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1 Mandos(Mandost-)
noun "Castle of Custody" the approximate meaning, according to MR:350. Used as the name of a Vala, properly the place where he dwells the Halls of Mandos, whereas his real name is Námo WJ:402. In Tolkiens mythology, the Halls of Mandos are the abode of the dead, where their spirits remain until they are released from this world in the case of mortals or rebodied in the case of Elves except for those who are refused or themselves refuse further incarnate life, and so remain in Mandos indefinitely. In the Etymologies, Mandos also Mandossë is interpreted somewhat differently, "Dread Imprisoner"MBAD MANAD,VT45:32 or in a deleted version "Dread Doom" VT45:33, where Mandos was asigned the stem Mandosse-. The interpretation Dread Imprisoner would suggest that Tolkien at the time thought of Mandos as being also properly the name of a person, the Vala Námo, not the name of a place. See also Mando. -
2 i
1 "the", indeclinable definite article I, Nam, RGEO:67, Markirya, WJ:369, WJ:398, MC:215, 216, 221. A variant in q.v. is also attested. Hyphenated i- in i-mar "the earth" FS, i-Ciryamo "the mariner's" UT:8, i-aldar *"the trees" Narqelion, attached with a dot in i·yulmar *"the cups" VT48:11, I·Eldanyárë "the History of the Elves" LR:199, i·arya *the best PE17:57, directly prefixed with no hyphen or dot in icilyanna = i cilyanna in SD:247, also ihyarma the left hand in VT49:22 but i hyarma in other versions of the same text. 2 relative pronoun "the one/they who; that which" both article and relative pronoun in CO: i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa: the One who is above all thrones", i hárar "they who are sitting"; cf. also the phrase i hamil mára "that which you deem good" VT42:33. Notice that before a verb, i means "the one who", or, in the case of a plural verb, "those who"; e.g. i carir quettar ómainen "those who form words with voices" WJ:391. According to VT47:21, i as a relative pronoun is the personal plural form corresponding to the personal sg. ye and the impersonal sg. ya. This agrees with the example i carir..., but as is evident from the other examples listed above, Tolkien in certain texts also used i as a singular relative pronoun, both personal Eru i... and impersonal i hamil. In the sense of a plural personal relative pronoun, i is also attested in the genitive ion and ablative illon cases, demonstrating that unlike the indeclinable article i, the relative pronoun i can receive case endings. Both are translated "from whom": ion/ illon camnelyes "from whom you received it" referring to several persons VT47:21. 3 conj. that. Savin Elessar ar ui/u nánë aran Ondórëo I believe that Elessar really existed and uthat/u he was a king of Gondor VT49:27, savin ui/u Elesarno quetië naitë *I believe uthat/u Elessars speaking is true VT49:28Also cf. nai, nái be it that see nai \#1, which may seem to incorporate this conjunction. -
3 ya
1 relative pronoun "which, what" attested in VT43:28, 34 and in the Arctic sentence, with locative suffix in Namárië: see \#yassë. According to VT47:21, ya is impersonal, "which" rather than "whom" compare the personal form ye. The dative form yan q.v. is however used for "to whom" rather than to which in one text, indicating that Tolkien did not always distinguish between personal and impersonal forms. In the phrase lúmessë uya/u variant: uyá/u firuvammë, *"in the hour uthat/u we shall die", the relative pronoun is not explicitly marked for case and is evidently understood to share the case of the preceding noun hence not *lúmessë uyassë/u... "in the hour uin which/u"... VT43:27-28 Presumably, ya has the plural form *yar e.g. *i nati yar hirnen the things that/which I found. 2 or yan, prep. "as" VT43:16, probably abandoned in favour of sívë -
4 -o
