considerably
    - deal
    - decent
    - draw on
    - enough
    - explode
    - fairly
    - have
    - lengthy
    - livable
    - morale
    - near
    - OK
    - okay
    - pretty
    - quite
    - rather
    - reasonable
    - reasonably
    - some
    - sufficient
    - sufficiently
    - tolerably
    - warm
    - way
    - bit
    - considerable
    - decently
    - desire
    - fair
    - good
    - nice
    - nip
    - ropey
    - rough
    - shape
    - stock
    - well
    - while
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    1. [suficiente] enough;
    no tengo dinero bastante I haven't got enough money;
    no es lo bastante ancha para que entre el piano it's not wide enough to get the piano through
    2. [mucho]
    tengo bastante frío I'm quite o pretty cold;
    tienen bastante dinero they're quite o pretty well off;
    bastantes libros quite a lot of books, a fair number of books;
    tenemos bastante tiempo we have quite a lot of time
    ♦ adv
    1. [suficientemente]
    es lo bastante lista para… she's smart enough to…;
    ya has hablado bastante, ahora cállate you've done enough talking, be quiet now
    2. [considerablemente] [con adjetivos, adverbios] quite;
    [con verbos] quite a lot;
    es bastante fácil it's pretty o quite easy;
    es una práctica bastante común it's quite a common practice, it's a pretty common practice;
    bastante mejor quite a lot better;
    me gustó bastante I enjoyed it quite a lot;
    he cenado bastante I had a pretty big dinner;
    desde que le operaron ha mejorado bastante he's quite a lot better o he's improved quite a lot since he had the operation
    3. [con frecuencia] quite a lot;
    voy bastante por ahí I go there quite a lot;
    ¿viajas mucho? – bastante do you do much travelling? – yes, quite a lot o a fair bit
    ♦ pron
    éramos bastantes there were quite a few o a lot of us;
    hay bastantes que piensan así there are quite a few people who share the same opinion;
    queda bastante there's quite a lot left
    * * *
    I adj
    1 enough
    cantidad considerable plenty of;
    quedan bastantes plazas there are plenty of seats left
    II adv con adjetivos quite, fairly;
    bebe bastante she drinks quite a lot
    * * *
    1) : enough, sufficiently
    he trabajado bastante: I have worked enough
    2) : fairly, rather, quite
    llegaron bastante temprano: they arrived quite early
    : enough, sufficient
    bastante pron
    : enough
    hemos visto bastante: we have seen enough
    * * *
    bastante1 adj
    1. (suficiente) enough
    ¿habrá bastante comida para todos? will there be enough food for everyone?
    ¿tenemos bastantes sillas? have we got enough chairs?
    2. (no poco) quite a lot of
    bastante2 adv
    1. (no poco) quite
    2. (suficiente) enough
    bastante3 pron
    1. (suficente) enough
    no eches más agua a la planta, ya tiene bastante don't water the plant any more, that's enough
    2. (mucho) quite a lot

