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1 ná
1 vb. "is" am. Nam, RGEO:67. This is the copula used to join adjectives, nouns or pronouns in statements or wishes asserting or desiring a thing to have certain quality, or to be the same as another VT49:28. Also in impersonal constructions: ringa ná it is cold VT49:23. The copula may however be omitted where the meaning is clear without it VT49:9. Ná is also used as an interjection yes or it is so VT49:28. Short na in airë na, " is holy" VT43:14; some subject can evidently be inserted in the place of. Short na also functions as imperative: alcar mi tarmenel una/u Erun "glory in high heaven ube/u to God" VT44:32/34, also na airë "be holy" VT43:14; also cf. nai be it that see nai \#1. The imperative participle á may be prefixed á na, PE17:58. However, VT49:28 cites ná as the imperative form. Pl. nar or nár are" PE15:36, VT49:27, 9, 30; dual nát VT49:30. With pronominal endings: nányë/nanyë I am, nalyë or natyë you sg. are polite and familiar, respectively, nás it is, násë she is, nalmë we are VT49:27, 30. Some forms listed in VT49:27 are perhaps to be taken as representing the aorist: nain, naityë, nailyë 1st person sg, and 2nd person familiar/polite, respectively; does a followingna represent the aorist with no pronominal ending? However, the forms nanyë, nalyë, ná, nassë, nalme, nar changed from nár are elsewhere said to be aorist, without the extra vowel i e.g. nalyë rather than nailyë; also notice that *she is is here nassë rather than násë VT49:30.Pa.t. nánë or né was, pl. náner/nér and dual nét were VT49:6, 9, 10, 27, 28, 30, 36. According to VT49:31, né was cannot receive pronominal endings though nésë he was is attested elsewhere, VT49:28-29, and such endings are rather added to the form ane-, e.g. anen I was, anel you were, anes she/it was VT49:28-29. Future tense nauva "will be" VT42:34, VT49:19, 27; another version however gives the future tense as uva, VT49:30. Nauva with a pronominal ending occurs in tanomë nauvan I will be there VT49:19, this example indicating that forms of the verb ná may also be used to indicate position. Perfect anaië has been VT49:27, first written as anáyë. Infinitive or gerund návë being, PE17:68. See also nai \#1. 2, also nán, conj. "but, on the contrary, on the other hand" NDAN; the form nan, q.v., is probably to be preferred to avoid confusion with ná "is", *nán "I am". -
2 ngwin
dative pronoun ?"for us" VT21:6-7, 10, VT44:36. Apparently belonging to the 1st person pl. It would be pronounced *nwin at the end of the Third Age, but since Tolkien in another source implies that the 1st pl. exclusive base ñwe had the "independent" stem we- in Quenya VT48:10, we must assume that the dative pronoun should rather be *wen, or in Exilic Quenya *ven. The form ngwin may reflect another conceptual phase when Tolkien meant the nasal element of ñwe to be preserved in Quenya as well. The vowel i rather than e is difficult to account for if the base is to be ñwe. In VT49:55, Carl F. Hosttetter suggests that ngwen rather than ngwin may actually be the correct reading of Tolkiens manuscript. -
3 an-
2 intensive or superlative prefix carrying the idea of "very" or "most", seen in ancalima "most bright" cf. calima "bright", antara "very high, very lofty" and \#anyára *"very old" or *"oldest" the latter form occurring in the so-called Elaine inscription VT49:40, there with the dative ending -n. Assimilated to am- before p-, as in amparca "k" "very dry", and to al-, ar-, as- before words in l-, r-, s- though Tolkien seems to indicate that before words in l- derived from earlier d, the original quality of the consonant would be preserved so that forms in and- rather than all- would result. See also un-. Letters:279, VT45:5, 36 Regarding the form of the superlative prefix before certain consonants, another, partially discrepant system was also set down in the Etymologies and first published in VT45:36. The prefix was to appear as um- or un- before labialized consonants like p-, qu-, v- the consonant v preserving its ancient pronunciation b- following the prefix, thus producing a word in umb-, as in- technically iñ- before c- and g- the latter presumably referring to words that originally had initial g-, later lost in Quenya but evidently preserved following this prefix, and as an- otherwise. However, this system would contradict the canonical example ancalima, which would have been *incalima if Tolkien had maintained this idea. In a post-LotR source, the basic form of the prefix is given as am- instead see am- \#2. In this late conception, the prefix still appears as an- before most consonants, but as ama- before r, l, and the form an- is used even before s- whether original or from þ, not the assimilated variant as- described above. General principles would suggest that the form am- should also appear before y- so the form \#anyára probably presupposes an- rather than am- as the basic form of the prefix, Tolkien revisiting the earlier concept in the Elaine inscription. PE17:92 3 prefix "re" in antúlien, q.v. LotR-style Quenya shows en- instead. -
