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  • 21 Knowledge

       It is indeed an opinion strangely prevailing amongst men, that houses, mountains, rivers, and, in a word, all sensible objects, have an existence, natural or real, distinct from their being perceived by the understanding. But, with how great an assurance and acquiescence soever this principle may be entertained in the world, yet whoever shall find in his heart to call it into question may, if I mistake not, perceive it to involve a manifest contradiction. For, what are the forementioned objects but things we perceive by sense? and what do we perceive besides our own ideas or sensations? and is it not plainly repugnant that any one of these, or any combination of them, should exist unperceived? (Berkeley, 1996, Pt. I, No. 4, p. 25)
       It seems to me that the only objects of the abstract sciences or of demonstration are quantity and number, and that all attempts to extend this more perfect species of knowledge beyond these bounds are mere sophistry and illusion. As the component parts of quantity and number are entirely similar, their relations become intricate and involved; and nothing can be more curious, as well as useful, than to trace, by a variety of mediums, their equality or inequality, through their different appearances.
       But as all other ideas are clearly distinct and different from each other, we can never advance farther, by our utmost scrutiny, than to observe this diversity, and, by an obvious reflection, pronounce one thing not to be another. Or if there be any difficulty in these decisions, it proceeds entirely from the undeterminate meaning of words, which is corrected by juster definitions. That the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the squares of the other two sides cannot be known, let the terms be ever so exactly defined, without a train of reasoning and enquiry. But to convince us of this proposition, that where there is no property, there can be no injustice, it is only necessary to define the terms, and explain injustice to be a violation of property. This proposition is, indeed, nothing but a more imperfect definition. It is the same case with all those pretended syllogistical reasonings, which may be found in every other branch of learning, except the sciences of quantity and number; and these may safely, I think, be pronounced the only proper objects of knowledge and demonstration. (Hume, 1975, Sec. 12, Pt. 3, pp. 163-165)
       Our knowledge springs from two fundamental sources of the mind; the first is the capacity of receiving representations (the ability to receive impressions), the second is the power to know an object through these representations (spontaneity in the production of concepts).
       Through the first, an object is given to us; through the second, the object is thought in relation to that representation.... Intuition and concepts constitute, therefore, the elements of all our knowledge, so that neither concepts without intuition in some way corresponding to them, nor intuition without concepts, can yield knowledge. Both may be either pure or empirical.... Pure intuitions or pure concepts are possible only a priori; empirical intuitions and empirical concepts only a posteriori. If the receptivity of our mind, its power of receiving representations in so far as it is in any way affected, is to be called "sensibility," then the mind's power of producing representations from itself, the spontaneity of knowledge, should be called "understanding." Our nature is so constituted that our intuitions can never be other than sensible; that is, it contains only the mode in which we are affected by objects. The faculty, on the other hand, which enables us to think the object of sensible intuition is the understanding.... Without sensibility, no object would be given to us; without understanding, no object would be thought. Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions without concepts are blind. It is therefore just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is to bring them under concepts. These two powers or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise. (Kant, 1933, Sec. 1, Pt. 2, B74-75 [p. 92])
       Metaphysics, as a natural disposition of Reason is real, but it is also, in itself, dialectical and deceptive.... Hence to attempt to draw our principles from it, and in their employment to follow this natural but none the less fallacious illusion can never produce science, but only an empty dialectical art, in which one school may indeed outdo the other, but none can ever attain a justifiable and lasting success. In order that, as a science, it may lay claim not merely to deceptive persuasion, but to insight and conviction, a Critique of Reason must exhibit in a complete system the whole stock of conceptions a priori, arranged according to their different sources-the Sensibility, the understanding, and the Reason; it must present a complete table of these conceptions, together with their analysis and all that can be deduced from them, but more especially the possibility of synthetic knowledge a priori by means of their deduction, the principles of its use, and finally, its boundaries....