    Spanish-English dictionary > bastante

  • 6 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 7 primo

    1. adj first
    primo piano m first floor
    2. m, prima f first
    ai primi del mese at the beginning of the month
    sulle prime in the beginning, at first
    3. m gastronomy first course, starter
    * * *
    primo agg.num.ord.
    1 first: il primo mese dell'anno, giorno della settimana, the first month of the year, day of the week; è il suo primo figlio, he's her first son; il suo primo libro è stato un successo, his first book was a success; è sul primo scaffale a destra, it's on the first shelf on the right; è sul primo scaffale in alto, in basso, it's on the top, the bottom shelf // Atto I, Scena II, Act one, Scene two // Carlo primo, Elisabetta prima, re Enrico primo, Charles the First, Elizabeth the First, King Henry the First // di prima mano, firsthand // di prim'ordine, first-class (o first-rate): un mascalzone di prim'ordine, a first-class scoundrel // un diamante, una perla di prim'acqua, di prima purezza, a diamond, a pearl of the first water // in primo luogo, in the first place (o first of all) // in un primo tempo, at first // per prima cosa, first thing: fallo per prima cosa domani, do it first thing tomorrow; per prima cosa gli ho chiesto..., first I asked him... // sulle prime, at first // è la prima e l'ultima volta che ti do retta, this is the first and last time I'll pay attention to you
    2 ( principale, più importante) chief, principal, main; ( migliore) best: i primi cittadini del paese, the leading (o first) citizens of the country; appartiene a una delle prime famiglie della città, he belongs to one of the most prominent families in town; è uno dei primi ristoranti, it's one of the best restaurants; ecco la ragione prima per cui non vengo, that's the main (o chief o principal) reason why I don't come // (teatr.): prima donna, leading lady; ( d'opera) prima donna; prima parte, lead; leading rôle (anche fig.) // primo violino, violoncello, first violin (o leader), first cello // Primo Ministro, Prime Minister (o Premier)
    3 ( iniziale; più lontano nel tempo) early, first: i primi Cristiani, the early Christians; i primi giorni della rivoluzione, the early days of the revolution; la prima infanzia, giovinezza, early childhood, youth; le prime leggende, the earliest (o first) legends; le prime ore del mattino, the early hours of the morning; la prima parte dell'anno, del secolo, the early part of the year, of the century; fin dalla sua prima infanzia, from a very early age; nei primi mesi dell'anno, in the early months of the year; i nostri primi poeti, our early poets; uno dei primi Vittoriani, an early Victorian // di primo mattino, pomeriggio, early in the morning, in the afternoon
    4 ( prossimo) next: glielo porterò la prima volta che andrò da lui, I'll take it to him the next time I go to his house; ho perso il treno delle dieci; prenderò il primo treno in partenza, I have missed the ten o'clock train; I'll get the next one.
    primo s.m.
    1 ( primo di una graduatoria o serie) first: chi è arrivato ( per) primo?, who arrived first?; chi è il primo?, who is first?; ti riceverò per primo domani, I'll see you first tomorrow // primo venuto, just anybody: non si deve accordare fiducia al primo venuto, you can't trust just anybody (o strangers); non sono il primo venuto, I'm not just anybody (o a stranger) // il primo che capita, (just) anyone; lo venderò al primo che capita, I'll sell it to the first person who comes along
    2 (il primo citato, nominato) ( tra due) the former; ( tra molti) the first: Piero e Giovanni sono amici; il primo è avvocato, il secondo dottore, Peter and John are friends; the former is a lawyer, the latter is a doctor; ''Preferisci Virgilio, Orazio o Lucrezio?'' ''Preferisco il primo'', ''Do you prefer Virgil, Horace or Lucretius?'' ''I prefer the first''
    3 ( più importante; migliore) the best; the top: è dei primi, he is one of the best; essere il primo della classe, to be top of the form
    4 ( il primo giorno) the first; pl. first days: il primo di febbraio, di marzo, 1st February, 1st March; ci rivedremo ai primi di dicembre, we'll meet again at the beginning of December; il pagamento va effettuato entro i primi di aprile, payment is due within the first days of April // ai primi dell'Ottocento, in the early nineteenth century
    5 ( primo piatto) first course: prendo solo un primo, I'll just have a first course; come primi oggi abbiamo..., the first course today includes...
    6 ( minuto primo) minute: 2 ore, 20 primi e 10 secondi, two hours, twenty minutes and ten seconds.
    primo avv. first: quell'appartamento non mi piace, primo perché è troppo grande e poi perché è rumoroso, I don't like that flat, first because it's too big and then because it's noisy.
    * * *
    ['primo] primo (-a)
    1. agg
    1) (gen) first, (impressione) first, initial, (infanzia) early, (Mat : numero) prime

    in prima pagina Stampa; i suoi primi quadri — his early paintings

    essere primo in classifica — (squadra) to be top of the league, (disco) to be number one in the charts

    sul primo scaffale in alto/in basso — on the top/bottom shelf

    di prim'ordine o prima qualità — first-class, first-rate

    3) (prossimo) first, next

    prendi la prima (strada) a destra — take the first o next (street) on the right

    4) (principale) main, principal
    5)

    (fraseologia) per prima cosa — firstly

    in primo luogo — in the first place, first of all

    in un primo tempo o momento — at first

    2. sm/f
    3. sm
    (gen) first, (piano) first floor Brit, second floor Am, Culin first course
    * * *
    ['primo] 1.
    1) (in una serie, in un gruppo) first; (tra due) former

    le -e tre pagine — the first three pages, the three first pages

    "libro primo" — "book one"

    arrivare primo — (in una gara) to come (in) o finish first

    il primo esercizio è semplice, il secondo è complesso — the former exercise is simple, the latter is complex

    2) (nel tempo) early

    nel primo pomeriggio — in the early afternoon, early in the afternoon

    un Picasso -a maniera — an early Picasso, an example of Picasso's early work

    3) (prossimo) first, next

    prendere il primo treno, volo — to leave on the first train, flight

    5) ling.