1 genitive ending, as in Altariello, Oromëo, Elenna-nórëo, Rithil-Anamo, Rúmilo, Lestanórëo, neldëo, omentielvo, sindiëo, Valinórëo, veryanwesto, q.v. In words ending in -a, the genitive ending replaces this final vowel, hence atto, Ráno, Vardo, vorondo as the genitive forms of atta, Rána, Varda, voronda q.v. Following a noun in -ië, the ending can have the longer form -no, e.g. *máriéno of goodness PE17:59, but contrast sindiëo of greyness in PE17:72.Where the word ends in -o already, the genitive is not distinct in form, e.g. ciryamo q.v. = mariner or mariners. Pl. -ion and -ron, q.v.; dual -to but possibly -uo in the case of nouns that have nominative dual forms in -u rather than -t. The Quenya genitive describes source, origin or former ownership rather than current ownership which is rather covered by the possessive-adjectival case in -va. The ending -o may also take on an ablativic sense, from, as in Oiolossëo from Mount Oiolossë Nam, sio hence VT49:18. In some of Tolkiens earlier material, the genitive ending was -n rather than -o, cf. such a revision as Yénië Valinóren Annals of Valinor becoming Yénië Valinórëo MR:200. 2, also -ó, "a person, somebody", pronominal suffix PM:340 -
5 -n
1 dative ending, originating as a reduced form of -nă to, related to the allative ending -nna VT49:14. Attested in nin, men, ten, enyalien, Erun, airefëan, tárin, yondon q.v. and also added to the English name Elaine Elainen in a book dedication to Elaine Griffiths VT49:40. The longer dative ending -na is also attested in connection with some pronouns, such as sena, téna, véna q.v., also in the noun mariéna from márië goodness PE17:59. Pl. -in as in hínin, see hína, partitive pl. -lin, dual -nt Plotz. The preposition ana \#1 is said to be used when purely dative formula is required PE17:147, perhaps meaning that it can replace the dative ending, e.g. *ana Eru instead of Erun for to God. In some of Tolkiens earlier material, the ending -n or -en expressed genitive rather than dative, but he later decided that the genitive ending was to be -o cf. such a revision as Yénië Valinóren becoming Yénië Valinórëo, MR:200. 2, also -nyë, pronominal ending, 1st person sg. "I" VT49:51, as in utúlien "I am come" EO, cainen I lay VT48:12-13, carin or carinyë I do VT49:16, veryanen *I married VT49:45. See also VT49:48. Long form -nye- with object ending -s it following in utúvienyes see tuv-. A possible attestation of -n in object position me is provided by the untranslated verbal form tankassen PE17:76, where -n may be preceded by -sse- as a longer form of the 3rd person sg. ending -s see -s \#1. 3 a plural sign used in some of the case endings WJ:407: Pl. genitive -on, pl. ablative -llon but also -llor, pl. locative -ssen. -
6 -na
4, ending used to form passive participles as well as some adjectives and nouns; see -ina. According to PE17:68, the ending -na was no longer part of verbal conjugation; the derived words are thus considered independent adjectives sometimes nouns rather than regularly derived passive participles, the obvious etymological connection to certain verbal stems notwithstanding. Where adding the ending to a root would produce the combinations tn, pn, kn cn, metathesis occurs to produce nt, np mp, nc, as in nanca *slain for older ¤ndakna, or hampa restrained, delayed, kept vs. the root KHAP retain, keep, detain. Following -l, the suffix -na turns into -da, as in yulda draught, the amount drunk for older yulna this being an example of a noun being derived with this ending, though Tolkien might also explain yulda as containing a distinct ending -da q.v. denoting the result of a verbal action. The word *turúna mastered q.v., only attested in elided form turún would seem to be a passive participle formed from the verb turu- master PE17:113, suggesting that in the case of U-stem verbs, their final -u is lengthened to ú when -na is added. -
7 -ya
