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21 silt source
heat source — тепловой источник; источник тепла
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22 strength of source
мощность источника; интенсивность источникаheat source — тепловой источник; источник тепла
English-Russian dictionary on nuclear energy > strength of source
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23 unshielded source
heat source — тепловой источник; источник тепла
English-Russian dictionary on nuclear energy > unshielded source
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24 источник света температурный
incandescent sourceБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > источник света температурный
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25 Swan, Sir Joseph Wilson
[br]b. 31 October 1828 Sunderland, Englandd. 27 May 1914 Warlingham, Surrey, England[br]English chemist, inventor in Britain of the incandescent electric lamp and of photographic processes.[br]At the age of 14 Swan was apprenticed to a Sunderland firm of druggists, later joining John Mawson who had opened a pharmacy in Newcastle. While in Sunderland Swan attended lectures at the Athenaeum, at one of which W.E. Staite exhibited electric-arc and incandescent lighting. The impression made on Swan prompted him to conduct experiments that led to his demonstration of a practical working lamp in 1879. As early as 1848 he was experimenting with carbon as a lamp filament, and by 1869 he had mounted a strip of carbon in a vessel exhausted of air as completely as was then possible; however, because of residual air, the filament quickly failed.Discouraged by the cost of current from primary batteries and the difficulty of achieving a good vacuum, Swan began to devote much of his attention to photography. With Mawson's support the pharmacy was expanded to include a photographic business. Swan's interest in making permanent photographic records led him to patent the carbon process in 1864 and he discovered how to make a sensitive dry plate in place of the inconvenient wet collodian process hitherto in use. He followed this success with the invention of bromide paper, the subject of a British patent in 1879.Swan resumed his interest in electric lighting. Sprengel's invention of the mercury pump in 1865 provided Swan with the means of obtaining the high vacuum he needed to produce a satisfactory lamp. Swan adopted a technique which was to become an essential feature in vacuum physics: continuing to heat the filament during the exhaustion process allowed the removal of absorbed gases. The inventions of Gramme, Siemens and Brush provided the source of electrical power at reasonable cost needed to make the incandescent lamp of practical service. Swan exhibited his lamp at a meeting in December 1878 of the Newcastle Chemical Society and again the following year before an audience of 700 at the Newcastle Literary and Philosophical Society. Swan's failure to patent his invention immediately was a tactical error as in November 1879 Edison was granted a British patent for his original lamp, which, however, did not go into production. Parchmentized thread was used in Swan's first commercial lamps, a material soon superseded by the regenerated cellulose filament that he developed. The cellulose filament was made by extruding a solution of nitro-cellulose in acetic acid through a die under pressure into a coagulating fluid, and was used until the ultimate obsolescence of the carbon-filament lamp. Regenerated cellulose became the first synthetic fibre, the further development and exploitation of which he left to others, the patent rights for the process being sold to Courtaulds.Swan also devised a modification of Planté's secondary battery in which the active material was compressed into a cellular lead plate. This has remained the central principle of all improvements in secondary cells, greatly increasing the storage capacity for a given weight.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1904. FRS 1894. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1898. First President, Faraday Society 1904. Royal Society Hughes Medal 1904. Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur 1881.Bibliography2 January 1880, British patent no. 18 (incandescent electric lamp).24 May 1881, British patent no. 2,272 (improved plates for the Planté cell).1898, "The rise and progress of the electrochemical industries", Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 27:8–33 (Swan's Presidential Address to the Institution of Electrical Engineers).Further ReadingM.E.Swan and K.R.Swan, 1968, Sir Joseph Wilson Swan F.R.S., Newcastle upon Tyne (a detailed account).R.C.Chirnside, 1979, "Sir Joseph Swan and the invention of the electric lamp", IEEElectronics and Power 25:96–100 (a short, authoritative biography).GWBiographical history of technology > Swan, Sir Joseph Wilson