    -a persona singolare, plurale — first person singular, plural

    7) telev.
    8) in primo luogo to begin with, firstly, in the first instance o place
    9) sulle prime at first, initially
    10) in primo piano in the foreground

    mettere qcs. in primo piano — to bring sth. to the fore, to foreground sth., to bring sth. into sharp focus

    2.
    sostantivo maschile (f. -a)

    fu tra i -i ad arrivare — he was one of o among the first to arrive

    il primo dei miei figli — (tra due) my elder son; (tra più di due) my eldest son

    ai — -

    4) (minuto primo) minute
    5) (prima portata) first course
    6) telev. (canale) channel one
    7) per primo first
    3.
    avverbio first

    ci sono due ragioni: primo... — there are two reasons: first...

    non ci andrò, primo perché non ho tempo e poi perché non ho voglia — I'm not going first because I'm busy and then because I don't feel like it

    primo attore — teatr. principal

    primo ministro — prime minister, premier

    primo violino — first o lead violin

    * * *
    primo
    /'primo/ ⇒ 26
     1 (in una serie, in un gruppo) first; (tra due) former; le -e tre pagine the first three pages, the three first pages; i -i gradini della scala the first few steps of the stairs; "libro primo" "book one"; arrivare primo (in una gara) to come (in) o finish first; essere tra i -i tre to be in the top three; il primo esercizio è semplice, il secondo è complesso the former exercise is simple, the latter is complex; per la -a volta for the first time; non era la -a volta che lo avvertivo che I warned him not for the first time; lo incontrai a Oxford per la -a volta I first met him in Oxford; per -a cosa domani telefono I'll ring first thing tomorrow; - a pagina front page; finire in -a pagina to hit the headlines; essere una notizia da -a pagina to be front page news
     2 (nel tempo) early; nel primo pomeriggio in the early afternoon, early in the afternoon; i -i romanzi dell'autore the author's early novels; un Picasso -a maniera an early Picasso, an example of Picasso's early work; nei -i tempi andava tutto bene at first things went well; nei -i anni '60 in the early 60's
     3 (prossimo) first, next; scendere alla -a fermata to get off at the next stop; prendere il primo treno, volo to leave on the first train, flight
     4 (per superiorità) il primo produttore mondiale di vino the world leading wine producer
     5 ling. -a persona singolare, plurale first person singular, plural
     7 telev. il primo canale channel one
     8 in primo luogo to begin with, firstly, in the first instance o place; in primo luogo non avrei dovuto dirglielo I wish I hadn't told her to begin with
     9 sulle prime at first, initially
     10 in primo piano in the foreground; mettere qcs. in primo piano to bring sth. to the fore, to foreground sth., to bring sth. into sharp focus
     (f. -a)
     1 (in una successione) first; (tra due) former; sei il primo a dirmelo you are the first to tell me; fu tra i -i ad arrivare he was one of o among the first to arrive; preferisco il primo I prefer the first one; il primo dei miei figli (tra due) my elder son; (tra più di due) my eldest son
     2 (in una classifica) first; essere il primo della classe to be top of the class
     3 (giorno iniziale) first; il primo (di) maggio the first of May; ai- i del mese at the beginning of the month; il primo dell'anno New Year's Day
     4 (minuto primo) minute
     5 (prima portata) first course
     6 telev. (canale) channel one
     7 per primo first; arrivare per primo to get there first
     first; ci sono due ragioni: primo... there are two reasons: first...; non ci andrò, primo perché non ho tempo e poi perché non ho voglia I'm not going first because I'm busy and then because I don't feel like it
    primo attore teatr. principal; primo ballerino principal dancer; - a comunione First Communion; primo ministro prime minister, premier; primo violino first o lead violin.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > primo

