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21 flight
I noun1) (act of flying: the flight of a bird.) zbor2) (a journey in a plane: How long is the flight to New York?) zbor3) (a number of steps or stairs: A flight of steps.) rând (de trepte)4) (a number of birds etc flying or moving through the air: a flight of geese; a flight of arrows.) stol•- flighty- flight deck
- in flight See also:- fly 2II noun(the act of fleeing or running away from an enemy, danger etc: The general regarded the flight of his army as a disgrace.) fugă -
22 flight
I noun1) (act of flying: the flight of a bird.) πέταγμα2) (a journey in a plane: How long is the flight to New York?) πτήση3) (a number of steps or stairs: A flight of steps.) σκάλα4) (a number of birds etc flying or moving through the air: a flight of geese; a flight of arrows.) σμήνος•- flighty- flight deck
- in flight See also:- fly 2II noun(the act of fleeing or running away from an enemy, danger etc: The general regarded the flight of his army as a disgrace.) φυγή -
23 flight
I noun1) (act of flying: the flight of a bird.) vol2) (a journey in a plane: How long is the flight to New York?) vol3) (a number of steps or stairs: A flight of steps.) escalier4) (a number of birds etc flying or moving through the air: a flight of geese; a flight of arrows.) volée•- flighty- flight deck - in flight See also:- fly 2II noun(the act of fleeing or running away from an enemy, danger etc: The general regarded the flight of his army as a disgrace.) fuite -
24 flight
I noun1) (act of flying: the flight of a bird.) vôo2) (a journey in a plane: How long is the flight to New York?) vôo3) (a number of steps or stairs: A flight of steps.) lance4) (a number of birds etc flying or moving through the air: a flight of geese; a flight of arrows.) revoada•- flighty- flight deck - in flight See also:- fly 2II noun(the act of fleeing or running away from an enemy, danger etc: The general regarded the flight of his army as a disgrace.) fuga -
25 Flight of the Bumblebee (N. Rimsky-Korsakov)
Общая лексика: Полёт шмеля (Н. Римский-Корсаков) (оркестровая интерлюдия к опере"Сказка о Царе Салтане" (an orchestral interlude written by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov for his opera The Tale of Tsa)Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Flight of the Bumblebee (N. Rimsky-Korsakov)
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26 Flight of the Bumblebee
Общая лексика: (N. Rimsky-Korsakov) Полёт шмеля (Н. Римский-Корсаков) (оркестровая интерлюдия к опере"Сказка о Царе Салтане" (an orchestral interlude written by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov for his opera The Tale of Tsa)Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Flight of the Bumblebee
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27 his only remaining resource was flight
Общая лексика: ему оставалось лишь одно - бежатьУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > his only remaining resource was flight
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28 put someone to flight
IDM1. किसी को भागने को मजबूर करनाHe put his adversary to flight after defeating him in a fight. -
29 a bird may be known by its flight
syn: the ass is known by its earsвидно птаха по польоту ≅ пізнати птаха по літанню, а людину по ході птаха знати по пір'ю, а пана по халявах видно пана по халявахEnglish-Ukrainian dictionary of proverbs > a bird may be known by its flight
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30 a carpenter is known by his chips
English-Ukrainian dictionary of proverbs > a carpenter is known by his chips
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31 Ader, Clément