3 suffix of endearment, attested in Anardilya as an intimate form of the name Anardil UT:174, 418, possibly also occurring in atya "dad", emya "mum" q.v. The forms ataryo "daddy" and amilyë "mummy" q.v. may contain gender-specific variants -yo masc. and -yë fem. 4 pronominal suffix his and probably also her, its, said to be used in colloquial Quenya which had redefined the correct ending for this meaning, -rya, to mean their because it was associated with the plural ending -r. Hence e.g. cambeya k his hand, yulmaya his cup VT49:17 instead of formally correct forms in -rya. The ending -ya was actually ancient, primitive ¤-jā being used for all numbers in the 3rd person, predating elaborated forms like -rya. It is said that -ya remained in Quenya in the case of old nouns with consonantal stems, Tolkien listing tál foot, cas head, nér man, sír river and macil sword as examples. He refers to the continued existence of such forms as talya his foot, that could apparently be used even in correct Quenya VT49:17. In PE17:130, the forms talya his foot and macilya k his or their sword are mentioned. 5 adjectival ending, as in the word Quenya Elvish itself; when added to a verbal stem it may derive a kind of short active participle, as in melumatya honey-eating mat- eat, saucarya evil-doing car- do. PE17:68 -
8 -r
nominative plural ending regularly used on nouns ending in -a, -i, -ië, -o, -u, e.g. Ainur, Valar, tier. Occasionally it is added also to nouns ending in -ë that normally take the ending -I in the pl.. This seems to regularly happen in the case of nouns in -lë see \#fintalë, mallë, tyellë, sometimes also otherwise see Ingwë, wendë, essë \#1. This plural ending was "it is said" first used by the Noldor PM:402. plural ending used on verbs with a plural subject VT49:48, 50, 51, e.g. lantar fall in Namárië with the plural subject lassi leaves, or unduláver as the pl. form of undulávë licked down, covered PE17:72. The ending is sometimes missing where we might expect it; for instance, the verb tarnë stood has multiple subjects and yet does not appear as *tarner in PE17:71. -
9 Avathar
place-name denoting the land between the southern Pelóri and the Sea, where Ungoliant dwelt; said to be "not Elvish" in WJ:404 and must be thought of as an adaptation from Valarin; on the other hand, MR:284 states that it is "ancient Quenya" and offers the interpretation "The Shadows". Whatever the case, it must have become *Avasar in Exilic Quenya. -
10 enel
prep. "between" = "at the central position in a row, list, series, etc. but also applied to the case of three persons" VT47:11. This preposition refers to the position of a thing between others of the same kind; compare imbë. -
11 lango
1 noun "broad sword", also "prow of a ship" LAG 2 noun passage, especially across or over an obstacle, also neck PE17:92 3 noun "throat" Tolkien also listed the plural form langwi; in the Etymologies as printed in LR, Christopher Tolkien improperly prefixed an asterisk as if it were an primitive or wrong form; see VT45:26. This indicates that lango has the stem-form *langu-. Compare ango "snake", stem \#angu-, pl. angwi. But whatever the case, lango was changed to lanco. LANG, see LANK -
12 manquenta
adj. "blessed" VT44:10-11; it cannot be ruled out that manquë spelt manque in the source is simply an uncompleted form of manquenta. Whatever the case, Tolkien decided to use the form manaquenta instead, q.v. -
13 manquë
adj. "blessed" VT44:10-11; it cannot be ruled out that manquë spelt manque in the source is simply an uncompleted form of manquenta. Whatever the case, Tolkien decided to use the form manaquenta instead, q.v. -
14 vanwa
adj. "gone, lost, no longer to be had, vanished, departed, dead, past, past and over, gone on the road, over" WJ:366, Nam, RGEO:67, WAN, LT1:264; older wanwa, PE17:143. The word was not applied to dead persons except those who would not return, either because of a special doom as in the case of Men or because of a special will of their own as Felagund or Míriel or a special ban of Mandos as Feanor PE17:143. Also see avanwa. -
15 -nya
pronominal suffix, 1st person sg. possessive, "my" VT49:16, 38, 48, e.g. tatanya *"my daddy" UT:191, VT48:17, meldonya *my male friend VT49:38, meldenya *"my female friend Elaine inscription, omentienya *my meeting PE17:68, tyenya my tye tye being an intimate form of you, used = dear kinsman VT49:51, 56. This ending seems to prefer i as its connecting vowel where one is needed, cf. Anarinya "my sun" in LR:72, so also in hildinyar "my heirs". It was previously theorized by some that a final -ë would also be changed to -i- before -nya, but the example órenya "my heart órë" indicates that this is not the case VT41:11. -