  • 8 set\ in

    1. I
    the tide (the rain, etc.) was setting in начинался прилив и т.д.; the wind is beginning to set in поднимается ветер; darkness has set in стемнело; night has set in спустилась ночь; drought (heat, etc.) has set in началась засуха и т.д.; warm weather set in установилась теплая погода; if no complications set in если не будет осложнений, если не возникнут осложнения; before ice sets in до того, как встанет река; reaction has set in начался период реакции; а most decidedly peaceful tone has set in установилась самая мирная атмосфера /обстановка/; а fashion for long skirts is setting in сейчас пошла мода на длинные юбки
    2. II
    set in at some time the rainy season (bad weather, cold days, etc.) set in early this year (now, again, etc.) дожди и т.д. начались в этом году рано и т.д.; winter has set in late this year зима в этом году наступила /пришла, установилась/ поздно
    3. VI
    set in some state the weather set in tint' (rainy, cold, etc.) установилась хорошая и т.д. погода; it set in wet наступила сырая погода, стало сыро
    4. XIII
    set in to do smth. it set in to rain (to freeze, to snow, etc.) начались дожди и т.д.
    5. XVI
    set in about (at, for, etc.) smth. winter sets in about (at the beginning of) December зима устанавливается где-то в декабре (в начале декабря); the rainy season generally sets in about the middle of June here сезон дождей здесь начинается примерно в середине июня; cold has set in for a long time теперь на долгое время.установилась холодная погода; it is setting in for rain (for a wet day, for sunny days, etc.) похоже, что будет дождь и т.д.

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > set\ in

  • 9 с

    I предл. (тв.); = со
    1) (указывает на совместность, объединение) with; and

    он прие́хал с детьми́ — he came with the children

    я пойду́ с ва́ми — I'll go with you; I'll join you

    брат с сестро́й ушли́ — brother and sister went away

    мы с тобо́й [мы с ва́ми] — you and I; we

    нам с ва́ми придётся подожда́ть — we'll have to wait

    повида́ть отца́ с ма́терью — see one's father and mother

    2) (в обществе кого-л, по отношению к кому-л) with

    вести́ себя сде́ржанно с кем-л — be reserved with smb

    с ва́ми мне легко́ — I feel at ease with you

    с ним ве́село — he is fun to be with

    обме́ниваться мне́ниями с кем-л — exchange views with smb

    игра́ть с соба́кой — play with the dog

    мне не́ о чем с ва́ми разгова́ривать — I have nothing to discuss with you

    4) (указывает на наличие чего-л, свойства или особенности предмета) with

    чай с молоко́м [са́харом] — tea with milk [sugar]

    кни́га с карти́нками — picture book

    стано́к с электро́нным управле́нием — electronically operated / controlled machine

    бино́кль с увеличе́нием в 10 раз — 10-power binoculars

    мыть с мы́лом — wash with soap

    с курье́ром — by courier ['kʊrɪə] / messenger

    с после́дним по́ездом — by the last train

    с улы́бкой — with a smile

    с интере́сом — with interest

    с удово́льствием — with pleasure

    со сме́хом — with a laugh, with laughter

    с пе́снями и сме́хом — with song and laughter; singing and laughing

    с уве́ренностью — with certainty; for certain; confidently

    одева́ться со вку́сом — be dressed with taste, have good taste in clothes

    с опереже́нием гра́фика — ahead of schedule

    с то́чностью до 0,1 — to within 0.1

    с части́чной нагру́зкой — at partial load

    со ско́ростью 100 км в час — at a speed of 100 km per hour

    с тако́й же ско́ростью, как — as fast as

    с серьёзными наме́рениями — with serious intentions

    с э́той це́лью — for this purpose, with this in mind; toward(s) this end

    я к вам с про́сьбой — I have a request for you; I have something to ask you for

    я́вка с пови́нной — surrender ( of a criminal to police), giving oneself up (with a confession of one's guilt)

    10) ( одновременно) with; at the time of

    просну́ться с зарёй — awake with the dawn

    с оконча́нием войны́ — when the war is [was] over

    с во́зрастом э́то пройдёт — it will pass with the years [with age; as one grows older]