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 2 April 1841 Muret, Franced. 3 May 1925 Toulouse, France[br]French engineer who made a short "hop" in a powered aeroplane in 1890.[br]Ader was a distinguished engineer and versatile inventor who was involved with electrical developments, including the telephone and air-cushion vehicles. In the field of aeronautics he became the centre of a long-lasting controversy: did he, or did he not, fly before the Wright brothers' flight of 1903? In 1882 Ader started work on his first aeroplane, the Eole (god of the winds), which was bat-like in appearance and powered by a very well-designed lightweight steam engine developing about 15 kW (20 hp). On 9 October 1890 the Eole was ready, and with Ader as pilot it increased speed over a level surface and lifted off the ground. It was airborne for about 5 seconds and covered some 50 m (164 ft), reaching a height of 20 cm (8 in.). Whether such a short hop constituted a flight has caused much discussion and argument over the years. An even greater controversy followed Ader's claim in 1906 that his third aeroplane (Avion III) had made a flight of 300 m (328 yd) in 1897. He repeated this claim in his book written in 1907, and many historians accepted his account of the "flight". C.H.Gibbs-Smith, an eminent aviation historian, investigated the Ader controversy and in his book published in 1966 came to the conclusion that the Avion III did not fly at all. Avion III was donated to the Museum of the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers in Paris, and still survives. From 1906 onwards Ader concentrated his inventive efforts elsewhere, but he did mount a successful campaign to persuade the French War Ministry to create an air force.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsIn 1990 the French Government accepted him as the "Father of Aviation who gave wings to the world".Bibliography1890, patent no. 205, 155 (included a description of the Eole).1907, La Première étape de l'aviation militaire en France, Paris (the most significant of his published books and articles).Further ReadingC.H.Gibbs-Smith, 1968, Clément Ader: His Flight Claims and His Place in History, London.The centenary of Ader's 1890 flight resulted in several French publications, including: C.Carlier, 1990, L'Affaire Clément Ader: la vérité rétablie, Paris; Pierre Lissarrague, 1990, Clément Ader: inventeur d'avions, Toulouse.JDS -
32 wing
{wiŋ}
I. 1. крило (и прен.)
on the WING летящ, в движение/полет, готов да тръгне
on the WINGs of the wind с бързината на вятъра, много бързо
to clip the WINGs of прен. подрязвам крилата на
to spread/stretch one's WINGs разгръщам силите/възможностите си
to lend WINGs to ускорявам
his WINGs are sprouting upon. той е почти ангел
to take WING излитам, отлитам
under the WING of под закрилата/крилото на
2. крило (на сграда, гардероб, маса и пр.)
3. сп. крило
4. воен. фланг
5. ав. ято
6. ав. рl нашивка/емблема на летец
7. авт. калник
8. театр. рl кулиси
9. бот. крилце (на семе, цвят)
(waiting) in the WINGs готов, на разположение
II. 1. слагам крила (на стрела и пр.)
2. давам крила на, окрилявам
fear WINGed his flight страхът му даваше крила
3. изпращам, изстрелвам
4. летя, прелитам
to WING the air летя във въздуха
5. наранявам, прострелвам (птица в крилото, човек в ръката)
6. прен. летя, хвърча, нося се
to WING it театр. не се придържам към текста, импровизирам* * *{win} n 1. крило (и прен.); on the wing летящ, в движение/полет; го(2) {win} v 1. слагам крила (на стрела и пр.); 2. давам крила на* * *фланг; крило;* * *1. (waiting) in the wings готов, на разположение 2. fear winged his flight страхът му даваше крила 3. his wings are sprouting upon. той е почти ангел 4. i. крило (и прен.) 5. ii. слагам крила (на стрела и пр.) 6. on the wing летящ, в движение/полет, готов да тръгне 7. on the wings of the wind с бързината на вятъра, много бързо 8. to clip the wings of прен. подрязвам крилата на 9. to lend wings to ускорявам 10. to spread/stretch one's wings разгръщам силите/възможностите си 11. to take wing излитам, отлитам 12. to wing it театр. не се придържам към текста, импровизирам 