4 mbelekōro
masc. name,mentioned as "the oldest Q form" of Melkor, q.v. This is obviously a form that belongs to Common Eldarin rather than Quenya as we know it: Notice that it is marked in the source asterisked as unattested WJ:402. It may be that Q here means Quendian rather than Quenya. -
5 -o
1 genitive ending, as in Altariello, Oromëo, Elenna-nórëo, Rithil-Anamo, Rúmilo, Lestanórëo, neldëo, omentielvo, sindiëo, Valinórëo, veryanwesto, q.v. In words ending in -a, the genitive ending replaces this final vowel, hence atto, Ráno, Vardo, vorondo as the genitive forms of atta, Rána, Varda, voronda q.v. Following a noun in -ië, the ending can have the longer form -no, e.g. *máriéno of goodness PE17:59, but contrast sindiëo of greyness in PE17:72.Where the word ends in -o already, the genitive is not distinct in form, e.g. ciryamo q.v. = mariner or mariners. Pl. -ion and -ron, q.v.; dual -to but possibly -uo in the case of nouns that have nominative dual forms in -u rather than -t. The Quenya genitive describes source, origin or former ownership rather than current ownership which is rather covered by the possessive-adjectival case in -va. The ending -o may also take on an ablativic sense, from, as in Oiolossëo from Mount Oiolossë Nam, sio hence VT49:18. In some of Tolkiens earlier material, the genitive ending was -n rather than -o, cf. such a revision as Yénië Valinóren Annals of Valinor becoming Yénië Valinórëo MR:200. 2, also -ó, "a person, somebody", pronominal suffix PM:340 -
6 anta-
1 vb. "give" ANAsup1/sup, MC:215, 221, pa.t. antanë antanen I gave, VT49:14 or ánë, perfect ánië PE17:147, cf. QL:31. According to VT49:14, Tolkien noted that anta- was sometimes often with an ironic tone to refer to missiles, so that antanen hatal sena I gave him a spear as a present was often used with the real sense of I cast a spear at him. Usually the recipient of the thing given is mentioned in the dative or allative case like sena in this example, but there is also a construction similar to English present someone with something in which the recipient is the object and the gift appears in the instrumental case: antanenyes parmanen, I presented him with a book PE17:91. The verb occurs several times in FS: antalto"they gave"; strangely, no past tense marker seems to be present see -lto for the ending; antar a pl. verb translated "they gave", though in LotR-style Quenya it would rather be the present tense "give" pl.; antaróta "he gave it" anta-ró-ta "gave-he-it", another verb occurring in Fíriel's Song, once again with no past tense marker. Also antáva "will give", future tense of anta- "give"; read perhaps *antuva in LotR-style Quenya; similarly antaváro "he will give" LR:63 might later have appeared as *antuvas with the ending -s rather than Qenya -ro for he. Antalë imperative "give thou" VT43:17, sc. anta "give" + the element le "thou", but this was a form Tolkien abandoned. Apparently ana was at one point considered as another imperative give, but Tolkien rewrote the text in question VT44:13, and the normal patterns would suggest *á anta with an independent imperative particle. -
7 wendë
noun "maid" GWEN, wendë vendë "maiden" WEN/WENED, VT45:16, VT47:17. Sana wendë that maiden PE16:96 cf. 90. According to VT47:17, this word for "maiden" is "applied to all stages up to the fully adult until marriage".Early "Qenya" also had wendi "maid, girl" LT1:271; this may look like a plural form in Tolkiens later Quenya. On the other hand, VT48:18 lists a word wendi "young or small woman, girl". It is unclear whether this is Quenya or a Common Eldarin form, but probably the former: PE17:191 displays the word for maiden as wendē, so the Quenya stem form is probably *wende- rather than wendi-, the stem-form that would result from Common Eldarin *wendi. In his Quenya translation of the Sub Tuum Praesidium, Tolkien used Wendë/Vendë to translate "virgin" with reference to the Virgin Mary. Here the plural genitive Wenderon appears in the phrase Wendë mi Wenderon "Virgin of Virgins"; we might have expected *Wendion instead VT44:18.If the pl. form of wendë is *wender rather than wendi, as the gen.pl. wenderon suggests, this may be to avoid confusion with the sg. wendi girl. -