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26 Staite, William Edwards
[br]b. 19 April 1809 Bristol, Englandd. 26 September 1854 Caen, France[br]English inventor who did much to popularize electric lighting in early Victorian England and demonstrated the first self-regulating arc lamp.[br]Before devoting the whole of his attention to the electric light, Staite was a partner in a business of iron merchants and patented a method of obtaining extracts and essences. From 1834 he attempted to produce a continuous light by electricity. The first public exhibition of Staite's arc lamp incorporating a fixed-rate clockwork mechanism was given in 1847 to the Sunderland Literary and Philosophical Society. He also demonstrated an incandescent lamp with an iridioplatinum filament. Sir Joseph Wilson Swan recorded that it was attending lectures by Staite in Sunderland, Newcastle and Carlisle that started him on the quest which many years later was to lead to his incandescent lamp.In association with William Petrie (1821–1904), Staite made an important advance in the development of arc lamps by introducing automatic regulation of the carbon rods by way of an electromagnet. This was the first of many self-regulating arc lamps that were invented during the nineteenth century employing this principle. A contributory factor in the success of Staite's lamp was the semi enclosure of the arc in a transparent vessel that reduced the consumption of carbons, a feature not used again until the 1890s. His patents included processes for preparing carbons and the construction of primary cells for arc lighting. An improved lamp used by Staite in a theatrical production at Her Majesty's Theatre, London, in April 1849 may be considered the first commercial success of the electric light in England. In spite of the limitations imposed by the use of primary cells as the only available source of power, serious interest in this system of electric lighting was shown by railway companies and dock authorities. However, after he had developed a satisfactory arc lamp, an end to these early experiments was brought about by Staite's death.[br]BibliographyJuly 1847, British patent no. 1,1783 (electromagnetic regulation of an arc lamp).His manuscript "History of electric light" is in the Institution of Electrical Engineers archives.Further ReadingJ.J.Fahie, 1902, "Staite and Petrie's electric light 1846–1853", Electrical Engineer 30:297–301, 337–40, 374–6 (a detailed reliable account).G.Woodward, 1989, "Staite and Petrie: pioneers of electric lighting", Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 136 (Part A): 290–6 GWBiographical history of technology > Staite, William Edwards
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27 lamp
1) лампа
2) ламповый
3) светильня
4) фонарный
5) осветительный
– alarm lamp
– arc lamp
– arc-discharge lamp
– black-out lamp
– busy lamp
– calling lamp
– carbon lamp
– clearing lamp
– coiled-coil lamp
– colored lamp
– comparison lamp
– cord lamp
– courtesy lamp
– Davy lamp
– daylight lamp
– dial lamp
– discharge lamp
– double-ended lamp
– electroluminescent lamp
– finish lamp
– flash lamp
– floor lamp
– fluorescent lamp
– frosted lamp
– gas-discharge lamp
– gas-filled lamp
– germicidal lamp
– glow lamp
– glow-discharge lamp
– hand lamp
– head lamp
– helmet lamp
– high-pressure lamp
– high-voltage lamp
– illuminating lamp
– incandescent lamp
– indicating lamp
– indicator lamp
– infrared lamp
– lamp door
– lamp extractor
– lamp post
– landing lamp
– luminescent lamp
– mercury lamp
– mercury-arc lamp
– metal-filament lamp
– miner's lamp
– mixed-light lamp
– modulator lamp
– neon-filled lamp
– opal lamp
– panel lamp
– pilot lamp
– point-source lamp
– pritner lamp
– projection lamp
– projector lamp
– quartz lamp
– reflector lamp
– resonance lamp
– rough-service lamp
– safety lamp
– series lamp
– signalling lamp
– sodium lamp
– spectral lamp
– supervisory lamp
– switch lamp
– switchboard lamp
– table lamp
