-
41 FELDR
I)(-ar, -ir), m. cloak.pp. fitted;vera vel (illa) feldr til e-s, to be well (ill) fitted for a thing; neut., þér er ekki felt at, it is not for thee to.* * *m., gen. feldar, pl. feldir, a cloak worn by the ancients, esp. one lined with fur; hvítr-f., a white cloak, Fbr. 145 sqq.; rauð-f., a red cloak, Landn. (a nickname); grá-f., a grey cloak, Hkr. i. 176; skinn-f., a skin cloak, Orkn. 326 (in a verse); bjarn-f., q. v., a bear-skin cloak; röggvar-f., a woollen cloak, Grett. 114; varar-f., a common cloak; loð-f., a shaggy cloak, a fur cloak, = loði; blá-f., a blue cloak, N. G. L. i. 74; feldr fimm alna í skaut, a cloak measuring five ells square, Korm. 86; a feld four ells long and two ells broad, Grág. i. 500, was in trade the usual size, but here the ell is a ‘thumb ell,’ measuring only about sixteen inches; stutt-f., a short cloak, Fms. vii. 152 (a nickname); feldr, kápa, and skikkja seem to be synonymous, cp. Ls. ch. 14, 15, Glúm. ch. 3, 8, Grett. ch. 23, Lv. ch. 17. Tac. Germ. ch. 17—‘tegumen omnibus sagum, fibulâ, aut, si desit, spinâ consertum;’ the cloaks were often made of (or lined with) costly furs, Glúm. ch. 6; breiða feld á höfuð sér, to wrap the head in a cloak, Nj. 164, Kristni S. ch. 11, Fms. vi. 43 (Sighvat), as a token of deep thinking: feldar-dálkr, m. a cloak-pin, Hkr., vide dálkr; feldar-röggvar, f. pl. the patches or ‘ragged’ hairs on the outside of a cloak, Lv. 55, cp. Grág. i. 500; feldar-skaut, n. (-blað, n., Finnb. 342), a cloak’s skirt, Fb. i. 416; feldar-slítr, n. pl. the tatters of a cloak, Grett. The etymology of feldr is uncertain, scarcely from Lat. pellis, but rather from falda, to fold, wrap; even Tacitus, l. c., makes a distinction between the ‘sagulum’ (= feldr) and ‘ferarum pelles,’ the latter being a mark of more savage habits, such as that of the berserkers; feldr is never used of a woman’s cloak (möttull, skikkja); the passage Fm. 43 is corrupt: the phrase, það er ekki með feldi, it is not right, something is wrong, is a corrupt form instead of með felldu, part. from fella, q. v. -
42 FLÆÐR
f., gen. flæðar, acc. and dat. flæði, pl. flæðar, flood-tide, high water, a word used in western Icel. instead of flóð, which is used in the south, north, and east; þá var flæðrin síð dags, Eg. 600; flæðr sævar, Sturl. ii. 70; í sandi þar er flæðr gékk yfir (í flæðar-máli, Landn. l. c.), Fms. i. 248; biðu þeir flæðar, Eg. 129; af nálægð tunglsins vaxa flæðar, Rb. 478; fyrir flæðarinnar skyld, Stj. 57; at flæðum, Orkn. 428; at flæði sævar, 422; stórstraums-f., hábakka-f., smástraums-f.COMPDS: flæðarbakki, flæðarmál, flæðarmús, flæðarpyttr, flæðarsker, flæðartími, flæðarurð. -
43 forn-maðr
m. a man of the olden time: forn-menn, m. pl. the ancients, in many compds: the old biographies of the kings of Norway edited 1825 sqq. are by the editors (less correctly) called Fornmanna-sögur, instead of the true old name Konunga-sögur or Konunga-æfi. -
44 GRUNNR
I)(-s, -ar), m. bottom (of sea or water); til grunns, til grunna, down to the bottom; ganga á grunn, to come to an end (fig.).(grynnri, grynnstr), a. shallow; standa grunnt, to be shallow (vinitta okkur stendr grunnt).* * *m. [the Goth. form would be grundus; Ulf. afgrundiþa = ἄβυσσος; akin to grunn, n.]:— the bottom of sea or water; draga e-n til grunns, to drag one to the bottom, Al. 174; fór öngullinn til grunns, Edda 36; langskipin sukku í grunn niðr, Anal. 203: plur., síðan fór hann niðr til grunna, then he sank down to the bottom, Bs. i. 355; en jafnskjótt er hann kom til grunna, id.; niðr á grunnum í sjálfu sjávar-djúpinu, Stj. 288; hann kafaði niðr til grunna, Eg. 142; sökkva til grunna (metaph.), to come to naught, Symb. 19; segja menn at hann lysti af honum höfuðit við grunninum, Edda (Arna-Magn.) i. 170, is a false reading instead of við hrönnunum (Ub.), cp. hlusta grunn við hrönnum, Hd. (Edda 54), of which poem the prose is a paraphrase. -