       This much is certain: he who has once tried criticism will be sickened for ever of all the dogmatic trash he was compelled to content himself with before, because his Reason, requiring something, could find nothing better for its occupation. Criticism stands to the ordinary school metaphysics exactly in the same relation as chemistry to alchemy, or as astron omy to fortune-telling astrology. I guarantee that no one who has comprehended and thought out the conclusions of criticism, even in these Prolegomena, will ever return to the old sophistical pseudo-science. He will rather look forward with a kind of pleasure to a metaphysics, certainly now within his power, which requires no more preparatory discoveries, and which alone can procure for reason permanent satisfaction. (Kant, 1891, pp. 115-116)
       Knowledge is only real and can only be set forth fully in the form of science, in the form of system. Further, a so-called fundamental proposition or first principle of philosophy, even if it is true, it is yet none the less false, just because and in so far as it is merely a fundamental proposition, merely a first principle. It is for that reason easily refuted. The refutation consists in bringing out its defective character; and it is defective because it is merely the universal, merely a principle, the beginning. If the refutation is complete and thorough, it is derived and developed from the nature of the principle itself, and not accomplished by bringing in from elsewhere other counter-assurances and chance fancies. It would be strictly the development of the principle, and thus the completion of its deficiency, were it not that it misunderstands its own purport by taking account solely of the negative aspect of what it seeks to do, and is not conscious of the positive character of its process and result. The really positive working out of the beginning is at the same time just as much the very reverse: it is a negative attitude towards the principle we start from. Negative, that is to say, in its one-sided form, which consists in being primarily immediate, a mere purpose. It may therefore be regarded as a refutation of what constitutes the basis of the system; but more correctly it should be looked at as a demonstration that the basis or principle of the system is in point of fact merely its beginning. (Hegel, 1910, pp. 21-22)
       Knowledge, action, and evaluation are essentially connected. The primary and pervasive significance of knowledge lies in its guidance of action: knowing is for the sake of doing. And action, obviously, is rooted in evaluation. For a being which did not assign comparative values, deliberate action would be pointless; and for one which did not know, it would be impossible. Conversely, only an active being could have knowledge, and only such a being could assign values to anything beyond his own feelings. A creature which did not enter into the process of reality to alter in some part the future content of it, could apprehend a world only in the sense of intuitive or esthetic contemplation; and such contemplation would not possess the significance of knowledge but only that of enjoying and suffering. (Lewis, 1946, p. 1)
       "Evolutionary epistemology" is a branch of scholarship that applies the evolutionary perspective to an understanding of how knowledge develops. Knowledge always involves getting information. The most primitive way of acquiring it is through the sense of touch: amoebas and other simple organisms know what happens around them only if they can feel it with their "skins." The knowledge such an organism can have is strictly about what is in its immediate vicinity. After a huge jump in evolution, organisms learned to find out what was going on at a distance from them, without having to actually feel the environment. This jump involved the development of sense organs for processing information that was farther away. For a long time, the most important sources of knowledge were the nose, the eyes, and the ears. The next big advance occurred when organisms developed memory. Now information no longer needed to be present at all, and the animal could recall events and outcomes that happened in the past. Each one of these steps in the evolution of knowledge added important survival advantages to the species that was equipped to use it.
       Then, with the appearance in evolution of humans, an entirely new way of acquiring information developed. Up to this point, the processing of information was entirely intrasomatic.... But when speech appeared (and even more powerfully with the invention of writing), information processing became extrasomatic. After that point knowledge did not have to be stored in the genes, or in the memory traces of the brain; it could be passed on from one person to another through words, or it could be written down and stored on a permanent substance like stone, paper, or silicon chips-in any case, outside the fragile and impermanent nervous system. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1993, pp. 56-57)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Knowledge