– tungsten lamp
– tungsten-halogen lamp
– turn on lamp
– ultra-violet lamp
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28 lamp
•- answer lamp
- arc lamp
- atomic lamp
- ballast lamp
- bare lamp
- busy lamp
- calling lamp
- candle lamp
- carbon arc lamp
- cathode-ray lamp
- cesium-vapor lamp
- chargeable lamp
- coaxial flash lamp
- cold-start lamp
- comparison lamp
- Cooper-Hewitt lamp
- crater lamp
- dial lamp
- discharge lamp
- electric-discharge lamp
- electrodeless lamp
- electroluminescent lamp
- electronic flash lamp
- exciter lamp
- exposed lamp
- flame arc lamp
- flash lamp
- flood lamp
- fluorescent lamp
- fluorescent-mercury lamp
- gas-discharge lamp
- gas-filled lamp
- glow lamp
- halogen lamp
- Hefner lamp
- high-pressure mercury-vapor lamp
- hold lamp
- hollow-cathode lamp
- hot-cathode lamp
- hydrogen lamp
- incandescent lamp
- indicating lamp
- indicator lamp
- infrared lamp
- instant-start lamp
- Kromayer lamp
- line lamp
- long lamp
- low-inductance coaxial lamp
- low-pressure lamp
- mercury lamp
- mercury-vapor lamp
- metal halide lamp
- microminiature lamp
- music-controlled lamp
- neon lamp
- neon glow lamp
- Nernst lamp
- panel lamp
- pea lamp
- photoflash lamp
- photo-flood lamp
- pilot lamp
- point-source lamp
- preheat fluorescent lamp
- pulsed lamp
- pulsed xenon lamp
- quartz lamp
- rapid-start fluorescent lamp
- recording lamp
- repeater lamp
- resistance lamp
- resonance lamp
- self-ballasted mercury lamp
- short-arc lamp
- signal lamp
- sodium vapor lamp
- solid-state lamp
- spectroscopic lamp
- speed lamp
- starterless fluorescent lamp
- strobe lamp
- switch-start fluorescent lamp
- ultraviolet lamp
- vacuum lamp
- vacuum fluorescent lamp
- vapor lamp
- visual busy lamp
- xenon lamp -
29 lamp
•- answer lamp
- arc lamp
- atomic lamp
- ballast lamp
- bare lamp
- busy lamp
- calling lamp
- candle lamp
- carbon arc lamp
- cathode-ray lamp
- cesium-vapor lamp
- chargeable lamp
- coaxial flash lamp
- cold-start lamp
- comparison lamp
- Cooper-Hewitt lamp
- crater lamp
- dial lamp
- discharge lamp
- electric-discharge lamp
- electrodeless lamp
- electroluminescent lamp
- electronic flash lamp
- exciter lamp
- exposed lamp
- flame arc lamp
- flash lamp
- flood lamp
- fluorescent lamp
- fluorescent-mercury lamp
- gas-discharge lamp
- gas-filled lamp
- glow lamp
- halogen lamp
- Hefner lamp
- high-pressure mercury-vapor lamp
- hold lamp
- hollow-cathode lamp
- hot-cathode lamp
- hydrogen lamp
- incandescent lamp
- indicating lamp
- indicator lamp
- infrared lamp
- instant-start lamp
- Kromayer lamp
- line lamp
- long lamp
- low-inductance coaxial lamp
- low-pressure lamp
- mercury lamp
- mercury-vapor lamp
- metal halide lamp
- microminiature lamp
- music-controlled lamp
- neon glow lamp
- neon lamp
- Nernst lamp
- panel lamp
- pea lamp
- photoflash lamp
- photo-flood lamp
- pilot lamp
- point-source lamp
- preheat fluorescent lamp
- pulsed lamp
- pulsed xenon lamp
- quartz lamp
- rapid-start fluorescent lamp
- recording lamp
- repeater lamp
- resistance lamp
- resonance lamp
- self-ballasted mercury lamp
- short-arc lamp
- signal lamp
- sodium vapor lamp
- solid-state lamp
- spectroscopic lamp
- speed lamp
- starterless fluorescent lamp
- strobe lamp
- switch-start fluorescent lamp
- ultraviolet lamp
- vacuum fluorescent lamp
- vacuum lamp
- vapor lamp
- visual busy lamp
- xenon lampThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > lamp
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30 light
1) свет; освещениеBecause light is characterized by amplitude (intensity), phase, frequency, and polarization, any one or more of these parameters may undergo a change. — Свет (световой сигнал) характеризуется амплитудой (интенсивностью), фазой, частотой и поляризацией, причём любой один или некоторые из этих параметров могут претерпевать изменения
см. тж. incandescent light, incident light, indicator light, light source, point light, reflected light, visible light3) светлыйсм. тж. light-faced type4) лёгкийАнгло-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию. > light
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31 effects of the electrical arc on human beings
воздействие электрической дуги на человека
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[Интент]Параллельные тексты EN-RU
Effects of the electrical arc on human beings
From the above, it is evident that the electrical arc represents a hazard source for people and goods.