45 guða
að, to shout ‘God;’ in Icel. it is the custom for a stranger arriving at a house at night after ‘day-set’ (dagsetr, q. v.), instead of knocking at the door, to climb to the louvre and shout, hér sé Guð, God be here! this is called að guða; the dialogue is well given in a ditty of Stefán Ólafsson, Hott, hott og hæ! Hér sé Guð í bæ! sælt fólkið allt! mér er sárkalt.—Svöruðu heima-hjú, Hvað heitir þú?—Eg heiti Jón, Jóhanns þjón, etc.; or in another ditty, Her sé Guð á góðum bæ | gestr er á ljóra | andsvörin eg engin fæ | ekki vaknar Þóra; or Guðað er nú á glugga | góðvinr kominn er, Jónas 119. -
46 GYRÐA
(-ða, -ðr), v.1) to gird (with a belt); g. sik, to gird oneself, fasten one’s belt (cf. gyrðr í brœkr); g. sik með sverði, to gird on a sword;2) to girth (g. hest, g. söðul).* * *ð or t, [A. S. gyrðan; Engl. gird; Dan. gjorde: gerða (q. v.) and gyrða are kindred words, both formed from the Goth. gairdan, gard, gurdun; gerða, as also garðr (q. v.), from the pret.; gyrða from the participle]:— to gird oneself with a belt or the like; eptir þat gyrðir Klaufi hann svá fast ( girded his belt so tight) at hélt við meiðsl, Sd. 143; síðan gyrði mærin sik með einu ríku belti, El.; hann gyrði sik með dúki, Fms. x. 314; gyrðr í brækr, with breeks girt up, vii. 143; gyrða sik, to fasten the breeks, as the ancients used belts instead of braces; gyrða lendir sínar, to gird up one’s loins, Hom. 84, Stj. passim; fésjóð er hann var gyrðr með, girt with a purse, from wearing the purse fastened to the girdle, Fms. vii. 142.β. to girth or saddle a horse; hann hefir ekki svá vel gyrt hest þinn, at þat muni duga, gyrtu þá betr, Ísl. ii. 340; þá setti hann söðul á hest sinn ok gyrði hann fast, Str. 47: to secure a cart load by girding it, með hlassi því er hann gyrðir eigi reipum, N. G. L. i. 379; g. hlass, taug eða reipi, 349; hann gyrði at utan, he girded it well, Fs. 66: Icel. say a horse is laus-gyrtr, fast-gyrtr, has its girths loose or tight: edged, bordered, bolli gyrðr með silfri, Hkr. iii. 81.γ. to gird oneself with a sword; konungr steypir brynju á sik ok gyrðir sik með sverðinu Kvernbít, Hkr. i. 155; hann gyrði sik með búnu sverði, Ó. H. 31.II. part. gyrðr, girt with a weapon; g. saxi, Nj. 54, Fms. ii. 83, Grett. 126; g. sverði, Eg. 285, 374, Fms. ii. 111, iv. 58, x. 201, 415, Ó. H. 116; g. skálmum, Gkv. 2. 19. -
47 HAMLA
I)f. oar-thong, grummet;láta síga á hömlu, to pull backwards (stern foremost);ganga e-m í hömlu (um e-t), to take one’s place, be a substitute for one (in a thing).(að), v.2) to stop, hinder (hamla e-m);3) to maim, mutilate (sumir vóru hamlaðir at höndum eða fótum).* * *u, f. an oar-loop made of a strap or withe fastened to the thole-pin (hár), into which the oar was put, the oarsman pulling the oar against the thole, as is still done in the fjords of Norway; hence is called láta síga á hömlu, to pull slowly towards the hamla, i. e. stern foremost, Fms. i. 172, vii. 213; láta skip síga á hömlum, Hkr. iii. 336; á hömlo, Mork. l. c.; lét hann leggja fimm skipum fram í sundit svá at mátti þegar síga á hömlu, Grett. 83 A; hömlur slitnuðu, háir brotnuðu, the h. were torn, the tholes broken, Am. 35; leggja árar í hömlur, they put the oars in the loops, Fms. iii. 57. In Norway the levy or conscription was counted by the hömlur, cp. Ó. H. 227, where one hamla (i. e. man) was to be levied from every seven males over five years old, and so ‘til hömlu’ means naut. = per man, per oar, Gþl. 99, N. G. L. i. 98; thus, gera mat í hömlu, to contribute provisions by the head, 201, cp. D. N. passim and Fritzner’s remarks s. v.: the metaph. phrase, ganga e-m í hömlu um e-t, to go into one’s hamla, take one’s place, to be one’s match; sem Sigvalda myni fæst til skorta, at ganga mér í hömlu um ráða-gerðir ok dæma hér um mál manna, bæði fyrir vizku sakir ok ráðspeki, Fms. xi. 98.COMPDS: hömluband, hömlubarði, hömlufall, hömlumaðr.II. mod. a short oar with which the boatman paddles, leaning the body forwards and with his face towards the stem, using the oar partly instead of a rudder; hence stýris-hamla, a ‘rudder-oar.’ -
