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121 Memory
To what extent can we lump together what goes on when you try to recall: (1) your name; (2) how you kick a football; and (3) the present location of your car keys? If we use introspective evidence as a guide, the first seems an immediate automatic response. The second may require constructive internal replay prior to our being able to produce a verbal description. The third... quite likely involves complex operational responses under the control of some general strategy system. Is any unitary search process, with a single set of characteristics and inputoutput relations, likely to cover all these cases? (Reitman, 1970, p. 485)[Semantic memory] Is a mental thesaurus, organized knowledge a person possesses about words and other verbal symbols, their meanings and referents, about relations among them, and about rules, formulas, and algorithms for the manipulation of these symbols, concepts, and relations. Semantic memory does not register perceptible properties of inputs, but rather cognitive referents of input signals. (Tulving, 1972, p. 386)The mnemonic code, far from being fixed and unchangeable, is structured and restructured along with general development. Such a restructuring of the code takes place in close dependence on the schemes of intelligence. The clearest indication of this is the observation of different types of memory organisation in accordance with the age level of a child so that a longer interval of retention without any new presentation, far from causing a deterioration of memory, may actually improve it. (Piaget & Inhelder, 1973, p. 36)4) The Logic of Some Memory Theorization Is of Dubious Worth in the History of PsychologyIf a cue was effective in memory retrieval, then one could infer it was encoded; if a cue was not effective, then it was not encoded. The logic of this theorization is "heads I win, tails you lose" and is of dubious worth in the history of psychology. We might ask how long scientists will puzzle over questions with no answers. (Solso, 1974, p. 28)We have iconic, echoic, active, working, acoustic, articulatory, primary, secondary, episodic, semantic, short-term, intermediate-term, and longterm memories, and these memories contain tags, traces, images, attributes, markers, concepts, cognitive maps, natural-language mediators, kernel sentences, relational rules, nodes, associations, propositions, higher-order memory units, and features. (Eysenck, 1977, p. 4)The problem with the memory metaphor is that storage and retrieval of traces only deals [ sic] with old, previously articulated information. Memory traces can perhaps provide a basis for dealing with the "sameness" of the present experience with previous experiences, but the memory metaphor has no mechanisms for dealing with novel information. (Bransford, McCarrell, Franks & Nitsch, 1977, p. 434)7) The Results of a Hundred Years of the Psychological Study of Memory Are Somewhat DiscouragingThe results of a hundred years of the psychological study of memory are somewhat discouraging. We have established firm empirical generalisations, but most of them are so obvious that every ten-year-old knows them anyway. We have made discoveries, but they are only marginally about memory; in many cases we don't know what to do with them, and wear them out with endless experimental variations. We have an intellectually impressive group of theories, but history offers little confidence that they will provide any meaningful insight into natural behavior. (Neisser, 1978, pp. 12-13)A schema, then is a data structure for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are schemata representing our knowledge about all concepts; those underlying objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions and sequences of actions. A schema contains, as part of its specification, the network of interrelations that is believed to normally hold among the constituents of the concept in question. A schema theory embodies a prototype theory of meaning. That is, inasmuch as a schema underlying a concept stored in memory corresponds to the mean ing of that concept, meanings are encoded in terms of the typical or normal situations or events that instantiate that concept. (Rumelhart, 1980, p. 34)Memory appears to be constrained by a structure, a "syntax," perhaps at quite a low level, but it is free to be variable, deviant, even erratic at a higher level....Like the information system of language, memory can be explained in part by the abstract rules which underlie it, but only in part. The rules provide a basic competence, but they do not fully determine performance. (Campbell, 1982, pp. 228, 229)When people think about the mind, they often liken it to a physical space, with memories and ideas as objects contained within that space. Thus, we speak of ideas being in the dark corners or dim recesses of our minds, and of holding ideas in mind. Ideas may be in the front or back of our minds, or they may be difficult to grasp. With respect to the processes involved in memory, we talk about storing memories, of searching or looking for lost memories, and sometimes of finding them. An examination of common parlance, therefore, suggests that there is general adherence to what might be called the spatial metaphor. The basic assumptions of this metaphor are that memories are treated as objects stored in specific locations within the mind, and the retrieval process involves a search through the mind in order to find specific memories....However, while the spatial metaphor has shown extraordinary longevity, there have been some interesting changes over time in the precise form of analogy used. In particular, technological advances have influenced theoretical conceptualisations.... The original Greek analogies were based on wax tablets and aviaries; these were superseded by analogies involving switchboards, gramophones, tape recorders, libraries, conveyor belts, and underground maps. Most recently, the workings of human memory have been compared to computer functioning... and it has been suggested that the various memory stores found in computers have their counterparts in the human memory system. (Eysenck, 1984, pp. 79-80)Primary memory [as proposed by William James] relates to information that remains in consciousness after it has been perceived, and thus forms part of the psychological present, whereas secondary memory contains information about events that have left consciousness, and are therefore