The hazards to which a person is exposed due to the release of energy generated by an arc event are:
• burns;
• injuries due to ejection of materials;
• damages to hearing;
• inhalation of toxic gases.
Burns
The high temperature levels of the gases produced by the electrical arc and the expulsion of incandescent metal particles may cause more or less severe burns to people.
Flames can cause all degrees of burn up to carbonization: the red-hot solid bodies, such as the metal fragments of the assembly involved, cause third degree burns, superheated steam causes burns analogous to those by hot liquids whereas radiant heat generally causes less severe burns.
Injuries due to ejection of materials
The ejection of metal particles or other loose items caused by the electrical arc can result in severe injuries to the weakest parts of the human body as, for example, the eyes.
The materials expelled owing to the explosion produced by the arc may penetrate the cornea and hurt it.
The extent of the lesions depends on the characteristics and on the kinetic energy of these objects.
Moreover, the ocular region can sustain injuries to the mucosa because of the gases released by the arc and the emission of ultraviolet and infrared rays can injure the cornea and the retina depending on the radiation wavelengths.
Hearing
As already mentioned, the electrical arc is a real explosion, whose sound may cause permanent injuries to hearing.
Inhalation of toxic gases
The fumes produced by burnt insulating materials and by molten or vaporized metals can be toxic.
The fumes are caused by incomplete burning and are formed by carbon particles and by other solid substances suspended in the air.
[ABB]Воздействие электрической дуги на человека
Из сказанного выше совершенно очевидно, что электрическая дуга является источником опасности для людей и имущества.
При высвобождении энергии электрической дуги человек может подвергнуться следующим опасностям:
• получение ожогов;
• повреждения от выброса продуктов горения дуги;
• нарушение слуха;
• вдыхание ядовитых газов.
Ожоги
Высокая температура газов, образующихся при горении электрической дуги, и выброс раскаленных частиц металла могут явиться причиной достаточно тяжелых ожогов.
Можно получить любую степень ожогов, вплоть до обугливания. Раскаленные до красна твердые частицы, такие как металлические частицы НКУ, вызывают ожоги третьей степени. Перегретый пар вызывает ожоги, аналогичные ожогам от горячих жидкостей. Лучистая энергия вызывает менее тяжелые ожоги.
Повреждения от выброса продуктов горения дуги
Выброс металлических или иных частиц, происходящий при горении электрической дуги, может привести к серьезным телесным повреждениям, особенно при попадании в глаза.
Частицы, выбрасываемые при горении дуги, могут проникнуть в роговую оболочку глаза и повредить ее.
Степень поражения зависит от характеристик и кинетической энергии выбрасываемых частиц.
Кроме того, газы, выделяющиеся в процессе горения дуги, могут повредить слизистую оболочку глаз, а ультрафиолетовое и инфракрасное излучение – роговую оболочку и сетчатку в зависимости от длины волны воздействующего излучения.
Орган слуха
Как уже упоминалось, электрическая дуга представляет собой реальный взрыв, звук которого может нанести тяжелую травму органу слуха.
Вдыхание ядовитых газов
Продукты горения изоляционных материалов и пары металлов могут быть ядовитыми.
Дым, образующийся при неполном сгорании и содержащий частицы углерода и других веществ, попадает в окружающий воздух.
[Перевод Интент]Тематики
- НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > effects of the electrical arc on human beings
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