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121 Les régions
Les indications ci-dessous valent pour les noms des états américains, des provinces canadiennes, des comtés anglais, des départements français, des provinces françaises, des régions administratives d’autres pays comme les cantons suisses ou les provinces belges, et même pour les noms de régions géographiques qui ne sont pas des entités politiques.Les noms de régionsEn général, l’anglais n’utilise pas l’article défini devant les noms de régions.aimer l’Alabama = to like Alabamaaimer la Californie = to like Californiavisiter le Nouveau-Mexique = to visit New Mexicovisiter le Texas = to visit Texasle Lancashire = Lancashirela Bourgogne = Burgundyla Provence = Provencela Savoie = SavoyMais l’article est utilisé pour les noms de certaines provinces ou régions françaises, certains cantons suisses et beaucoup de départements français. En cas de doute, consulter le dictionnaire.le Berry = the Berryle Limousin = the Limousinle Valais = the Valaisles Alpes-Maritimes = the Alpes-Maritimesl’Ardèche = the Ardècheles Landes = the Landesle Loir-et-Cher = the Loir-et-Cherle Loiret = the Loiretle Rhône = the Rhônele Var = the VarÀ, au, aux, dans, enÀ, au, aux, dans et en se traduisent par to avec les verbes de mouvement (par ex. aller, se rendre etc.) et par in avec les autres verbes (par ex. être, habiter etc.).vivre au Texas= to live in Texasaller au Texas= to go to Texasvivre en Californie= to live in Californiaaller en Californie= to go to Californiavivre dans les Rocheuses= to live in the Rockiesaller dans les Rocheuses= to go to the RockiesDe avec les noms de régionsQuelques noms de régions ont donné naissanceà des adjectifs, mais il y en a beaucoup moins qu’en français. En cas de doute, consulter le dictionnaire.les habitants de la Californie= Californian peopleles vins de Californie= Californian winesCes adjectifs sont tous utilisables comme des noms.les habitants de la Californie= Californians ou Californian peopleLorsqu’il n’y a pas d’adjectif, on peut, la plupart du temps, utiliser le nom de la région en position d’adjectif.l’accent du Texas= a Texas accentle beurre de Normandie= Normandy butterles églises du Yorkshire= Yorkshire churchesles paysages de la Californiethe California countrysideMais en cas de doute, il est plus sûr d’utiliser la tournure avec of, toujours possible.la frontière du Texas= the border of Texasles habitants de l’Auvergne= the inhabitants of the Auvergneles rivières du Dorset= the rivers of Dorsetles villes du Languedoc= the towns of LanguedocLes adjectifs dérivésLes adjectifs dérivés des régions n’ont pas toujours d’équivalent en anglais. Plusieurs cas sont possibles mais on pourra presque toujours utiliser le nom de la région placé avant le nom qualifié:le région dauphinoise= the Dauphiné regionPour souligner la provenance on choisira from + le nom de la région:l’équipe dauphinoise= the team from the Dauphiné regionPour parler de l’environnement on optera pour of + le nom de la région:l’économie vendéenne= the economy of the VendéePour situer on utilisera in + le nom de la région:mon séjour vendéen= my stay in Vendée -
122 Normandia
n (f) Normandy -
123 노르망디의
adj. Norman, of Normandy (area in northern France) -
124 austr-lönd
n. pl. the east, orient, the eastern part of Europe, in old writers often synonymous to Austr-hálfa, and opp. to Norðrlönd, Scandinavia; Suðrlönd, South Germany, etc.; Vestrlönd, the British Islands, Normandy, Bretagne, etc., Post. 656 C. 39, Fms. ii. 183, Post. 645. 102, Hkr. i. 134 in a poem of the 10th century used of Russia; cp. Brocm. 101. -
125 austr-vegr
s, m. the eastern way, east, esp. Russia, Wenden, the east Baltic; fara í Austrveg is a standing phrase for trading or piratical expeditions in the Baltic, opp. to víking or vestr-víking, which only refer to expeditions to the British Islands, Normandy, Brittany, etc.; austr-víking, Landn. 221, is a false reading; hann var farmaðr mikill (Hólmgarðs-fari) ok kaupmaðr; fór opt í Austrveg (Baltic), Landn. 169, Nj. 41, Eg. 228, Fms. freq., vide vol. xii, s. v. In the Edda fara í A. is a standing phrase for the expeditions of Thor against giants, Þórr var farinn í A. at berja tröll, 26, cp. Ls. 59, where a. means the eastern region of heaven. Sometimes it is used of the east in general, Ver. 9, Rb. 412, 623. 13, Baut. no. 813.COMPDS: austrvegskonungar, austrvegsmaðr. -
126 FALDR