8 ya
1 relative pronoun "which, what" attested in VT43:28, 34 and in the Arctic sentence, with locative suffix in Namárië: see \#yassë. According to VT47:21, ya is impersonal, "which" rather than "whom" compare the personal form ye. The dative form yan q.v. is however used for "to whom" rather than to which in one text, indicating that Tolkien did not always distinguish between personal and impersonal forms. In the phrase lúmessë uya/u variant: uyá/u firuvammë, *"in the hour uthat/u we shall die", the relative pronoun is not explicitly marked for case and is evidently understood to share the case of the preceding noun hence not *lúmessë uyassë/u... "in the hour uin which/u"... VT43:27-28 Presumably, ya has the plural form *yar e.g. *i nati yar hirnen the things that/which I found. 2 or yan, prep. "as" VT43:16, probably abandoned in favour of sívë -
9 ta
1 pron. "that, it" TA; compare antaróuta/u "he gave it" FS; see anta-. The forms tar/tara/tanna thither, talo/tó thence and tás/tassë there are originally inflected forms of this pronoun: *to that, *from that and *in that place, respectively. Compare there as one gloss of ta see \#4. 2 adv. so, like that, also, e.g. ta mára so good VT49:12 3 pron. "they, them", an "impersonal" 3rd person pl. stem, referring "only to 'abstracts' or to things such as inanimates not by the Eldar regarded as persons" VT43:20, cf. ta as an inanimate Common Eldarin plural pronoun, VT49:52. Compare te, q.v. The word ta occurring in some versions of Tolkien's Quenya Lord's Prayer may exemplify this use of ta as an "impersonal" plural pronoun: emmë avatyarir uta/u "we forgive uthem/u" VT43:8, 9; this refers to trespasses, not the trespassers. However, since Tolkien also wanted ta to mean that see \#1 above, he may seem to be somewhat dissatisfied with ta they, them, introducing variant forms like tai VT49:32 to free up ta as a sg. pronoun. In one document, tai was in turn altered to te VT49:33, which could suggest that the distinction between animate and inanimate they, them was abandoned and the form te q.v. could be used for both. In some documents, Tolkien seems to use tar as the plural form VT49:56 mentions this as an uncertain reading in a source where the word was struck out; compare ótar under ó-. 4 conj., said to be a reducted form of tá then, used before each new item in a series or list; if as often in English the equivalent of and was omitted, and placed only before a final item e.g. Tom, Dick, and Harriet, this would in Quenya represent a discontinuity, and what followed after ta would be an addition of something overlooked or less important. PE17:70 Hence the use of arta ar ta, and ta for et cetera; in older language ta ta or just ta. 5 adv. there VT49:33; this may be an Elvish root or element rather than a Quenya word; see tanomë; see however also tar, tara, tanna under ta \#1. -
10 tai
1 pron. "that which, what", which fact VT42:34, VT49:12, 20. The word occurs in the sentence alasaila ná lá carë tai mo navë mára, translated "it is unwise not to do what one judges good". So tai = "what", but it means more literally "that which" VT49:12, ta + i cf. ta \#1 and the use of i as a relative pronoun. In one note, Tolkien emended tai to ita, reversing the elements VT49:12 and also eliminating the ambiguity involving the homophone tai \#2, see below. 2 pron. they, them, 3rd person pl., used with reference to inanimates rather than persons or living things VT49:32, see ta \#3 above. Perhaps to avoid the clash with tai that which, the pronoun tai they, them was altered to te in at least one manuscript VT49:33, so that it would merge with the pronoun used of living beings and the distinction between animate and inanimate would be abandoned see te. 3 adv. then, also tá which form may be preferred because tai has other meanings as well VT49:33 -
11 -t
