-
1 -rya
3rd person sg. pronominal ending "his, her" and probably its VT49:16, 38, 48, Nam, RGEO:67, attested in coivierya *his/her life, máryat "her hands", ómaryo "of her voice" genitive of *ómarya "her voice", súmaryassë "in her bosom" locative of súmarya "her bosom"; for the meaning "his" cf. coarya "his house" WJ:369. The ending is descended from primitive ¤-sjā via -zya VT49:17 and therefore connects with the 3rd person ending -s he, she, it. In colloquial Quenya the ending -rya could be used for their rather than his/her, because it was felt to be related to the plural ending -r,e.g. símaryassen in their not his/her imaginations VT49:16, 17. See -ya \#4. -
2 se
1 pron. "he, she, it" also object "him, her, it", 3rd person sg. Used of living things including plants VT49:37; the corresponding inaimate pronoun is sa. The pronoun comes directly from se as the original stem-form VT49:50. Stressed form sé, VT49:51, attested in object position in melin sé I love him VT49:21. Ósë *"with him/her", VT43:29; see ó-. Long dative/allative sena to/for him orat him, VT49:14, allative senna *to him/her VT49:45, 46. Compare the reflexive pronoun insë *"himself, herself". 2, also long sé, preposition "at, in" VT43:30; compare the "locative prefix" se- possibly occurring in an early "Qenya" text, VT27:25 -
3 me
1 1st person pl. exclusive pronoun "we, us" VT49:51; VT43:23, VT44:9. This pronoun preserves the original stem-form VT49:50. Stressed mé VT49:51. Cf. also mel-lumna "us-is-heavy", sc. *"is heavy for us" LR:47, mel- is evidently an assimilated form of men "for us", dative of me; the form men is attested by itself, VT43:21. For me as object, cf. álaumë/u "do not do something to uus/u", negative imperative particle with object pronoun suffixed VT43:19: álamë tulya, "do not lead us", áumen/u "do something ufor us/u", imperative particle with dative pronoun suffixed ámen apsenë "forgive us", VT43:12, 18. Dual exclusive met "we/us two" Nam, VT49:51, "you and me" VT47:11; the latter translation would make met an inclusive pronoun, though it is elsewhere suggested that it is rather exclusive: "him/her and me", corresponding to wet q.v. as the true inclusive dual form. Rá men or rámen "for us/on our behalf", see rá. Locative messë "on us", VT44:12 also with prefix o, ó- ?"with" in the same source. See also ménë, ómë. -
4 -s
1 3rd person sg. pronominal ending "he/him, she/her, it" VT49:48, 51, occurring in caris *he/she/it does VT49:16, PE17:129, caitas *it lies PE17:65, tentanes it pointed VT49:26, tulis *she comes VT49:19, eques q.v., anes see ná \#1, also in object position in camnelyes, caritas, caritalyas, melinyes, tiruvantes, and utúvienyes, q.v. Tolkien mentions -s as an objective ending for the 3rd person sg. in PE17:110. The longer form -së perhaps with personal meaning he, she only is said to be rare VT49:51; cf. násë he is, nésë he was see ná \#1. In nésë the ending is suggested to be shortened from -sse VT49:28, an ending that may also be attested in the untranslated verbal form tankassen PE17:76, where it is perhaps followed by a second pronominal ending -n *me. According to PE17:129, the 3rd person sg. ending at one stage appeared as -ze when pronominal affixes followed Tolkien citing the form carize-, e.g. apparently *carizet for he makes them; normally z would later become r, but it actually became historically: reverted to s by analogy with the short form caris as well as the independent pronoun se. Exilic Quenya would then evidently have e.g. *cariset for he makes them, with a rare example of intervocalic s that is not derived from older þ. 2 ending for the mysterious case sometimes called "respective", actually probably a shorter variant of the locative in -ssë. Pl. -is, dual -tes, partitive pl. -lis. -
5 óma
noun "voice" OM, "voice, resonance of the vocal chords" VT39:16, voice /vowel PE17:138, where it is said that the root OM refers to drawn-out sounds; contrast tomba, q.v.. With pronominal suffix \#ómarya "his/her voice", genitive ómaryo "of his/her voice" Nam, RGEO:67. Instrumental pl. ómainen "with voices" WJ:391. Adj. ómalóra "voiceless" VT45:28. The term óma is closely associated with vowels, see óma-tengwë, ómëa; cf. also the compounds ómataina "vocalic extension", the addition to the base a final vowel identical to the stem-vowel WJ:371, 417; also called ómataima, VT42:24, 25, ómatehtar "vowel-signs", signs used for vowels usually called simply tehtar, but the latter term strictly includes all kinds of diacritics, not just the vowel-signs WJ:396 -
6 ó-