48 HANN
he* * *pers. pron. he.* * *pers. pron. masc. he; fem. HÓN or HÚN, she; for the pronunciation of this word see introduction to letter H; as to the inflexion see Gramm. p. xxi; in the MSS. the word is usually abbreviated = hann; hº or hō = hón; m = hánum; ar = hennar; i or e = henni: the old dat. masc. was hánum, as shewn by rhymes, mána vegr und hánum, Haustl.; but in Icel. it was no doubt sounded h́num, by way of umlaut; it was then sounded hónum with a long vowel, and lastly honum with a short vowel, which also is the mod. form; the old MSS. often spell hánum in full; the spelling hönum in old printed books recalls the old form h́num; from Pass. 9. 7 it may be seen that in the middle of the 17th century the dative was sounded precisely as at present.2. sing. fem. hón (ho in mod. Norse, hoo in Lancashire) seems to be the older form; the MSS. use both forms hón and hún, but the former is the usual one; it was prob. sounded h́n, which again points to a long root vowel, hánn, hána? [Cp. Ulf. is; Germ. er; A. S., Engl., and Hel. he; old Fris. hi; in the Scandin. idioms with a suffixed demonstrative particle, vide Gramm. p. xxviii; Dan. and Swed. han, hun, etc.]B. As this word appears almost in every line only special usages need be mentioned, as, ef maðr færir ómaga fram ok beri fé undir hann (acc., sc. ómagi), eðr eigi hann (nom., the same) fé, þá skal hann (nom., sc. maðr) beiða hann (acc., sc. ómagi) með vátta, at hann (nom., the same) seli hánum (dat., sc. maðr) fjár-heimting á hönd þeim mönnum er hann (nom., sc. ómagi) á fé undir, Grág. i. 279; here the context is very perplexing, chiefly owing to the identity of acc. and nom. sing. masc., but also because the pron. is sometimes demonstr., sometimes reflexive; in the latter case an Icel. would now say sér instead of hánum: so also, þá skal hann beiða samþingis-goða, at hanu fái honum (i. e. sibi) mann, 10: again, skal hann selja sókn ok vörn ef hann vill, ok svá varðveizlu fjár síns þess er hann á hér eptir, 146; þá skal hón ráða við ráð frænda síns ( her) nokkurs, 307; Gunnarr kenndi féit at þat var hit sama sem hann (i. e. Njal) hafði honum (i. e. to Gunnar) greitt, Nj. 56.II. the pers. pron. is often prefixed to a pr. name, as a sign of familiarity; farit upp til hestsins ok gætið hans Kols, Nj. 56; eðr hverr maðr er hann Gunnarr, what sort of a man is Gunnar? 51; ok hleypr á hann Þorkel upp, 114; ok leitið ér at honum Höskuldi, go and look after Hoskuld, 171; sæmd er ek veitta honum Þórólfi bróður þínum, Eg. 112; segir hann Pálnir, Fms. xi. 47; hón Ingibjörg, 49; hann Gísli, Grett. (in a verse); ok berjask við hann Ólaf, Fagrsk. 86; hans Vígólfs, Sól.; svá er, segir hann Þórðr, Ísl. ii. 329:—this has become very freq. in mod. conversational usage, so that a person (nay, even an animal or a ship that has a name) is scarcely ever named without the pron., bidd’ ‘ann Jón að koma, segð’ ‘onum Jóni, vekt’ ‘ana Sigríði; hún Sigga litla, hann Jón litli, etc.; or of ponies, sækt’ ‘ann Brún, legð’ á ‘ana Skjónu; cp. the dialogue in Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 612,—ég skal fylla mína hít, segir ‘ún Hvít, ég ét sem ég þoli, segir ‘ann boli, etc.; or Kvöldv. ii. 197,—taktú þarna frá ‘enni Reyðr og gefð’ ‘enni Hyrnu, hún Húfa hefir flækt sig í niðrbandinu.III. er hann = who, that; sá maðr er hann vill, Grág. i. 19, 27, 36, vide p. 132.2. answering to Fr. on, Germ. man, Engl. one; væri sverðit til tækt er hann vildi, when one wished, Eg. 505; but this use is very rare. -
49 HÁR