    с разви́тием эконо́мики — as the economy develops

    с увеличе́нием глубины́ растёт давле́ние — as the depth increases, so does the pressure

    с повыше́нием то́чности измере́ний на́ши взгля́ды на э́то явле́ние измени́лись — as the measurement accuracy increased, our view of that phenomenon changed

    с удале́нием от це́нтра — away / outward from the centre

    12) ( после) after

    с приватиза́цией фи́рмы не́которые пробле́мы разреши́лись — after the company was privatized, some of the problems were resolved

    13) (по поводу, относительно) with respect to, as regards; with

    как у вас дела́ с повыше́нием? — how are things going on with your promotion?

    с рабо́той всё хорошо́ — the work's going on all right

    как у вас со здоро́вьем? — do you have any health problems?

    у него́ что́-то с лёгкими — he has got lung trouble

    у меня́ тугова́то с деньга́ми — I am a bit hard up for money

    ••

    что с тобо́й [ва́ми]? — what is the matter with you?

    с ка́ждым (тв.; при обозначении регулярного отрезка времени) — every

    с ка́ждым ча́сом [днём, ме́сяцем, го́дом] — every hour [day, month, year]

    с ка́ждой секу́ндой [мину́той, неде́лей] — every second [minute, week]

    вы молоде́ете с ка́ждым днём — you look younger every day

    II предл. (рд.); = со
    1) (указывает на поверхность, опору, уровень, откуда направлено движение) from; (прочь тж.) off

    взять кни́гу с по́лки — take a book from the shelf

    упа́сть с кры́ши — fall from a roof

    сбро́сить со стола́ — throw off / from the table

    снять кольцо́ с па́льца — take a ring off / from one's finger

    спусти́ться со второ́го этажа́ — come downstairs

    корми́ть с ло́жечки — spoon-feed

    2) (указывает на место отправления, происхождения) from

    верну́ться с рабо́ты — return from work

    съе́хать с да́чи [с кварти́ры] — move from a country house [from a flat брит. / apartment амер.]

    прие́хать с Кавка́за — come from the Caucasus

    ры́ба с Во́лги — fish from the Volga

    3) (указывает на часть, сторону предмета, на которой сосредоточено действие) from

    подойти́ к до́му с торца́ — approach the building from the end side

    пры́гать с ле́вой ноги́ — take off from the left foot

    с двух сторо́н (о движении) — from both sides; ( о письме) on both sides

    печа́ть с двух сторо́н полигр., информ. — two-sided printing

    4) (указывает на то, что используется в начале действия) with, using

    писа́ть с прописно́й [стро́чной] бу́квы — write with a capital [small] letter

    идти́ с туза́ карт. — play an ace

    начина́ть с ма́лого — start small [in a small way]

    5) (указывает на позицию или показатель в прошлом, подвергнувшиеся изменению) from

    перейти́ с пе́рвого ме́ста на пя́тое — move from first place to fifth place

    зарпла́та повы́силась с 5 до 6 ты́сяч рубле́й — the salary (was) increased from 5,000 to 6,000 roubles

    с сентября́ по дека́брь — from September to December

    с трёх до пяти́ — from three to five

    7) (указывает на начало процесса, состояния в прошлом) since

    он не ви́дел её с про́шлого го́да — he has not seen her since last year

    с тех пор ничего́ не измени́лось — nothing has changed since then

    8) (указывает на начало процесса, состояния в будущем) starting / beginning from

    он бу́дет там с января́ [пя́тницы; трёх часо́в] — he will be there starting from January [Friday; three o'clock]

    зако́н вступа́ет в си́лу с 1 января́ — the law comes into force [becomes effective] (on) January (the) first

    с нату́ры — from life

    писа́ть портре́т с кого́-л — paint smb's picture

    брать приме́р с кого́-л — follow smb's example

    10) (указывает на лицо, от которого требуется оплата, вознаграждение и т.п.)

