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1 contention
1) (an opinion put forward.) opinión2) (argument; disagreement.) discusióntr[kən'tenʃən]1 (opinion, assertion) opinión nombre femenino■ it is my contention that... sostengo que..., mi opinión es que...2 (dispute, disagreement) discusión nombre femenino, controversia3 (competition) competición nombre femenino\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLbone of contention manzana de la discordiacontention [kən'tɛnʧən] n1) dispute: disputa f, discusión f2) competition: competencia f, contienda f3) opinion: argumento m, opinión fn.• argumento s.m.• contención s.f.• contienda s.f.• disputa s.f.kən'tentʃən, kən'tenʃən1) ( dispute)there is considerable contention over... — existe un gran desacuerdo sobre...
2) c ( assertion) opinión fit is her contention that... — ella sostiene que...
3) u ( competition)[kǝn'tenʃǝn]N1) (=strife) discusión f ; (=dissent) disensión f2) (=point) opinión f, argumento mit is our contention that... — pretendemos que..., sostenemos que...
* * *[kən'tentʃən, kən'tenʃən]1) ( dispute)there is considerable contention over... — existe un gran desacuerdo sobre...
2) c ( assertion) opinión fit is her contention that... — ella sostiene que...
3) u ( competition) -
2 submission
nounforce/frighten somebody into submission — jemanden zwingen, sich zu unterwerfen/jemandem durch Einschüchterung seinen Willen aufzwingen
3) (presentation) Einreichung, die (to bei); (thing put forward) Einsendung, die; (by witness) Aussage, die* * *see academic.ru/71668/submit">submit* * *sub·mis·sion[səbˈmɪʃən]n no plto force sb into \submission jdn zwingen, sich akk zu unterwerfento frighten sb into \submission jdn durch Einschüchterung fügsam machento starve sb into \submission jdn aushungern\submission of an application Einreichung f eines Antrags\submission of an offer Angebotsabgabe f* * *[səb'mISən]nto force sb into submission — jdn zwingen, sich zu ergeben
2) (= presentation) Eingabe f; (= documents submitted) Vorlage fto make a submission to sb —
his submission to the appeals tribunal — seine Berufung
3) (= contention) Einwurf m (to gegenüber)it is our submission that... — wir behaupten, dass...
* * *submission [səbˈmıʃn] s2. Unterwürfigkeit f:with all due submission mit allem schuldigen Respektin my submission meiner Meinung nach4. JURa) Sachvorlage f, Behauptung fb) Kompromiss m, auch n, Schiedsvertrag m* * *noun1) (surrender) Unterwerfung, die (to unter + Akk.)force/frighten somebody into submission — jemanden zwingen, sich zu unterwerfen/jemandem durch Einschüchterung seinen Willen aufzwingen
3) (presentation) Einreichung, die (to bei); (thing put forward) Einsendung, die; (by witness) Aussage, die* * *n.Ergebung -en f.Unterbreitung f.Unterwerfung f. -
3 claim
1. n требование; претензия, притязаниеfair claim — справедливое требование; справедливая претензия
claim settling office — инстанция, рассматривающая претензии
colourable claim — требование, выдвигаемое подставным лицом
2. n патентные притязания, патентная формула3. n пункт патентной заявки4. n иск; претензия; рекламацияclaim in return, counter claim — встречное требование; встречный иск
claim against the public — расход, относимый за счёт государства
to allow a claim — удовлетворить требование; признать правильность претензии
5. n юр. иск о возмещении убытков или ущербаcargo claim — иск о возмещении ущерба, нанесенного грузу
6. n разг. утверждение, заявлениеhis claims to the contrary notwithstanding — несмотря на то, что он утверждает обратное
7. n преим. амер. австрал. и8. n участок, отведённый под разработку недр; горный отвод9. n заявка на отвод участка10. v требоватьto claim to be exempt — требовать льготы ; требовать исключения
I claim your promise — я требую то, что вы обещали
11. v претендовать, предъявлять претензию, требование, притязание; заявлять права; добиваться12. v юр. возбуждать иск13. v амер. разг. утверждать, заявлятьI claim that it is false — я утверждаю, что это неправда
he is claimed to be the only survivor — утверждают, что спасся только он
14. v амер. австрал. занимать участок земли на основе своей заявкиСинонимический ряд:1. affirmation (noun) affirmation; avowal; proclamation; protestation2. demand (noun) acknowledgment; allegation; assertion; asseveration; call; contention; cry; declaration; demand; exaction; petition; request; requirement; requisition3. interest (noun) interest; portion; share; stake4. right (noun) counterclaim; due; ownership; prerogative; pretence; pretense; pretension; privilege; right; title5. assert (verb) affirm; allege; assert; aver; believe; declare; profess; pronounce; say6. demand (verb) ask; be entitled to; call; call for; challenge; collect; command; demand; deserve; exact; postulate; require; requisition; solicit7. maintain (verb) argue; contend; defend; justify; maintain; vindicate; warrantАнтонимический ряд:abjure; concede; denial; deny; disavow; disclaim; forego; release; relinquish; surrender; waive -