* * *I)(há, hátt), a.2) tall (hár maðr vexti);3) superl. at the highest pitch; meðan hæst væri vetrar, sumars, in the depth of winter, in the height of summer;4) high, glorious; hæstu hátíðir, the highest feasts;(gen. hás, pl. háir), m. thole.n. hair (jarpr á hár).m. dog-fish.* * *1.adj., fem. há, neut. hátt, vide Gramm. p. xix; compar. hæri or hærri, superl. hæstr; hæðstr and hærstr, which are found in old printed books, are bad forms; for the inflexions, (which vary much, sometimes inserting f or v, sometimes not,) see the references below; in mod. usage the v is usually dropped, but the cases are bisyllabic, e. g. háir, háar, háa, háum, instead of the old hávir, hávar, háva, háfum or hám; the definite form in old writers is hávi or háfi, in mod. hái: [Ulf. hauhs = ὑψηλός; A. S. heah; Engl. high; O. H. G. hoh; Hel. hoh; Germ. hoch; old Frank, hag or hach; Swed. hög; Dan. höj; all of them with a final guttural, which in mod. Dan. has been changed into j; the final labial f or v, which in olden times was so freq. before a vowel, may be compared to laugh, rough, etc. in mod. Engl.; the g remains in the cognate word haugr]:—high; stiga sex álna háfan, Vm. 129; í hám fjalla-tindum, Edda 144 (pref.); á háfum fjöllum, Skálda 181; há fjöll, Getsp.; á hám gálga, Fsm. 45; á bekk hám, Akv. 2; hár bylgjur, Edda (Ht.); á borg inni há, Am. 18; á há fjalli, Gm. 17, Bs. i. 26 (in a verse); enar hæstu fjalla hæðir, Stj. 59; hár turn, Hkr. iii. 63; skaptið var eigi hæra, en …, Eg. 285 (of a spear); hátt hlaup, a high leap, i. e. from a high place, Fms. i. 166; hæri en grön er vex á hæsta fjalli, Hom. 152; hávar bárur, Gh. 13: hávar unnir, Skv. 2. 16; háfan garð, Fms. vi. (in a verse); hávu grasi, Hm. 120; but há grasi. Gm. 17; upp-háfa skúa, high boots, Fms. vii. 321: phrases, bera hæra skjöld, hlut, to carry the highest shield, lot, Fas. i. 383, Ld. 322.2. tall; hárr maðr vexti ( tall of stature), manna hæstr, very tall, Fms. i. 155; hárr maðr ok harðvaxinn, vii. 321.3. a metrical term; syllables in rhyme having the same consonants and quantity of vowels are jafn-háfar, in the same strain; kvattú svá? ‘gröm skömm’ eigi eru þær hendingar jafn háfar; ‘hrömm skömm’ þat væri jafnhátt, Fms. vi. 386.II. metaph. high, sublime, glorious; hærri tign, Fms. i. 214; enir hæstu Guðs postular, 625. 82; í hærra haldi, Fms. vii. 112; margar ræður þvílíkar eða enn hæri, or still sublimer, Sks. 635; hljóta háfan sigr, a glorious victory, Merl. 2. 69; háfan ávöxt, Mar. kv. 17; hæstu daga, hæstu hátíðir, the highest days or feasts (hátíð), Fms. x. 22.2. at the highest pitch; meðan hæstir eru stormar um vetrinn, Sks. 46; at hann væri kyrr meðan hæst væri vetrar, in the depth of winter, Fms. ix. 480; meðan hæst væri sumars, in the height of summer, Lv. 43; hátt vetrar megin, Sks.; cp. há-degi, há-vetr, há-sumar (below).3. loud; blása hátt (a trumpet), Vsp. 47; brestr hár, Fms. xi. 10, Glúm. 375; mæla hátt, to speak loud, Nj. 33; ok söng í hátt, it gave a loud sound, 83; kveða við hátt ok öskurliga, Fms. v. 164; þó þetta væri eigi hátt talat í fyrstu, ix. 250; æpa hátt, Sks. 653; hafa hátt, to make a noise; cp. gráta hástöfum (below), há-vaði (below); hón verðr há við, she became clamorous, excited, Ísl. ii. 350; hlæja hátt, to laugh loud, Skv. 2. 15.III. a mythol. pr. name, both Hár and Hávi, Edda; Hávi and Hár are names of Odin the High, whence Háva-mál, n. pl. the name of a poem, the Sayings of the High.2. prefixed in the pr. names Há-kon, Há-leygr, Há-rekr, Há-mundr, Há-steinn, Há-varðr, Há-varr; and in local names, Háfa-fell, etc.IV. neut. as adverb; geisa hátt, Edda 146 (pref.); skín hann nú því hærra, Fms. v. 241; unna e-m hærra en öðrum, to love one higher (more) than another, Sturl. i. 198; taka e-n hátt, to make much of one, Bs. i. 727; stökkva hátt, to make a high leap, look high, Fær. 57; sitja skör hærra en aðrir, a step higher, Fms. i. 7.B. COMPDS: háaltari, hábakki, hábakkaflæðr, hábeinn, hábjarg, hábogaðr, háborð, hábrók, hábrókan, hábrókask, hádegi, hádegisskeið, háeyrr, háfeti, háfjall, háflæðr, háfæta, háfættr, háhestr, hákirkja, háleggr, háleikr, háleitliga, háleitligr, háleitr, háliga, háligr, hálimar, hámessa, hámessumál, hámælgi, hámæli, hámæltr, hánefjaðr, hánefr, hápallr, háreysti, háreystr, hásalir, hásegl, háseymdr, háskeptr, háskóli, hástaðr, hástafir, hásteint, hástigi, hásumar, hásumartími, hásæti, hásætisborð, hásætiskista, hásætismaðr, hásætisstóll, hátalaðr, hátimbra, hátíð, hátíðaraptan, hátíðardagr, hátíðarhald, hátíðisdagr, hátíðiskveld, hátíðliga, hátíðligr, hávaði, hávaðamaðr, hávaðamikill, hávaðasamr, hávarr, háværr, háværð, hávegir, hávella, hávetr, hávetri.2.mod. háfr, m. [Germ. hai], a dog-fish, squalus acanthius, Skálda 162. In compds há- marks fish of the shark kind, as há-karl (q. v.), a shark, carcharias, Ann.: há-kerling, f. = hákarl: há-meri, f. squalus glaucus: há-mús, f. chimaera monstrosa, Linn.; also called geirnyt, Eggert Itin. 360: há-skerðingr, m. = hákarl, Edda (Gl.), Grág. ii. 337, 359, Pm. 69: háskerðinga-lýsi, n. shark’s oil, H. E. i. 395: háfs-roð, n. shark’s skin, shagreen.3.m., acc. há, pl. háir, a thole, Am. 35, Grett. 125, Fas. i. 215, Þiðr. 313; whence há-benda, u, f. = hamla, q. v.; há-borur, f. pl., q. v.; há-reiðar, f. pl. rowlocks, prop. ‘thole-gear,’ synonymous with hamla; inn féll (sjór) um söxin ok háreiðarnar, Sturl. iii. 66, (Cd. Brit. Mus., Cd. Arna-Magn. háborurnar); leggja árar í háreiðar, to lay the oars in the rowlocks, Fms. xi. 70 (v. 1. to hömlur), 101, x. 285; lágu þar árar í háreiðum, Eg. 360 (v. l. to hömlu-böndum), Lex. Poët.: há-seti, a, m. a ‘ thole-sitter,’ oarsman, opp. to the captain or helmsman, Grág. i. 90, N. G. L. i. 98, Landn. 44, Fbr. 62 new Ed., Fms. vi. 239, 246: há-stokkar, m. pl. the gunwale, Bs. i. 385, 390.β. in poetry a ship is called há-dýr, n., há-sleipnir, m. the horse of rowlocks.4.n. [A. S. hær; Engl. hair; Germ. har; Dan.-Swed. hår; Lat. caesaries]:— hair, including both Lat. crines and capilli, Skálda 162, Nj. 2, Sks. 288; fara ór hárum, to change the hair, of beasts, passim; eitt hár hvítt eðr svart, Matth. v. 36; höfuð-hár, the hair of the head; lík-hár, the hair on the body, breast, or hands of men, opp. to the head; úlfalda-hár, iii. 4; hross-hár, horse-hair; hunds-hár, kattar-hár.COMPDS: háralag, hárslitr.☞ For the hair of women, see Nj. ch. 1, 78, 117, Landn. 2, ch. 30, Edda 21, passim; of men, Nj. ch. 121, Ld. ch. 63, and passim. -
50 HEFNA
* * *(-da, -dr), v. to avenge, take vengeance;with the thing and the person in gen.,hefna sára, to avenge the wounds,hefna bróður síns, to avenge one’s brother,hefna sín, to avenge oneself;with dat. of the person,hefna e-m, to take vengeance on (skulu við hefna honum);with the thing in gen. and the person in dat.;áttu honum at hefna frændaláts, thou hast to avenge on him the death of a kinsman;impers., e-m hefnir e-t, one pays (suffers) for a thing (svá hefndi honum þat mikla mikillæti);with preps., hefna e-m fyrir e-t, hefna e-s a e-m, to avenge a thing on one;refl., hefnast, to avenge oneself (= hefna sín);hefnast e-s, to avenge a thing;hefnast á e-m, to avenge oneself on a person;e-m hefnist e-t, one has to pay (suffer) for;hefnast mun honum vist, the day of retribution will assuredly come to him.* * *d, also spelt hemna, N. G. L. i. 19, [Dan. hævne; Swed. hämna]:—to revenge, with dat. of the person and gen. of the thing, or ellipt. omitting either the gen. or the dat., or adding an adverb:I. gener. to avenge, take vengeance; hefna Grími sinnar svívirðingar, Fms. ii. 172; vildi jarl nú gjarna h. Þorleifi þessar smánar, Fb. i. 213; á ek at h. honum mikillar sneypu, Fms. x. 341; sagði hvers honum var at hefna, Bret. 50; áttú honum at hefna frænda-láts, Fb. ii. 350; at hann mundi henni þess sárliga h., 381; eða hverr er hér sá ríkis-manna, er eigi muni honum eiga at h. stórsaka? Ó. H. 213; ek skal fara með þér ok skulu vit hefna honum, Eg. 189; því mæli ek eigi í móti, at þér farit við liði ok hefnit þeim, Fms. ix. 306; hón hefnir ok þeim er brigða, Edda 21.