1 dual ending, on nouns denoting a pair of something: attat "2 fathers or neighbours" VT48:19; see atto, máryat "her pair of hands" Nam, siryat "two rivers" VT47:11, ciriat "2 ships" Letters:427 read ciryat as in the Plotz Letter?, maquat "group of ten" from maqua, meaning among other things "group of five" VT47:7, nápat "thumb and index as a pair" VT48:5, also compare met "us two" as the dual form of me "us" Nam, VT47:11. Other dual endings known from the Plotz letter: genitive -to, possessive -twa, dative -nt, locative -tsë, allative -nta, ablative -lto, instrumental -nten, plus -tes as a possible short locative. It may be that these endings only apply to nouns that would have nominative dual forms in -t, and that nouns preferring the alternative dual ending -u would simply add the otherwise "singular" case endings to this vowel, e.g. *Alduo rather than ?Alduto as the genitive form of "Two Trees" Aldu. The ending -t is also used as a verbal inflection, corresponding to pl. -r elen atta siluvaut/u, two stars shall shine, VT49:45; the verb carit do would also be used with a dual subject, VT49:16; cf. also the endings listed in VT49:48, 50. 2 "them", pronominal ending; seen in the word laituvalmet "we shall bless them" lait-uva-lme-t "bless-shall-we-them". According to PE17:110, this -t covers both sg. and dual. Also independent word te pl. and tú dual possibly *tu when unstressed. 3 reduced pronominal affix of the 2. person, "you" sg., the long form being -tyë both endings are listed in VT49:48. See heca regarding the example hecat WJ:364. However, in a later source, Tolkien denies that -tyë has any short form VT49:51, 57. The status of the ending -t is therefore doubtful. -
12 quentalë
"q" noun "account, history" KWET, "narration, History" as abstract, but the word may also be used with a particular reference, as in quentalë Noldoron or quentalë Noldorinwa "the history of the Noldor", referring to the real events rather than an account of them: "that part of universal History which concerned the Noldor". VT39:16; in this source the spelling really is "quentale" rather than "qentale" -
13 ló
1 noun "night, a night" DO3/DŌ, VT45:28 lo 2 prep. from, also used = by introducing the agent after a passive construction: nahtana ló Turin *slain by Túrin VT49:24. A similar and possibly identical form is mentioned in the Etymologies as being somehow related to the ablative ending -llo, but is not there clearly defined VT45:28. At one point, Tolkien suggested that lo rather than the ending -llo was used with proper names lo Manwë rather than Manwello for from Manwë, but this seems to have been a short-lived idea VT49:24. -
14 Návarot
noun "Nogrod" Novrod, Hollowbold, name of a dwelling of the Dwarves WJ:389. If the element that is here translated náva is the same as náva "mouth", the initial n comes from earlier ng ñ and should be represented by the letter noldo rather than númen in Tengwar writing. However, Tolkien in WJ:414 reconstructs the primitive form of the náva in Návarot as ¤nābā rather than **ngābā or **ngāwā the likely source of náva "mouth", so this appears doubtful. The initial n of Návarot should evidently be represented by the letter númen in Tengwar writing. -
15 essë
1 noun "name", also later name of Tengwa \#31, originally MET called árë ázë. Appendix E. With a pronominal ending esselya "thy name" VT43:14. Pl. \#essi in PM:339 and MR:470, gen.pl. \#esseron "of names" in the compound Nómesseron q.v.; we would rather have expected *ession, given the nom.pl. essi; perhaps \#esser is a valid alternative plural form. Essecarmë noun "name-making" MR:214, 470, Eldarin ceremony where the father announces the name of his child. Essecenta "k" noun *"Name-essay" see centa MR:415; Essecilmë noun "name-choosing", an Eldarin ceremony where a child named him- or herself according to personal lámatyávë q.v. MR:214, 471. The meaning Tolkien originally assigned to the word essë in the Etymologies was "place" rather than "name" VT45:12. 2 pron? he and also she, it?, possible emphatic 3rd sg. emphatic pronoun, attested in the sentence essë úpa nas he is dumb PE17:126 3 noun "beginning" ESE/ESET. This entry was marked by a query in Etym, and a word in the appendices to LotR suggests that it was emended to *YESE/YESET; we may therefore read *yessë for essë. See esta \#2. However, for the purposes of writing the form yestabeginning from PE17:120 may be preferred. -
16 Vairë
1 fem. name "the Weaver", name of a Valië, spouse of Mandos Silm, WEY. The name is translated "Ever-weaving" in VT39:10, and it is implied that the archaic form was *Wairē rather than ¤Weirē, the reconstruction given in the Etymologies entry WEY. Tolkien considered changing the name to Vérë PE17:33 One source glosses the literal meaning as weaving rather than weaver PE17:191. -
17 cé