  • 22 ambush marketing

    1. теневой/паразитический маркетинг
    2. теневой маркетинг

     

    теневой маркетинг
    паразитический маркетинг
    Все намеренные и ненамеренные попытки создать ложное или неправомерное впечатление о коммерческой связи с Олимпийским/Паралимпийским движением или Олимпийскими/Паралимпийскими играми. Теневой маркетинг включает следующее: использование третьей стороной художественных средств для создания ложных ассоциаций с Олимпийскими/Паралимпийскими играми; нарушение третьей стороной законов, защищающих Олимпийскую/Паралимпийскую символику и зрительные образы; вмешательство третьей стороны в законную маркетинговую деятельность партнеров Игр.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    EN

    ambush marketing
    parasite marketing
    All intentional and unintentional attempts to create a false or unauthorized commercial association with the Olympic /Paralympic Movement or the Olympic/Paralympic Games. Ambush Marketing includes: a third party's use of creative means to generate a false association with the Games, a third party's infringement of the various laws that protect the use of Olympic imagery and indicia, and a third party's interferencethe legitimate marketing activities of the Games Partners.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

     

    теневой/паразитический маркетинг
    Любые намеренные или ненамеренные попытки создания ложной или несанкционированной ассоциации с ОКОИ, МОК, ОКР, Эстафетой Олимпийского огня или Играми; любая реклама, продвижение, продажа, обмен или обращение товаров или услуг, любая деятельность, расцениваемая как коммерческая, или любая другая деятельность юридических или физических лиц, включающая несанкционированное использование символики Игр; или любые попытки ввести общественность в заблуждение посредством создания ложного впечатления о том, что производитель товаров или поставщик услуг каким-либо образом ассоциирован с Играми или другими мероприятиями, организуемыми ОКОИ, МОК, ОКР или Эстафетой Олимпийского огня.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    EN

    ambush marketing
    Any intentional or unintentional attempts to create a false or unauthorized association with OCOG, IOC, ROC, OTR or the Games; any advertising, promotion, sale, exchange or circulation of goods or services, any commercial identification activity or any other activity by an incorporated or unincorporated entity that involves unauthorized usage of the Olympic marks; or any attempts to mislead the public such as by creating the illusion that the manufacturer of the goods or provider of services is in any way associated with the Games or other events organized by OCOG, IOC, ROC or OTR.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    Тематики

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > ambush marketing

  • 23 budgeting

    сущ.

    Decision makers can use budgeting for strategic planning, implementation, and control. — Лица, принимающие решения, могут использовать бюджетирование для стратегического планирования, реализации планов и контроля за их исполнением.

    The most critical estimate made during budgeting involves the amount of loans outstanding and cash in the bank that is projected to be held throughout the year, and the relative rate each of those balances will earn. — Наиболее важные оценки, производимые в ходе бюджетирования, касаются величины непогашенных займов и остатка средств на банковских счетах, которые планируется поддерживать в течение всего года, а также соответствующая ставка, по которой на каждый из этих остатков будут начисляться проценты.

    See:

    * * *
    составление бюджета, составление сметы доходов и расходов.
    * * *
    * * *
    разработка бюджета; бюджетный процесс; выставление бюджета; подготовка сметы; составление бюджета; составление сметы
    . . Словарь экономических терминов .

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > budgeting

  • 24 little-known

    прил. малоизвестный, малоизведанный

    All of these are applications of biometrics, a little-known but fast-growing technology that involves the use of physical or biological characteristics to identify individuals.

    Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > little-known

  • 25 much

    ❢ When much is used as an adverb, it is translated by beaucoup: it's much longer = c'est beaucoup plus long ; she doesn't talk much = elle ne parle pas beaucoup.
    For particular usages, see A below. When much is used as a pronoun, it is usually translated by beaucoup: there is much to learn = il y a beaucoup à apprendre. However, in negative sentences grand-chose is also used: I didn't learn much = je n'ai pas beaucoup appris or je n'ai pas appris grand-chose.
    When much is used as a quantifier, it is translated by beaucoup de: they don't have much money = ils n'ont pas beaucoup d'argent.
    For particular usages see C below.
    A adv
    1 ( to a considerable degree) beaucoup ; much smaller/happier beaucoup plus petit/ content (than que) ; they're not much cheaper than the originals ils ne sont pas beaucoup moins chers que les originaux ; much more interesting beaucoup or bien plus intéressant ; the film was much better than expected le film était bien meilleur que prévu ; it's much better organized c'est beaucoup mieux organisé ; they're getting much less demanding ils deviennent beaucoup moins exigeants ; the shoes are much too expensive les chaussures sont beaucoup trop chères ; it's much too dangerous c'est beaucoup trop dangereux ; he doesn't much care for them il ne les aime pas beaucoup ; I didn't much like what I saw je n'ai pas beaucoup aimé ce que j'ai vu ; she doesn't worry much about it ça ne l'inquiète pas beaucoup ; we'd much rather stay here nous préférerions de beaucoup rester ici ; the meeting has been much criticized on a beaucoup critiqué la réunion ; they are much to be pitied ils méritent qu'on ait pitié d'eux ; much loved by her friends très aimée de ses amis ; your comments would be much appreciated tous vos commentaires seront les bienvenus ; he's not much good at Latin/at tennis il n'est pas très bon en latin/au tennis ; he's not much good at doing il n'est pas très doué pour faire ; does it hurt much? est-ce que ça fait très mal? ; it's much the more interesting of the two studies c'est de loin la plus intéressante des deux études ; she's much the best teacher here elle est de loin le meilleur professeur ici ; much to our annoyance, they didn't phone back ils n'ont pas rappelé, ce qui nous a beaucoup vexés ; much to my surprise à ma grande surprise ;
    2 ( often) beaucoup, souvent ; we don't go out much nous ne sortons pas beaucoup ; they didn't see each other much ils ne se voyaient pas beaucoup ; she doesn't talk much about the past elle ne parle pas beaucoup du passé ; do you go to concerts much? est-ce que tu vas souvent au concert? ; a much married film star une vedette de cinéma qui s'est remariée plusieurs fois ;
    3 (approximately, nearly) plus ou moins, à peu près ; to be much the same être à peu près pareil (as que) ; his condition is much the same as yesterday son état est plus ou moins or à peu près le même qu'hier ; it's pretty much like driving a car c'est plus ou moins la même chose que de conduire une voiture ; he behaved much the way the others did il s'est comporté plus ou moins comme les autres ; in much the same way à peu près de la même façon (as que) ; much the same is true of China la situation est à peu près la même en Chine ;
    4 ( specifying degree to which something is true) too much trop ; you worry/talk too much tu t'inquiètes/parles trop ; very much ( a lot) beaucoup ; ( absolutely) tout à fait ; he misses you very much tu lui manques beaucoup ; I'd appreciate it very much if j'apprécierais beaucoup que (+ subj) ; thanks very much merci beaucoup ; we enjoyed ourselves very much nous nous sommes beaucoup amusés ; she's very much like her mother elle ressemble beaucoup à sa mère ; it's very much the norm c'est tout à fait la norme ; I felt very much the foreigner je me sentais tout à fait étranger ; so much tellement ; I wanted so much to meet you j'avais tellement envie de vous rencontrer ; it hurts so much ça fait tellement mal ; it's so much better c'est tellement mieux ; he hates flying so much that he prefers to take the boat il déteste tellement l'avion qu'il préfère prendre le bateau ; thanks so much for merci beaucoup