β. with gen., þó skal ek þessa hefna, Nj. 19; Guð hefnir svá reiði sinnar, Sks. 338; goð hefna eigi alls þegar, Nj. 132: h. sín, to avenge oneself; sá maðr er á er unnit á at hefna sín, Grág. ii. 17; hefnit yðar eigi sjálfir, Rom. xii. 19; ok blóðs sinna þjóna hefir hann hefnt, Rev. xix. 2; þeir menn, er þeir áttu minna í at hefna, those men who had less to avenge, Eg. 86; verðr þeim því ekki skjótt hefndr sinn ósómi, Fbr. 22.γ. with prep. á; hefna e-s á e-m, to avenge a thing upon one, Eg. 425, Fb. i. 471, Sks. 719, Sturl. ii. 148; this also is the mod. usage, og hefnir vors blóðs á þeim, Rev. vi. 10: singly, hefna á e-m, en ef hann vill eigi bæta, þá megu frændr hins dauða h. á honum, N. G. L. i. 122.II. with a single gen. and referring to the blood revenge; hversu Hákon jarl hefndi föður síns, Fms. i. 56; hefna Rögnvalds, ix. 306; h. myndi Höskuldr þín, Nj. 176; at þú hefnir þeirra sára allra, er hann hafði á sér dauðum, id.; hefndú (imperat.) vár, en vér þín ef vér lifum eptir, 198; þat hlægir mik, segir Skarphéðinn, ef þú kemsk brott, mágr, at þú munt h. mín, 202; sverja þann eið, at hverr skal annars h. sem bróður sins, Gísl. 11; nú vilda ek til þess mæla, at hvárr okkarr hefndi annars, sá er lengr lifði, ef vit höfum líflát af vápnum eðr manna-völdum, Barn. 58; þó er þér meiri nauðsyn at h. föður þíns en spá mér slíkar spár, Mj. 182; en þó væri honum eigi úskyldra at h. föður síns, en at kasta únýtum orðum á mik—konungr mælti, er þat satt, Halli, at þú hafir eigi hefnt föður þíns? Fms. vi. 367; þat var þá mælt, at sá væri skyldr at h. er vápni kipti ór sári, Gísl. 22. For the old blood revenge see the Sagas passim, e. g. Ld. ch. 60, Gísl., Fbr., Grett. (fine), Heiðarv. S., Orkn. ch. 8. But even in the Saga time a more law-abiding spirit began to prevail, and a settlement (görð) took place in many cases instead of the old practice of taking life for life; and so the law distinguishes between mann-hefndir and sektir, i. e. blood-vengeance and temporary exile or the like; indicative of this better spirit is the old saying, jafnan orkar tvímælis þó at hefnt sé, revenge always causes dissension, Nj. 139: revenge amongst kinsmen was forbidden, síðr þú hefnir, þótt þeir sakar göri | þat kveða dauðum duga, Sdm. 22, cp. ætt-víg, cp. also Ld. ch. 53 sqq. and many other passages; a touching instance is recorded in Nj. ch. 146, p. 248; it is characteristic of the old times, that bloodshed might be atoned for, but not slander, calumny, or imprecations, cp. annars dags láttu hans öndu farit, Sdm. 24, 25, and many passages in the Sagas, e. g. Glúm. ch. 7, 18, Lv. ch. 13, Nj. ch. 44, 92, Þorst. Síðu H., cp. also Hm. 28, 72.III. impers., e-m hefnir e-t, to pay dearly for; svá hefndi honum þat mikla mikillæti, at hann gékk í braut fullr af harmi, Edda 22; þá hljóp Ólafr í fen eitt báðum fótum … því bar svá til, at mér hefndi, Fms. x. 261.IV. reflex. to take revenge; at hefnask á e-m, to take revenge on one, Bær. 5; leituðu Norðmenn at hefnask, Fms. i. 108; fóru þau orð um, at Dana-konungr mundi þess hefnask, 29; hefnask sinnar svívirðingar, Gþl. 183; hefnask sín, hefna sín, 184: with gen. of the person, ok svá þeir er hemnask þessara úbóta-manna, as also the persons who take revenge on these miscreants, N. G. L. i. 19 (rare).2. reflex. impers. (see III. above), to come to make retribution (of Nemesis); e-m hefnisk e-t or e-s, hvárt mun Gunnari aldri hefnask þessi újafnaðr? eigi mun þat segir, segir Rútr, hefnask mun honum víst, the day of retribution will come to him, Nj. 38: very freq. in mod. usage of just retribution, mér hefndisk fyrir það; þér hefnist fyrir það, used even of slight matters.V. part. as adj. hefndr, revenged; compar., era slíks manns at hefndra sem Gregorius var, þótt þeir komi allir fyrir, Hkr. iii. 399; þótt föður várs sé eigi at hefndra (viz. though he be slain), Fs. 40. 2. hefnandi, part. act. a revenger, Greg. 41: poët. = sons, as the duty of revenge devolved upon the nearest heir, Lex. Poët. -