"k", also ce k may be VT49:19, 27, particle indicating uncertainty VT42:34; ce in Bill Welden's note is a misspelling, VT44:38, but the short form ce does occur in other texts, cf. VT49:18-19. In VT42, Welden wrote that Tolkien altered ké to kwí or kwíta, q.v., but Welden later noted that "it does not follow that because the form was changed in another sentence it would necessarily have been corrected in the examples cited" VT44:38. So cé/ké may still be a conceptually valid form. The forms in kw- rather than qu- seem abnormal for Quenya, at least as far as spelling is concerned. In another conceptual phase, cé was also used = if VT49:19, but this conjunction appears as qui elsewhere. Examples of cé, ce meaning if said to be usually used with aorist include cé mo quetë ulca k, q *if one speaks evil, cé tulis, nauvan tanomë k *if she comes, I will be there VT49:19, cé mo*if one , ce formenna *if northwards VT49:26 -
18 ó-
usually reduced to o- when unstressed a prefix "used in words describing the meeting, junction, or union of two things or persons, or of two groups thought of as units". In omentië, onóna, ónoni, q.v. WJ:367, PE17:191; in the Etymologies, stem WŌ, the prefix o-, ó- is simply defined as "together". In VT43:29 is found a table showing how pronominal endings can be added to the preposition ó-; the resulting forms are onyë or óni *"with me", ómë *"with us" also in VT43:36, where "us" is said to be exclusive, ólyë or ólë *"with you" olyë only sg. "you", whereas ólë can be either sg. or pl., ósë *"with him/her", ótë *"with them" of animates where "them" refers to non-persons, óta or shortened ót is used, though the conceptual validity of ta as a pl. pronoun is questionable, ósa or shortened ós "with it". Two additional forms, ótar and ótari, presumably mean with them of inanimate things; see VT49:56 for a possible second attestation of tar as the word for plural inanimate they. However, Tolkien's later decision to the effect that ó- refers to two parties only may throw doubt upon the conceptual validity of some of these forms, where at least three persons would be implied like ótë "with them", where one person is "with" two or more others though Tolkien indicates that two groups may also be involved where the preposition ó- is used. The explicit statement in WJ:367 that the prepostion o variant of ó did not exist independently in Quenya is however difficult to get around, so instead using the preposition ó/o with or without endings for "with", writers may rather use as, the form appearing in the last version of Tolkien's Quenya Hail Mary also attested with a pronominal suffix: aselyë "with you". -
19 caita-
vb. "lie" = lie down, not "tell something untrue", aorist tense "lies" in the sentences sindanóriello caita mornië "out of a grey land darkness lies" Nam, RGEO:67, caitas lá/palla i sír it is lit. lies far beyond the river PE17:65; the latter example demonstrates that caita can also be used of a geographical feature that lies in a certain place. According to PE17:72 and VT48:12-13, the pa.t. is cainë or cëantë rather than **caitanë. The "Qenya" form kakainen, translated "were lying", may seem to be related VT27:7, 21 -
20 ar
1 conj. "and" ARsup2/sup, SA, FS, Nam, RGEO:67, CO, LR:47, 56, MC:216, VT43:31, VT44:10, 34; see VT47:31 for etymology, cf. also VT49:25, 40. The older form of the conjunction was az PE17:41. Ar is often assimilated to al, as before l, s PE17:41, 71, but in written Quenya ar was usually written in all cases PE17:71. In one case, Tolkien altered the phrase ar larmar and raiments to al larmar; the former may then be seen as representing the spelling, whereas the latter represents the pronunciation PE17:175. More complex schemes of assimilation are suggested to have existed in Old Quenya, the conjunction varying between ar, a and as depending on the following consonant PE17:41, 71. An alternative longer form of the conjunction, arë, is said to occur "occasionally in Tolkien's later writings" VT43:31, cf. VT48:14. In the Etymologies, the word for "and" was first written as ara VT45:6. In one source, Tolkien notes that Quenya used ar as preposition beside, next, or as adverb = and PE17:145; compare ara. 2 noun "day" PE17:148, apparently short for árë,occurring in the names of the Valinorean week listed below. Tolkien indicated that ar in these names could also be arë when the following element begins in a consonant VT45:27. Usually the word for "day" in LotR-style Quenya is rather aurë or ré, q.v.
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