it's+so+cold

adj. "cold" Markirya; the Etymologies gives ringë RINGI, but it seems that ringa is to be preferred cf. Ringarë below. Yá hrívë tenë, ringa ná “when winter comes, it is cold” VT49:23. According to VT46:11, Tolkien originally used the form ringa in Etym as well; later he would restore it. - In early "Qenya", ringa is glossed "damp, cold, chilly" LT1:265

1 adj. "loathsome" DYEL; according to VT45:11, Tolkien changed this word from yelva. 2 adj. "cold" LT1:260 – this "Qenya" word is apparently obsoleted by \# 1 above. In LotR-style Quenya, the regular term for “cold” seems to be ringa.

"k" vb. "be chill, cold of weather; to snow, it is cold, it freezes" WJ:417, PE17:168: 3rd sg. aorist niquë q.v. “it snows or freezes”, present níqua “it is freezing”, pa.t. nicunë “it snowed, froze” PE17:168

adj. "cold", also ringa which form is to be preferred; cf. Ringarë in LotR. In the Etymologies as printed in LR, ringë is also given as a noun "cold pool or lake in mountains", but according to VT46:11 this noun should read ringwë. RINGI

noun "winter", in the calendar of Imladris a precisely defined period of 72 days, but also used without any exact definition Appendix D. Yá hrívë tenë, ringa ná “when winter comes arrives, is with us, it is cold” VT49:23; Tolkien changed tenë to menë, p. 24. – The word Hrívion, heading a section of the poem The Trees of Kortirion that has to do with the “fading time”, would seem to be related LT1:42

1 vb. "is" am. Nam, RGEO:67. This is the copula used to join adjectives, nouns or pronouns “in statements or wishes asserting or desiring a thing to have certain quality, or to be the same as another” VT49:28. Also in impersonal constructions: ringa ná “it is cold” VT49:23. The copula may however be omitted “where the meaning is clear” without it VT49:9. Ná is also used as an interjection “yes” or “it is so” VT49:28. Short na in airë na, " is holy" VT43:14; some subject can evidently be inserted in the place of. Short na also functions as imperative: alcar mi tarmenel una/u Erun "glory in high heaven ube/u to God" VT44:32/34, also na airë "be holy" VT43:14; also cf. nai “be it that” see nai \#1. The imperative participle á may be prefixed á na, PE17:58. However, VT49:28 cites ná as the imperative form. Pl. nar or nár “are" PE15:36, VT49:27, 9, 30; dual nát VT49:30. With pronominal endings: nányë/nanyë “I am”, nalyë or natyë “you sg. are” polite and familiar, respectively, nás “it is”, násë “she is”, nalmë “we are” VT49:27, 30. Some forms listed in VT49:27 are perhaps to be taken as representing the aorist: nain, naityë, nailyë 1st person sg, and 2nd person familiar/polite, respectively; does a followingna represent the aorist with no pronominal ending? However, the forms nanyë, nalyë, ná, nassë, nalme, nar changed from nár are elsewhere said to be “aorist”, without the extra vowel i e.g. nalyë rather than nailyë; also notice that *“she is” is here nassë rather than násë VT49:30.Pa.t. nánë or né “was”, pl. náner/nér and dual nét “were” VT49:6, 9, 10, 27, 28, 30, 36. According to VT49:31, né “was” cannot receive pronominal endings though nésë “he was” is attested elsewhere, VT49:28-29, and such endings are rather added to the form ane-, e.g. anen “I was”, anel “you were”, anes “she/it was” VT49:28-29. Future tense nauva "will be" VT42:34, VT49:19, 27; another version however gives the future tense as uva, VT49:30. Nauva with a pronominal ending occurs in tanomë nauvan “I will be there” VT49:19, this example indicating that forms of the verb ná may also be used to indicate position. Perfect anaië “has been” VT49:27, first written as anáyë. Infinitive or gerund návë “being”, PE17:68. See also nai \#1. 2, also nán, conj. "but, on the contrary, on the other hand" NDAN; the form nan, q.v., is probably to be preferred to avoid confusion with ná "is", *nán "I am".

noun, the twelfth and last month of the year, "December" Appendix D, SA:ring; the word seems to mean *"Cold-day".

"k" adj. "icy, ice-cold" misprint "helk" in the Etymologies as printed in LR, entry KHELEK; both the Silmarillion Appendix and LT1:254 have helka, and VT45:21 finally confirmed that there is a final -a in Tolkien's Etymologies manuscript as well. In Helcar, the Inland Sea in the north-east of Middle-earth, and Helcaraxë, the Grinding Ice between Araman and Middle-earth SA; spelt "Helkarakse" in the Etymologies, stem KARAK

1 noun "cold pool or lake in mountains" VT46:11. The misreading ringë appears in Etym as printed in LR, entry RINGI. 2 noun "rime, frost" LT1:265

1 adv.? "formerly", also postposition ? "ago" YA. The form yá also appears as a variant of the relative pronoun ya, q.v. 2 conj. “when” in the sentence yá hrívë tenë, ringa ná “when winter comes, it is cold” VT49:23. Compare írë \#2.

noun "winter" LT1:260; LotR-style Quenya has hrívë, and Yelin was probably obsoleted together with the adjective yelwa "cold", that appears with a different meaning in the Etymologies.

1 vb. "it is cold, it freezes; it snows or freezes" WJ:417, PE17:168, 3rd sg. of nicu-, q.v. 2 "q" noun "snow" NIK-W

adj. "white, chill, cold, palid" WJ:417, SA:nim, PE17:168, NIK-W - spelt "ninqe" in Etym and in LT1:266, MC:213, MC:220, GL:60, pl. ninqui in Markirya. Compounded in Ninquelótë noun *"White-Flower" SA:nim, = Sindarin Nimloth, the White Tree of Númenor; ninqueruvissë "q" "white-horse-on" MC:216; this is "Qenya", read *ninqueroccossë or *ninquiroccossë in LotR-style Quenya. Normally ninquë would be expected to have the stem-form ninqui-, given the primitive form ¤ninkwi; Ninquelótë rather than *Ninquilótë must be seen as an analogical form.