51 hér-na
adv., herno, Fms. (Ágrip) x. 409:— here (see Gramm. p. xxviii, col. 2, signif. II), Fms. vii. 197; sé hérna, see here now! behold! Ísl. ii. 364, Stj. 22, 62: hérna, instead of hér, is very freq. in conversation; herno, konungr (behold, O king!), fögnuðr er oss á, attú ert svá kátr, Fms. x. 409. -
52 hey-nál
f. a hay-hook, used instead of a hay-knife. -
53 Hlið-skjálf
f., old dat. hliðskjálfu, Gm. (prose): [prob. rather to be derived from hlið, gate, than hlið, side; the initial h is borne out by alliteration, Sagði hitt er hugði | Hliðskjálfar gramr …, Edda (in a verse); in Akv. 14 the sense and alliteration alike require höll, hall, instead of ‘land’]:—a shelf, bench, a name for the seat of Odin, whence he looked out over all the worlds, Edda 6, 12, 22, 30, Gm. l. c.; Óðinn ok Frigg sátu í Hliðskjálfu ok sá um heima alla, Gm. l. c. The heathen Hlið-skjálf brings to mind the legend in Grimm’s Märchen of the Tailor in Heaven. -
54 hnapp-sitja
sat, to keep the sheep huddled together instead of being spread over the pasture, of a bad shepherd; þú skalt ekki h. það, því þá dettr úr því nytin, Piltr og Stúlka 9: a local name, -
55 hryn-henda
u, f. a kind of metre, the dróttkvæði (q. v.), containing eight syllables in each line instead of the usual six, Edda (Ht.) 62–64: name of poems composed in this metre, Fms. vi. 26. -
56 ÍKORNI
* * *m. squirrel.* * *a, m. a squirrel. This word is undoubtedly, as Grimm suggests (s. v. eichhorn), not of Teut. origin, but a popular corruption of the Gr. σκί-ουρος (= shade-tail), from which word all mod. European languages have borrowed the name of this animal; A. S. âcvern; early Dutch êncoren; Dutch eekhoren, eikhoren, inkhoren; O. H. G., mid. H. G., and Germ. eichorne, eichorn; Dan. egern; Swed. ickorn, ekorre: in the Romance languages, old Fr. escuriere; Fr. ecureuil; Ital. schiriuolo; whence Engl. squirrel. The word íkorni occurs in the heathen poem Gm., but the word is outside the metre, spoiling the flow of the verse, and was no doubt added afterwards; therefore, instead of ‘Rata-töskr heitir íkorni | er renna skal,’ read ‘Rata-töskr heitir | er renna skal.’ Perhaps the ancient Scandin. name of the animal was töskr, akin to Engl. tusk, A. S. tux, from its sharp teeth, and then Rati (= the climber?) would in the verse be the pr. name, töskr the appellative of that animal; and thus Rata-töskr would stand for Ratitöskr = Rati the squirrel; see also Edda, Ó. H. 85, Sks. 115, Gþl. 448. -
57 lað-orð
n. an invitation, bidding; þiggja laðorð at e-m, Bjarn. 53, and perhaps in the corrupt passage Bs. i. 142 instead of leitorð or letorð. -
58 líkna-belgr
m. the caul, esp. of calves, lambs, used instead of glass in the windows of ancient houses, see gluggr. -
59 LÆKR
1.m. [i. e. lœkr; Ivar Aasen lök], the umbilical cord, navel string, a midwife’s term, Stj. 198.2.m. (i. e. lœkr,—lœkr, œgr, því fegra þykkir hljóða en lækr, ægr, Skálda 178), gen. lækjar, dut. with the article læknum, Ísl. ii. 339, 340, Fms. vi. 351; pl. lækir, gen. lækja, dat. lækjum:—a brook, rivulet, Edda (Gl.), Nj. 69, 155, 244, Ísl. ii. 339, 340, Bs. i. 196. Dropl. 34, Lv. 85, Fms. i. 252, 253, vi. 351, Fb. i. 414, passim, esp. in mod. Icel., in which lækr is always used instead of the Dan. bæk; bæjar-lækr, and in many local names, Brjáns-lækr, Lækjar-bugr, Bs.; Lækjar-skógr, etc.COMPDS: lækjarduðra, lækjarfall, lækjarfar, lækjargil, lækjaróss, lækjarrás, lækjarspræna. -
60 mið-garðr