pour ; as much autant (as que) ; I like them as much as you (do) je les aime autant que toi ; she doesn't worry as much as before elle ne s'inquiète pas autant qu'avant ; they hated each other as much as ever ils se détestaient toujours autant ; she is as much entitled to a visa as you elle a autant droit à un visa que toi ; they were as much a part of village life as the farmers ils faisaient autant partie de la vie du village que les fermiers ; he wasn't sure and said as much il n'était pas sûr et il l'a dit ; I thought as much c'est bien ce qui me semblait ; however much même si ; you'll have to accept the decision however much you disagree il va falloir que tu acceptes la décision même si tu n'es pas d'accord ; I couldn't cry out however much it hurt je ne pouvais pas crier même si ça me faisait très mal ;
    5 (emphatic: setting up a contrast) not so much X as Y moins X que Y, plus Y que X ; it wasn't so much a warning as a threat c'était moins un avertissement qu'une menace, c'était plus une menace qu'un avertissement ; the discovery wasn't so much shocking as depressing la découverte était moins choquante que déprimante ; it doesn't annoy me so much as make me wonder ça m'agace moins que ça ne me surprend.
    B pron
    1 ( a great deal) beaucoup ; ( in negative sentences) grand-chose ; do you have much left? est-ce qu'il vous en reste beaucoup? ; did he earn much? est-ce qu'il a gagné beaucoup? ; we have much to learn nous avons beaucoup à apprendre (from de) ; we didn't eat much nous n'avons pas mangé grand-chose ; there isn't much to do il n'y a pas grand-chose à faire ; he doesn't have much to say il n'a pas grand-chose à dire ; there isn't much one can do to prevent it il n'y a pas grand-chose à faire pour empêcher ça ; he doesn't have much to complain about il n'a pas à se plaindre ; it leaves much to be desired ça laisse (vraiment) à désirer ; there's much to be said for beaucoup de choses plaident en faveur de [plan, country life, job-sharing] ; much of une grande partie de ; much of the difficulty lies in… une grande partie de la difficulté réside dans… ; much of the meeting was spent discussing… une grande partie de la réunion a été consacrée à discuter… ; much of their work involves… une grande partie de leur travail consiste à… ; much of what remains is useless une grande partie de ce qui reste est inutile ; much of the resentment is due to le ressentiment vient en grande partie de ; I don't see much of them now je ne les vois plus beaucoup maintenant ; to make much of sth ( focus on) insister sur qch ; ( understand) comprendre qch ; the report made much of the scandal le rapport insistait sur le scandale or faisait grand cas du scandale ; I couldn't make much of her last book je n'ai pas compris grand-chose à son dernier livre ;
    2 (expressing a relative amount, degree) so much tant ; they are willing to pay so much per vehicle ils sont prêts à payer tant par véhicule ; we'd eaten so much that nous avions tant mangé que ; she spends so much of her life abroad elle passe une très grande partie de sa vie à l'étranger ; she spends so much of her life abroad that elle passe une si grande partie de sa vie à l'étranger que ; so much of her work is gloomy il y a une grande partie de son œuvre qui est sombre ; so much of the earth is polluted la terre est tellement polluée ; so much of the time, it's a question of patience la plupart du temps c'est une question de patience ; too much trop ; it costs too much c'est trop cher ; you eat too much tu manges trop ; it's too much! lit c'est trop! ; ( in protest) c'en est trop! ; it's too much of a strain c'est trop éprouvant ; she was too much of an egotist to do elle était trop égoïste pour faire ; I couldn't eat all that, it's too much for me! je ne pourrais jamais manger tout ça, c'est trop pour moi! ; the heat/the work was too much for them ils n'ont pas pu supporter la chaleur/le travail ; the measures proved too much for them ils n'ont pas pu tolérer les mesures ; he was too much for his opponent il était trop fort pour son adversaire ; I bought about this much j'en ai acheté à peu près ça ; he's read this much already il a déjà lu tout ça ; I'll say this much for him, he's honest il a au moins ça pour lui, il est honnête ; this much is certain, we'll have no choice une chose est certaine, nous n'aurons pas le choix ; twice as much deux fois autant or plus ; if we had half as much as you si nous avions la moitié de ce que tu as ; I'll need half as much again il me faudra encore la moitié de ça ; as much as possible autant que possible ; they paid as much as we did ils ont payé autant que nous ; is it as much as that? est-ce que ça fait autant que ça? ; I enjoy nature as much as the next person j'apprécie la nature autant que n'importe qui ; it can cost as much as £50 ça peut coûter jusqu'à 50 livres sterling ; it was as much as I could do not to laugh il a fallu que je me retienne pour ne pas rire ; as much as to say… d'un air de dire… ; how much? combien? ; how much did you pay for it? combien est-ce que tu l'as payé? ; tell them how much you won dis-leur combien tu as gagné ; how much do they know? qu'est-ce qu'ils savent au juste? ; he never knew how much we missed him il n'a jamais su à quel point or combien il nous a manqué ; do you know how much this means to me? est-ce que tu sais à quel point or combien c'est important pour moi? ;
    3 (focusing on limitations, inadequacy) it's not ou nothing much ce n'est pas grand-chose ; it's not up to much GB ça ne vaut pas grand-chose ; he 's not much to look at il n'est pas très beau ; she doesn't think much of him elle n'a pas très bonne opinion de lui ; she doesn't think much of it elle n'en pense pas beaucoup de bien ; I'm not much of a letter-writer/reader je n'aime pas beaucoup écrire des lettres/lire ; it's not much of a film ce n'est pas un bon film ; it wasn't much of a life ce n'était pas une vie ; it wasn't much of a holiday for us ce n'était vraiment pas des vacances pour nous ; that's not much of a consolation! ça ne me console pas tellement! ; I'm not much of a one for cooking ○ la cuisine ce n'est pas mon fort ○.
    C quantif beaucoup de ; have you got much money/work? est-ce que tu as beaucoup d'argent/de travail? ; I haven't got (very) much time je n'ai pas beaucoup de temps ; we didn't get much support nous n'avons pas eu beaucoup de soutien ; it doesn't make much sense ça n'a pas beaucoup de sens ; there isn't much wine left il ne reste pas beaucoup de vin ; does he watch much TV? est-ce qu'il regarde beaucoup la télé ○ ? ; she didn't speak much English elle parlait peu anglais ; too much energy trop d'énergie ; to spend too much money dépenser trop d'argent ; we don't have too much time nous n'avons pas beaucoup de temps ; don't use so much salt ne mets pas tant de sel ; why does he make so much noise? pourquoi fait-il tant de bruit? ; I spent so much time doing j'ai passé tant de temps à faire ; she gets so much enjoyment out of the radio elle a tant de plaisir à écouter la radio ; we paid twice as much money nous avons payé deux fois plus d'argent ; how much time have we got left? combien de temps nous reste-t-il? ; how much liquid does it contain? combien de liquide est-ce que ça contient?
    D much+ (dans composés) much-loved/-respected très apprécié/respecté ; much-maligned tant décrié ; much-needed indispensable.
    E much as conj phr bien que (+ subj) ; much as he needed the money, he wouldn't beg for it il avait vraiment besoin de cet argent et pourtant il ne pouvait se résoudre à mendier ; much as we regret our decision we have no choice bien que nous regrettions or nous avons beau regretter notre décision, nous n'avons pas le choix.
    F much less conj phr encore moins ; I've never seen him much less spoken to him je n'ai jamais eu l'occasion de le voir encore moins de lui parler.
    G so much as adv phr without so much as saying goodbye/as an apology sans même dire au revoir/s'excuser ; if you so much as move/sigh si tu fais le moindre mouvement/pousses le moindre soupir ; they can be imprisoned for so much as criticizing the regime ils peuvent être emprisonnés ne serait-ce que pour avoir critiqué le régime.
    much wants more plus on en a plus on en veut ; there isn't much in GB ou to US it (in contest, competition) ils se suivent de près ; there isn't much in it for us ( to our advantage) ça ne va pas nous apporter grand-chose ; she's late again? that's a bit much! elle est encore en retard? elle exagère! ; ⇒ so.