    с вас 20 рубле́й — 20 roubles, please; ( о возврате долга) you owe me 20 roubles

    с тебя́ буты́лка — you owe me a bottle

    11) разг. (от, из-за, под воздействием чего-л) because of; with

    с ра́дости — with joy

    с го́ря — with grief / frustration

    запи́ть с го́ря — drown one's sorrows in drink

    с доса́ды [со зло́сти] — with vexation [with anger]

    со стыда́ — for / with shame

    со стра́ха — in one's fright, in panic

    кра́сный с моро́за — (with a face) reddened by the cold

    ••

    с пе́рвого взгля́да — at first sight

    с головы́ до ног — from head to foot

    с нача́ла до конца́ — from beginning to end; from start to finish

    взять с бо́ю — take by storm

    с мину́ты на мину́ту — any minute / moment (now)

    он придёт с мину́ты на мину́ту — he may come any minute now

    с чьего́-л разреше́ния / позволе́ния — with smb's permission

    с ва́шего согла́сия — with your consent

    с ви́ду — in appearance

    с доро́ги — after a journey

    с меня́ хва́тит — I've had enough

    III предл.; = со
    (вн.; указывает на приблизительную меру чего-л) the size of; about

    с була́вочную голо́вку — the size of a pin's head

    с вас ро́стом — about the same height as yours

    с ло́шадь величино́й — the size of a horse

    туда́ бу́дет с киломе́тр — it is about a kilometre from here

    Новый большой русско-английский словарь > с

  • 10 dopiero

    Ⅰ part. 1. (nie wcześniej) only, not until a. till
    - wyjeżdżam dopiero jutro I’m not leaving till tomorrow
    - dopiero wczoraj/w zeszłym tygodniu only yesterday/last week
    - dopiero teraz/wtedy only now/then
    - dopiero wtedy zrozumiałam it was only then that I understood
    - dopiero wtedy, gdy only when
    - zauważył, że zgubił parasol dopiero wtedy, gdy dotarł na dworzec only when he got to the station did he notice that he’d lost his umbrella
    - wróci dopiero za dwa tygodnie he won’t be back for (another) two weeks
    - dopiero co only just
    - dopiero co wstała she’s only just got up
    - dopiero co kupiony płaszcz a newly bought coat
    2. (nie nikt inny) only
    - dopiero ojciec pożyczył jej pieniądze no one but her father lent her money
    3. (zaledwie) only, just
    - ona ma dopiero dwa lata she’s only two
    - woda jest dopiero letnia the water’s just lukewarm
    Ⅱ part. a to dopiero! well, I never!
    - to dopiero pech! that really is bad luck!
    - a to ci dopiero historia! what a turn-up (for the books)! GB pot.
    - poczekaj, wróci ojciec, dopiero ci się dostanie you just wait till father gets back, you’ll be (in) for it GB pot.
    Ⅲ a co a. cóż dopiero let alone, to say nothing of
    - jest za słaba, żeby stanąć, a co dopiero chodzić she’s too weak to stand, let alone walk
    - w październiku bywa już zimno, a co dopiero w grudniu it gets cold enough in October, let alone December
    * * *
    adv
    ( tylko) just, only; ( nie wcześniej niż) only

    dopiero co — ( przed chwilą) only just

    * * *
    particle
    only; not... until; wrócę dopiero po północy I won't be back until after midnight; dopiero co just now, a moment ago; Br. only just; dopiero teraz/niedawno/wtedy only now/recently/then; dopiero wtedy zrozumiałem only then did I understand, it was only then that I understood; nabożeństwo dopiero się zaczęło, gdy... the service had hardly begun when...; najgorsze dopiero będzie the worst is yet to come; przeczytałem dopiero połowę książki I've only read half of the book; przyjadę dopiero za tydzień I'm not coming for another week; przyjechałem dopiero wczoraj wieczorem I only got here last night, I got here just last night; znaleziono ją dopiero następnego dnia she wasn't found until the following l. next day; koleje znacjonalizowano dopiero po wojnie the railways were not nationalized until after the war; to dopiero druga it's only two o'clock.
    int.
    a co dopiero let alone, not to mention; dobrze jest mieć samochód, a co dopiero mercedesa it's great to have a car, let alone a Mercedes, it's great to have a car, not to mention a Mercedes; a to dopiero! goodness me!, well I never!; Br. blimey!

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > dopiero

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