m.1) old;2) hem of a garment; kyrtill hlaðbúinn í fald niðr, a kirtle laced down to the hems;3) a sort of (woman’s) headgear, hood.* * *m. [A. S. feald; Engl. fold; Germ. falte; O. H. G. fald; Dan. fold; Ital. falda, and faldetta (in Malta); Fr. fauvetta and faudage]:—a fold, of a garment, Str. 9, 13, l. 19, 21, where it is even spelt foldr; in Icel. hardly ever used in this sense.β. the hem of a garment; hún gékk á bak til ok snart fald hans klæða, Luke viii. 44; og fald sinna klæða stækka þeir, Matth. xxiii. 5; og báðu hann, að þeir mætti snerta að eins fald hans fata, Mark vi. 56; kyrtill hlaðbúinn í fald niðr, a kirtle laced down to the hems, Fms. iv. 337; allt í fald niðr, Mag. (Fr.) 63; klæða-faldr, Pass. 36. 9.II. a white linen hood, the stately national head-gear worn by ladies in Icel., of which drawings are given by Eggert Itin. pp. 24, 27, Sir Joseph Banks in Hooker’s Travels, the account of the French expedition of the year 1836 sq., and in almost all books of travels in Iceland. In old Sagas or poems the fald is chiefly recorded in Ld. ch. 33 (the dreams of Guðrún Osvifs datter), cp. Sd. ch. 25; in the Orkn. S. ch. 58 the two sisters Frakök and Helga, daughters of the Gaelic Moddan, wore a fald (þá hnyktu þar af sér faldinum, ok reyttu sik), 182. In the Rm. (a poem probably composed in the Western Isles. Orkneys) all the three women, Edda, Amma, and Móðir, wore the fald; the words in Þkv. 16, 19—ok haglega um höfuð typpum, and let us cleverly put a topping on his head, of Thor in bridal disguise—seem to refer to the fald. Bishop Bjarni, a native of the Orkneys (died A. D. 1222), gives the name of ‘fald’ to the helmet; Kormak, in the 10th century, speaks of the ‘old falda.’ In Normandy and Brittany a kind of ‘fald’ is still in use; it may be that it came to Icel. through Great Britain, and is of Breton origin; a French fald (Franseiskr, i. e. Britain?) is mentioned, D. N. iv. 359. In Icel. the fald was, up to the end of the last century, worn by every lady,—áðr sérhver fald bar frú | falleg þótti venja sú, a ditty. The ladies tried to outdo each other in wearing a tall fald; keisti faldr, the fald rose high, Rm. 26; falda hátt, Eb. (the verse); hence the sarcastic name stiku-faldr, a ‘yard-long fald;’ stífan teygja stiku-fald, Þagnarmál 53, a poem of 1728; 1 Tim. ii. 9 is in the Icel. version rendered, eigi með földum (πλέγμασι) eðr gulli eðr perlum,—since with ancient women, and in Icel. up to a late time, braiding of the hair was almost unknown. In mod. poetry, Iceland with her glaciers is represented as a woman with her fald on; minn hefir faldr fengið fjúka-ryk og kám, Eggert: the sails are called faldar mastra, hoods of the masts, faldar mastra blöktu stilt, Úlf. 3. 14; hestar hlés hvíta skóku falda trés, id., 10; faldr skýja, the folds of the clouds, poët., Núm. 1. 11; faldr af degi, of the daybreak, 4. 86; vide krók-faldr, sveigr, a crooked fald. falda-feykir, m. a magical dance in which the falds flew off the ladies’ heads, Fas. iii; cp. Percy’s Fryar and Boy, also the Wonderful Flute in Popular Tales. -
127 HERSIR
(-is, -ar), m. a local chief lord (in Norway).* * *m. [akin to hérað and herr], a chief, lord, the political name of the Norse chiefs of the earliest age, esp. before the time of Harold Fairhair and the settlement of Iceland: respecting the office and authority of the old hersar the records are scanty, as they chiefly belonged to the prehistorical time; they were probably not liegemen, but resembled the goðar (vide goði) of the old Icel. Commonwealth, being a kind of patriarchal and hereditary chiefs: in this matter the old Landnáma is our chief source of information;—Björn Buna hét hersir ágætr í Noregi, son Veðrar-Gríms hersis í Sogni, móðir Gríms var Hervör dóttir Þorgerðar Eylaugs-dóttur hersis ór Sogni, Landn. 39; Arinbjörn h. ór Fjörðum, 66; Ási h., 76, 303, and another of the same name, 109; Ketill Veðr h. af Hringaríki, 94; Hrólfr h. af Ögðum, 48, 126; Ketill Raumr hét h. ágætr í Raumsdal, 173; Gormr h. ágætr í Svíþjóð, 195; Grímr h., 204; Þorsteinn Höfði h. á Hörðalandi, 228; Þórir Hauknefr h., 237; Úlfr Gildir h. á Þelamörk, 292; Veðr-Ormr h., 314; Arinbjörn h., Eg., Ad. 3; Vigfúss h. af Vörs, Glúm.; Klyppr h. á Hörðalandi, Fb. i. 19; Dala-Guðbrandr h., Ó. H. 106; Björn h. á Örlandi, Eg. 154; Þórir h. í Fjörðum, 155, cp. Rm. 36; hann var sem konungr væri yfir Dölunum, ok var þó h. at nafni, Ó. H. l. c., cp. Fb. i. 23; hersar hafa verit fyrri frændr mínir, ok vil ek ekki bera hærra nafn en þeir, Fms. i. 299: it is also prob. that by ágætr and göfugr (q. v.) the Landnáma means a hersir. At the time of Harold Fairhair the old hersar gradually became liegemen (lendir menn) and were ranked below a jarl ( earl), but above a höldr ( yeoman), the scale being konungr, jarl, hersir, höldr, búandi, see the record in Hkr. i. 80 (Har. S. Hárf. ch. 6), as also Edda 93; the name then becomes rare, except that hersir and lendr maðr are now and then used indiscriminately, heita þeir hersar eða lendir menn, Edda l. c. The old Norse hersar were no doubt the prototype of the barons of Normandy and Norman England.COMPDS: hersisheiti, hersisnafn. -
128 her-togi
a, m. [A. S. heretoga; Germ. herzog], originally a leader, commander, and often used so in old poets, Lex. Poët.: as a nickname, Guthormr hertogi, Hkr. Har. S. Hárf.: as a title, a duke (e. g. of Normandy); the first Norse duke was the earl Skuli, created duke A. D. 1237, vide Edda 104, Sks. 788, Gþl. 364: eccl. = prince, hertogi myrkranna, Satan, 623. 31.
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