part of the psychological past. (Eysenck, 1984, p. 86)Once psychologists began to study long-term memory per se, they realized it may be divided into two main categories.... Semantic memories have to do with our general knowledge about the working of the world. We know what cars do, what stoves do, what the laws of gravity are, and so on. Episodic memories are largely events that took place at a time and place in our personal history. Remembering specific events about our own actions, about our family, and about our individual past falls into this category. With amnesia or in aging, what dims... is our personal episodic memories, save for those that are especially dear or painful to us. Our knowledge of how the world works remains pretty much intact. (Gazzaniga, 1988, p. 42)The nature of memory... provides a natural starting point for an analysis of thinking. Memory is the repository of many of the beliefs and representations that enter into thinking, and the retrievability of these representations can limit the quality of our thought. (Smith, 1990, p. 1)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Memory
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122 memory
12 nCOMP&DP, ELEC ENG memoria f -
123 memory
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124 memory
'meməriplural - memories; noun1) (the power to remember things: a good memory for details.) hukommelse2) (the mind's store of remembered things: Her memory is full of interesting stories.) minne, erindring3) (something remembered: memories of her childhood.) minne4) (the time as far back as can be remembered: the greatest fire in memory.) i manns minne5) (a part of computer in which information is stored for immediate use; a computer with 8 megabytes of memory)•- memorize- memorise
- from memory
- in memory of / to the memory ofhukommelse--------minnesubst. \/ˈmemərɪ\/1) hukommelse, minne2) minne, erindring3) ( EDB) minne, lagringskapasitet, lagerenhet4) ettermæle5) det å huske, det å minnes6) forklaring: feiring av minnet om noe eller noen7) ( fysikk) forklaring: enkelte stoffs evne til å gjenoppta en tidligere form etter deformeringbeyond the memory of man lenger tilbake enn noen kan huske, før manns minnecall to memory minnes, huske, erindrecommit to memory lære seg utenat, memorereescape one's memory forsvinne fra noens hukommelsefrom memory etter hukommelsenhave a good\/bad memory (for something) ha lett\/vanskelig for å huske (noe)have a long\/short memory ha god\/dårlig hukommelseif my memory serves me right om jeg husker riktig, om jeg ikke husker feilin memory of til minne omin the memory of man eller within living memory i manns minnelose one's memory miste hukommelsenloss of memory hukommelsestapof blessed memory høysalig, salig ihukommetsacred to the memory of viet til minne om, innviet til minne om, helliget til minne omsearch one's memory ransake hukommelsen sinslip of the memory feilminne, erindringsfeilspeak from memory snakke uten manuskriptto the best of one's memory så vidt man husker, så vidt man kan huske -
125 memory
['memərɪ]1) (faculty) memoria f.to have a bad memory — non avere memoria, avere una pessima memoria
2) spesso pl. (recollection) memoria f., ricordo m.4) (posthumous fame) memoria f., ricordo m.6) inform. memoria f.••* * *['meməri]plural - memories; noun1) (the power to remember things: a good memory for details.) memoria2) (the mind's store of remembered things: Her memory is full of interesting stories.) memoria3) (something remembered: memories of her childhood.) ricordo4) (the time as far back as can be remembered: the greatest fire in memory.) memoria5) (a part of computer in which information is stored for immediate use; a computer with 8 megabytes of memory)•- memorize- memorise
- from memory
- in memory of / to the memory of* * *['memərɪ]1) (faculty) memoria f.to have a bad memory — non avere memoria, avere una pessima memoria
2) spesso pl. (recollection) memoria f., ricordo m.4) (posthumous fame) memoria f., ricordo m.6) inform. memoria f.•• -
126 memory
['mem(ə)rɪ]сущ.1) памятьin memory of smb. / smth. — в память кого-л. / чего-л.
to jog smb.'s memory — всколыхнуть чью-л. память
if my memory serves me right, if my memory does not fail me — если память мне не изменяет
to commit to memory — заучивать, запоминать, учить наизусть; вверять что-л. памяти
involuntary memory — психол. непроизвольная память, см. тж. voluntary memory
photographic memory — фотографическая память, образная память, зрительная память
logical memory — смысловая, логическая память
retentive memory — хорошая, цепкая память
short memory — короткая, плохая память
visual memory — мед. зрительная память
voluntary memory — психол. произвольная память (на основе активного запоминания нужной информации, волевых усилий, под контролем сознания), см. тж. involuntary memory
- slip smb.'s memorywithin living memory — на памяти живущих, на памяти нынешнего поколения
2) воспоминаниеdim / vague memories — смутные воспоминания
to evoke / stir up a memory — пробуждать воспоминание
Syn:3) информ. машинная память, запоминающее устройство, накопитель информации4) тех. запись, регистрация -
127 memory
память, запоминающее устройство, ЗУ, хранилище, склад, накопитель, магазин, запоминание, хранение
– memory access
– memory buffering
– memory bus
– memory capacity
– memory collision
– memory cycle time
– memory expansion
– memory hierarchy
– memory limitation
– memory location
– memory matrix
– memory module
– memory page
– memory plane
– memory printing
– memory register
– memory section
– memory segmentation
– memory space
– memory system
– memory unit
– memory-limited
– memory-mapped
– memory-resident
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128 memory
['meməri]plural - memories; noun1) (the power to remember things: a good memory for details.) spomin2) (the mind's store of remembered things: Her memory is full of interesting stories.) spomin3) (something remembered: memories of her childhood.) spomin4) (the time as far back as can be remembered: the greatest fire in memory.) kar ljudje pomnijo5) (a part of computer in which information is stored for immediate use; a computer with 8 megabytes of memory)•- memorize- memorise
- from memory
- in memory of / to the memory of* * *[méməri]nounspomin, sloves (posmrtni)to call to memory — poklicati komu v spomin, spomniti setechnical memory store — skladišče informacij (v stroju, ki obdeluje podatke)
См. также в других словарях:
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