m. [in Cumberland three farms, High-garth, Middle-garth, Low-garth]I. the ‘mid-yard’ ‘middle-town,’ i. e. the earth, a mythol. word common to all ancient Teut. languages; thus Ulf. renders the Gr. οἰκουμένη by midjungards; Hel, calls the earth middil-gard; the. A. S. homilies instead of earth say middan-geard (meddlert, Jamieson), and use the word as an appellative; but the Icel. Edda alone has preserved the true mythical bearing of this old Teut. word.—The earth (Miðgarð), the abode of men, is seated in the middle of the universe, bordered by mountains and surrounded by the great sea (úthaf); on the other side of this sea is the Út-garð ( out-yard), the abode of giants; the Miðgarð is defended by the ‘yard’ or ‘burgh’ Ás-garð ( the burgh of the gods), lying in the middle (the heaven being conceived as rising above the earth). Thus the earth and mankind are represented as a stronghold besieged by the powers of evil from without, defended by the gods from above and from within; see Vsp. 4, Gm. 41, Edda 6, 25, 26, 35: mankind is said to abide ‘undir Miðgarði,’ under the Midgard, Hbl. 23; mest manna-val und Miðgarði, Hdl. 11, 16, Fms. vi. 423 (in a verse); um allan Miðgarð, Blanda. Miðgarðs-ormr, m. the Serpent of Midgard. the world serpent of the ancient mythology hidden in the ocean, whose coils gird round the whole Midgard, Edda 18, 34–36, 41, 42; dólgr Miðgarðs-orms, the antagonist of the M. = Thor, Edda 53; muntú vera ormr sá er verstr er til er menn kalla Miðgarðsorm, Fas. i. 373. In old Icel. translations of legends Leviathan is rendered by Miðgarðsormr, Niðrst. 3, Post. 686 C. 2. The god Thor is called Miðgarðs-véorr, m. = the holy one of M., Vsp.; miðgarðs verjandi, the defender of Midgard, Edda 53; cp. Þórr hefir varðan Miðgarð af þrek, Edda (in a verse).II. Miðgarðr, as a local name. Icel. map.
Страницы
См. также в других словарях:
Instead — In*stead , adv. [Pref. in + stead place.] [1913 Webster] 1. In the place or room; usually followed by of. [1913 Webster] Let thistles grow of wheat. Job xxxi. 40. [1913 Webster] Absalom made Amasa captain of the host instead of Joab. 2 Sam. xvii … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Instead — may refer to:* Instead (album), an album by Onetwo. * Instead (song), a single by Stacie Orrico from her 2003 album Stacie Orrico * A type of menstrual cup … Wikipedia
instead — [in sted′] adv. [ IN1 + STEAD] in place of the person or thing mentioned: as an alternative or substitute [to feel like crying and laugh instead] instead of in place of … English World dictionary
instead — ► ADVERB 1) as an alternative or substitute. 2) (instead of) in place of … English terms dictionary
instead of — index in lieu of Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary
instead — (adv.) 1590s, from M.E. ine stede (early 13c.; see STEAD (Cf. stead)); loan translation of L. in loco (Fr. en lieu de). Still often two words until c.1640 … Etymology dictionary
instead — [adv] alternatively alternately, alternative, as a substitute, in lieu, in place of, in preference, on behalf of, on second thought, preferably, rather, rather than; concept 560 … New thesaurus
INSTEAD — У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Instead (значения). INSTEAD Тип … Википедия
instead of — AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO, as a substitute for, as a replacement for, in place of, in lieu of, in preference to; rather than, as opposed to, as against, as contrasted with, before. → instead * * * preposition Etymology: Middle English in sted of : as… … Useful english dictionary
instead — [[t]ɪnste̱d[/t]] ♦♦ 1) PHR PREP: PREP n/ ing If you do one thing instead of another, you do the first thing and not the second thing, as the result of a choice or a change of behaviour. She had to spend nearly four months away from him that… … English dictionary
instead — in|stead [ ın sted ] adverb *** used for saying that one person, thing, or action replaces another: If you don t have olive oil, you can use sunflower oil instead. The committee has rejected our proposal. Instead, they have brought forward an… … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