    Big English-French dictionary > much

  • 26 business administration

    Gen Mgt
    1. a form of management. Business administration is used as a synonym for management, notably in government or the public sector. This use has developed from the administration school of thought established by Henri Fayol, which defines management activities as a set of processes. He argued that to manage was to plan, organize, coordinate, command, and control. These principles were put into exemplary practice by Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. at General Motors and are often seen as characteristic of large bureaucracies.
    2. the establishment and maintenance of procedures, records, and regulations in the pursuit of a commercial activity. Business administration involves the conduct of activities leading to, and resulting from, the delivery of a product or service to the customer. Administration is often seen as paperwork and formfilling, but it reaches wider than that to encompass the coordination of all the procedures that enable a product or service to be delivered, together with the keeping of records that can be checked to identify errors or opportunities for improvement.

    The ultimate business dictionary > business administration

  • 27 communication skills

    HR
    skills that enable people to communicate effectively with one another. Effective communication involves the choice of the best communications channel for a specific purpose, the technical knowledge to use the channel appropriately, the presentation of information in an appropriate manner for the target audience, and the ability to understand messages and responses received from others. The ability to establish and develop mutual understanding, trust, and cooperation is also important. More specifically, communication skills include the ability to speak in public, make presentations, write letters and reports, chair committees and meetings, and conduct negotiations.

    The ultimate business dictionary > communication skills

  • 28 countertrade

    Econ
    a variety of reciprocal trading practices. This umbrella term encompasses the direct exchange of goods for goods (or barter) where no cash changes hands to more complex variations; counterpurchase, which involves a traditional export transaction plus the commitment of the exporter to buy additional goods or services from that country; and buy-back, in which the supplier of plant or equipment is paid from the future proceeds resulting from the use of the plant. Countertrade conditions vary widely from country to country and can be costly and administratively cumbersome.

    The ultimate business dictionary > countertrade

  • 29 demand forecasting

    Gen Mgt
    the activity of estimating the quantity of a product or service that consumers will purchase. Demand forecasting involves techniques including both informal methods, such as educated guesses, and quantitative methods, such as the use of historical sales data or current data from test markets. Demand forecasting may be used in making pricing decisions, in assessing future capacity requirements, or in making decisions on whether to enter a new market.

    The ultimate business dictionary > demand forecasting

  • 30 management

    Gen Mgt, HR
    the use of professional skills for identifying and achieving organizational objectives through the deployment of appropriate resources. Management involves identifying what needs to be done, and organizing and supporting others to perform the necessary tasks. A manager has complex and ever-changing responsibilities, the focus of which shifts to reflect the issues, trends, and preoccupations of the time. At the beginning of the 20th century, the emphasis was both on supporting the organization’s administration and managing productivity through increased efficiency. Organizations following the models of Henri Fayol and Max Weber built the functional divisions of personnel management, production management, marketing management, operations management, and financial management. At the beginning of the 21st century, those original drivers are still much in evidence, although the emphasis has moved to the key areas of competence such as people management. Although management is a profession in its own right, its skill-set often applies to professionals of other disciplines.

    The ultimate business dictionary > management

  • 31 reliability centered maintenance

    Ops
    a maintenance system that focuses on ensuring equipment is always functioning reliably. Reliability centered maintenance involves assessing each piece of equipment or other asset individually and in the context of how it is being used, for example, frequency of use and volume of output. Analysis is made of its weak points and a preventive maintenance schedule is drawn up taking them into account.

    The ultimate business dictionary > reliability centered maintenance

  • 32 systems design

    Gen Mgt
    the creation of a computer program to meet predetermined functional, operational, and personnel specifications. The systems design process involves the use of systems analysis and flowcharting of organizational functions and operations. It can be split into four stages: definition of the system’s goals; preparation of a conceptual model of how these goals will be achieved; development of a physical design; and preparation of a system specification.