usually reduced to o- when unstressed a prefix "used in words describing the meeting, junction, or union of two things or persons, or of two groups thought of as units". In omentië, onóna, ónoni, q.v. WJ:367, PE17:191; in the Etymologies, stem WŌ, the prefix o-, ó- is simply defined as "together". In VT43:29 is found a table showing how pronominal endings can be added to the preposition ó-; the resulting forms are onyë or óni *"with me", ómë *"with us" also in VT43:36, where "us" is said to be exclusive, ólyë or ólë *"with you" olyë only sg. "you", whereas ólë can be either sg. or pl., ósë *"with him/her", ótë *"with them" of animates where "them" refers to non-persons, óta or shortened ót is used, though the conceptual validity of ta as a pl. pronoun is questionable, ósa or shortened ós "with it". Two additional forms, ótar and ótari, presumably mean with them of inanimate things; see VT49:56 for a possible second attestation of tar as the word for plural inanimate they. However, Tolkien's later decision to the effect that ó- refers to two parties only may throw doubt upon the conceptual validity of some of these forms, where at least three persons would be implied like ótë "with them", where one person is "with" two or more others though Tolkien indicates that two groups may also be involved where the preposition ó- is used. The explicit statement in WJ:367 that the prepostion o variant of ó did not exist independently in Quenya is however difficult to get around, so instead using the preposition ó/o with or without endings for "with", writers may rather use as, the form appearing in the last version of Tolkien's Quenya Hail Mary also attested with a pronominal suffix: aselyë "with you". -
7 -ya
3 suffix of endearment, attested in Anardilya as an intimate form of the name Anardil UT:174, 418, possibly also occurring in atya "dad", emya "mum" q.v. The forms ataryo "daddy" and amilyë "mummy" q.v. may contain gender-specific variants -yo masc. and -yë fem. 4 pronominal suffix his and probably also her, its, said to be used in colloquial Quenya which had redefined the correct ending for this meaning, -rya, to mean their because it was associated with the plural ending -r. Hence e.g. cambeya k his hand, yulmaya his cup VT49:17 instead of formally correct forms in -rya. The ending -ya was actually ancient, primitive ¤-jā being used for all numbers in the 3rd person, predating elaborated forms like -rya. It is said that -ya remained in Quenya in the case of old nouns with consonantal stems, Tolkien listing tál foot, cas head, nér man, sír river and macil sword as examples. He refers to the continued existence of such forms as talya his foot, that could apparently be used even in correct Quenya VT49:17. In PE17:130, the forms talya his foot and macilya k his or their sword are mentioned. 5 adjectival ending, as in the word Quenya Elvish itself; when added to a verbal stem it may derive a kind of short active participle, as in melumatya honey-eating mat- eat, saucarya evil-doing car- do. PE17:68 -
8 ter
1, also terë, prep. "through", *throughout Notes on CO, UT:317, TER/TERES, Narqelion, VT44:33, 35, VT49:41, 42. The preposition is used both with spatial and temporal reference: ter i·aldar *through the trees Narqelion, cf. VT49:42, ter coivierya *throughout his/her life, ter yénion yéni *through years of years VT49:42, VT44:33, 35 2, also tér, prep. ?ephemeral word for "so" see ier, abandoned by Tolkien in favour of tambë VT43:17 -
9 ara
prep.and adv.? "outside, beside, besides" ARsup2/sup, VT49:57. According to VT45:6, the original glosses were "without, outside, beside", but Tolkien emended this. Arsë he is out, VT49:23, 35, 36. As for ara, see ar \#1. VT49:25 lists what seems to be ara combined with various pronominal suffixes: Singular anni arni *beside me, astyë *beside you informal, allë *besides you formal, arsë *beside him/her, plural anwë armë *beside us exclusive, arwë *beside us inclusive, astë ardë *beside you plural, astë artë *beside them; dual anwet armet *beside us two. Here Tolkien presupposes that ara represents original ada-. The same source lists the unglossed forms ari, arin that may combine the preposition with the article, hence *beside the VT49:24-25 -
10 -twa
1 ending for dual possessive Plotz 2 an pronominal possessive ending mentioned in one chart of pronouns, apparently their referring to two persons VT49:16; this may be an ending used in colloquial Quenya rather than formal language it is listed together with the endings -ya his, her and -rya their, that are explicitly said to belong to colloquial Quenya VT49:16-17
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