16 -tes
ending for dual "short locative" the exact function of the case is uncertain Plotz -
17 -ndon
case-ending for similative: wilwarindon like a butterfly see wilwarin, laurendon like gold PE17:58 In the post-LotR period Tolkien decided to abandon this ending, apparently because it was to similar to the agental suffix -ndo PE17:58, and it does not appear in the Plotz decension. -
18 anta-
1 vb. "give" ANAsup1/sup, MC:215, 221, pa.t. antanë antanen I gave, VT49:14 or ánë, perfect ánië PE17:147, cf. QL:31. According to VT49:14, Tolkien noted that anta- was sometimes often with an ironic tone to refer to missiles, so that antanen hatal sena I gave him a spear as a present was often used with the real sense of I cast a spear at him. Usually the recipient of the thing given is mentioned in the dative or allative case like sena in this example, but there is also a construction similar to English present someone with something in which the recipient is the object and the gift appears in the instrumental case: antanenyes parmanen, I presented him with a book PE17:91. The verb occurs several times in FS: antalto"they gave"; strangely, no past tense marker seems to be present see -lto for the ending; antar a pl. verb translated "they gave", though in LotR-style Quenya it would rather be the present tense "give" pl.; antaróta "he gave it" anta-ró-ta "gave-he-it", another verb occurring in Fíriel's Song, once again with no past tense marker. Also antáva "will give", future tense of anta- "give"; read perhaps *antuva in LotR-style Quenya; similarly antaváro "he will give" LR:63 might later have appeared as *antuvas with the ending -s rather than Qenya -ro for he. Antalë imperative "give thou" VT43:17, sc. anta "give" + the element le "thou", but this was a form Tolkien abandoned. Apparently ana was at one point considered as another imperative give, but Tolkien rewrote the text in question VT44:13, and the normal patterns would suggest *á anta with an independent imperative particle. -
19 Eru
divine name "the One" = God VT43:32, VT44:16-17, "the One God" Letters:387, a name reserved for the most solemn occasions WJ:402. Often in the combination Eru Ilúvatar, "Eru Allfather" cf. MR:112. Genitive Eruo MR:329, VT43:28/32, dative Erun VT44:32, 34. The adjectival form Eruva "divine" Eruva lissëo "of divine grace", VT44:18 would be identical to the form appearing in the possessive case. Compound nouns: Eruhantalë "Thanksgiving to Eru", a Númenórean festival UT:166, 436, Eruhin pl. Eruhíni "Children of Eru", Elves and Men WJ:403; SA:híni, cf. Eruhîn in Letters:345, Eruion *"son of God" or "God the Son"? VT44:16, Erukyermë "Prayer to Eru", a Númenórean festival UT:166, 436, Erulaitalë "Praise of Eru", a Númenórean festival UT:166, 436, Eruamillë "Mother of God" in Tolkien's translation of the Hail Mary, VT43:32, see also VT44:7, Eruontari, Eruontarië other translations of "Mother Begetter of God" VT44:7, 18, Erusén "the children of God" RGEO:74; this is a strange form with no plural ending; contrast the synonym Eruhíni. \#Eruanna and \#erulissë, various terms for "grace", literally "God-gift" and "God-sweetness", respectively VT43:29; these words are attested in the genitive and instrumental case, respectively: Eruanno, erulissenen. -
20 ruc-
1 "k" vb. "feel fear or horror" 1st pers. aorist rucin "I feel fear or horror"; the verb is said to be constructed with "from" sc. the ablative case, or prepositions like ho or va? of the object feared. WJ:415 Hence e.g. *rucin i ulundollo or, *rucin ho/va i ulundo for "I fear the monster"? 2 vb. "fly to", in the phrase ortírielyanna rucimmë, "to thy patronage we fly" VT44:7. If this is really the same verb as ruc- \#1 above, it would indicate that ruc- combined with the allative case implies flying in horror to some refuge denoted by the allative noun.
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