    The ultimate business dictionary > systems design

  • 33 usability

    E-com
    the suitability of a Web site design from the user’s perspective. The term has been popularized by Web design guru Jakob Nielsen who has stressed that a Web site must be simple to use. One of the main points of usability relates to download times. For Nielsen, “fast response times are the most important criterion for Web pages.” Nielsen also believes usability involves a human approach. He states that “what constitutes a good site relates to the core basis of human nature and not to technology.”

    The ultimate business dictionary > usability

  • 34 work structuring

    HR
    the design of work processes. Work structuring involves arranging the factors that make up employees’ jobs in the most efficient way. Factors to be engineered include hours of work, duties performed, and level of empowerment. Work structuring can make use of practices such as flexible working, teamwork, job enrichment, job enlargement, and job rotation. It is similar to job design.

    The ultimate business dictionary > work structuring

  • 35 Heaviside, Oliver

    [br]
    b. 18 May 1850 London, England
    d. 2 February 1925 Torquay, Devon, England
    [br]
    English physicist who correctly predicted the existence of the ionosphere and its ability to reflect radio waves.
    [br]
    Brought up in poor, almost Dickensian, circumstances, at the age of 13 years Heaviside, a nephew by marriage of Sir Charles Wheatstone, went to Camden House Grammar School. There he won a medal for science, but he was forced to leave because his parents could not afford the fees. After a year of private study, he began his working life in Newcastle in 1870 as a telegraph operator for an Anglo-Dutch cable company, but he had to give up after only four years because of increasing deafness. He therefore proceeded to spend his time studying theoretical aspects of electrical transmission and communication, and moved to Devon with his parents in 1889. Because the operation of many electrical circuits involves transient phenomena, he found it necessary to develop what he called operational calculus (which was essentially a form of the Laplace transform calculus) in order to determine the response to sudden voltage and current changes. In 1893 he suggested that the distortion that occurred on long-distance telephone lines could be reduced by adding loading coils at regular intervals, thus creating a matched-transmission line. Between 1893 and 1912 he produced a series of writings on electromagnetic theory, in one of which, anticipating a conclusion of Einstein's special theory of relativity, he put forward the idea that the mass of an electric charge increases with its velocity. When it was found that despite the curvature of the earth it was possible to communicate over very great distances using radio signals in the so-called "short" wavebands, Heaviside suggested the presence of a conducting layer in the ionosphere that reflected the waves back to earth. Since a similar suggestion had been made almost at the same time by Arthur Kennelly of Harvard, this layer became known as the Kennelly-Heaviside layer.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1891. Institution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1924. Honorary PhD Gottingen. Honorary Member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
    Bibliography
    1872. "A method for comparing electro-motive forces", English Mechanic (July).
    1873. Philosophical Magazine (February) (a paper on the use of the Wheatstone Bridge). 1889, Electromagnetic Waves.
    Further Reading
    I.Catt (ed.), 1987, Oliver Heaviside, The Man, St Albans: CAM Publishing.
    P.J.Nahin, 1988, Oliver Heaviside, Sage in Solitude: The Life and Works of an Electrical Genius of the Victorian Age, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York.
    J.B.Hunt, The Maxwellians, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Heaviside, Oliver

  • 36 centrifugation of samples

    1. центрифугирование проб

     

    центрифугирование проб
    Процедура, заключающаяся в использовании центробежной силы для разделения крови на компоненты в приборе, называемом центрифугой. Центрифугирование проб является частью лабораторного анализа проб в рамках проведения допинг-контроля.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    EN

    centrifugation of samples
    Process that involves the use of the centrifugal force for the separation of blood into constituents with a device called centrifuge. It is a part of the laboratory analysis of samples for doping control.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    Тематики

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > centrifugation of samples

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