4 difference
1. n разница; различие, несходство, отличиеdifference of opinion — расхождение во мнениях, разногласия
the difference between two versions of the same text — различие между двумя редакциями одного и того же текста, разночтение
with the difference that … — с той разницей, что …
2. n разногласие; спор; ссораwe sometimes have our differences — у нас бывают разногласия, нам случается не соглашаться друг с другом
3. n геральд. отличительный знак4. n мат. разность5. v книжн. различать; отличать6. v книжн. мат. вычислять разностьСинонимический ряд:1. argument (noun) argument; disagreement; dispute; quarrel2. discord (noun) conflict; contention; disaccord; discord; disharmony; dispeace; dissension; dissent; dissidence; dissonance; disunion; disunity; inharmony; mischief; strife; unpeace3. dissimilarity (noun) alterity; deviation; discrepancy; disparity; dissemblance; dissimilarity; dissimilitude; distance; divarication; divergence; divergency; gap; incongruity; inconsistency; otherness; unlikeness4. distinction (noun) dash; discrimination; distinction; idiosyncrasy; tone5. variance (noun) contrariety; division; feud; misunderstanding; opposition; variance6. variation (noun) contrast; variation7. know (verb) differentiate; discern; discrepate; discriminate; distinguish; extricate; know; separate; sever; severalizeАнтонимический ряд:agreement; amity; assent; community; concurrence; congruity; consent; consonance; harmony; identity; likeness; similarity; sympathy -
5 Reading
1) The Discovery of Truth Depends on the Thoughtful Reading of Authoritative TextsFor the Middle Ages, all discovery of truth was first reception of traditional authorities, then later-in the thirteenth century-rational reconciliation of authoritative texts. A comprehension of the world was not regarded as a creative function but as an assimilation and retracing of given facts; the symbolic expression of this being reading. The goal and the accomplishment of the thinker is to connect all these facts together in the form of the "summa." Dante's cosmic poem is such a summa too. (Curtius, 1973, p. 326)The readers of books... extend or concentrate a function common to us all. Reading letters on a page is only one of its many guises. The astronomer reading a map of stars that no longer exist; the Japanese architect reading the land on which a house is to be built so as to guard it from evil forces; the zoologist reading the spoor of animals in the forest; the card-player reading her partner's gestures before playing the winning card; the dancer reading the choreographer's notations, and the public reading the dancer's movements on the stage; the weaver reading the intricate design of a carpet being woven; the organ-player reading various simultaneous strands of music orchestrated on the page; the parent reading the baby's face for signs of joy or fright, or wonder; the Chinese fortune-teller reading the ancient marks on the shell of a tortoise; the lover blindly reading the loved one's body at night, under the sheets; the psychiatrist helping patients read their own bewildering dreams; the Hawaiian fisherman reading the ocean currents by plunging a hand into the water; the farmer reading the weather in the sky-all these share with book-readers the craft of deciphering and translating signs....We all read ourselves and the world around us in order to glimpse what and where we are. We read to understand, or to begin to understand. We cannot do but read. Reading, almost as much as breathing, is our essential function. (Manguel, 1996, pp. 6-7)There is a pitched battle between those theorists and modellers who embrace the primacy of syntax and those who embrace the primacy of semantics in language processing. At times both schools have committed various excesses. For example, some of the former have relied foolishly on context-free mathematical-combinatory models, while some of the latter have flirted with versions of the "direct-access hypothesis," the idea that skilled readers process printed language directly into meaning without phonological or even syntactic processing. The problems with the first excess are patent. Those with the second are more complex and demand more research. Unskilled readers apparently do rely more on phonological processing than do skilled ones; hence their spoken dialects may interfere with their reading-and writing-habits. But the extent to which phonological processing is absent in the skilled reader has not been established, and the contention that syntactic processing is suspended in the skilled reader is surely wrong and not supported by empirical evidence-though blood-flow patterns in the brain are curiously different during speaking, oral reading, and silent reading. (M. L. Johnson, 1988, pp. 101-102)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Reading
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