13. to wing the air летя във въздуха 14. under the wing of под закрилата/крилото на 15. ав. рl нашивка/емблема на летец 16. ав. ято 17. авт. калник 18. бот. крилце (на семе, цвят) 19. воен. фланг 20. давам крила на, окрилявам 21. изпращам, изстрелвам 22. крило (на сграда, гардероб, маса и пр.) 23. летя, прелитам 24. наранявам, прострелвам (птица в крилото, човек в ръката) 25. прен. летя, хвърча, нося се 26. сп. крило 27. театр. рl кулиси* * *wing[wiʃ] I. n 1. крило (и на самолет, сграда и пр.); бот. крилце (на семе, цвят и пр.); to be on the \wing летя, в полет съм; на път съм да тръгна; пътешествам; on the \wings of the wind с бързината на вятъра, много бързо; to be ( waiting) in the \wings дебна, изчаквам (да ми се отвори възможност); to clip the \wings of прен. подрязвам крилата на; to try o.'s \wings изпробвам (се), опитвам (нещо ново); to take \wing 1) изхвръквам, литвам; 2) изчезвам набързо, духвам; 3) развеселявам се; under the \wing of прен. под закрилата (крилото) на; to spread ( stretch) o.'s \wings разгръщам силите, възможностите си; to lend \wings to ускорявам; on a \wing and a prayer на късмет; 2. воен. фланг; сп. крило; 3. ав. ято; 4. pl кулиси; 5. pl нашивки на летец; II. v 1. слагам крила на ( стрела); давам крила на, окрилям; 2. изпращам, изстрелвам (at); 3. летя (през, из, в); to \wing (o.'s way) through the air летя във въздуха; 4. (на)ранявам в крилото (ръката), прострелвам крилото (ръката) на; 5.: to \wing it импровизирам, изпълнявам нещо без подготовка. -
33 as
as [əz, stressed æz]alors que ⇒ 1 (a) comme ⇒ 1 (b), 2 puisque ⇒ 1 (c) que ⇒ 1 (e) en tant que ⇒ 2 contre ⇒ 4 quant à ⇒ 6 à partir de ⇒ 7, 11 comme si ⇒ 8, 13 déjà ⇒ 9 pour ainsi dire ⇒ 10 en plus, aussi ⇒ 15 (a) en plus de ⇒ 16 encore ⇒ 17∎ the phone rang as I was coming in le téléphone s'est mis à sonner alors que ou au moment où j'entrais;∎ I listened as she explained the plan to them je l'ai écoutée leur expliquer le projet;∎ as a student, he worked part-time lorsqu'il était étudiant, il travaillait à mi-temps;∎ as he advanced, I retreated (au fur et) à mesure qu'il avançait, je reculais;∎ take two aspirins as needed prenez deux aspirines en cas de douleur∎ A as in Abel A comme Anatole;∎ as usual comme d'habitude;∎ as shown by the unemployment rate comme ou ainsi que le montre le taux de chômage;∎ as is often the case comme c'est souvent le cas;∎ she is a doctor, as is her sister elle est médecin comme sa sœur;∎ as I told you comme je vous l'ai dit;∎ as you know, the inflation rate has gone up comme vous le savez, le taux d'inflation a augmenté;∎ do as you see fit faites comme bon vous semble;∎ leave it as it is laissez-le tel qu'il est ou tel quel;∎ to buy sth as is acheter qch en l'état;∎ Military as you were! repos!;∎ humorous my mistake! as you were! c'est moi qui me trompe! faites comme si je n'avais rien dit!∎ let her drive, as it's her car laissez-la conduire, puisque c'est sa voiture;∎ as you're the one in charge, you'd better be there étant donné que c'est vous le responsable, il faut que vous soyez là∎ old as I am, I can still keep up with them malgré mon âge, j'arrive à les suivre;∎ try as they might, they couldn't persuade her malgré tous leurs efforts, ils n'ont pu la convaincre;∎ powerful as the president is, he cannot stop his country's disintegration quelque pouvoir qu'ait le président, il ne peut empêcher la ruine de son pays(e) (with 'the same', 'such')∎ I had the same problems as you did j'ai eu les mêmes problèmes que toi;∎ at the same time as last week à la même heure que la semaine dernière;∎ such a problem as only an expert can solve un problème que seul un expert peut résoudreen tant que, comme;∎ as her husband, he cannot testify étant son mari, il ne peut pas témoigner;∎ he was dressed as a clown il était habillé en clown;∎ I advised him as his friend, not as his teacher je l'ai conseillé en tant qu'ami, pas en tant que professeur;∎ with Vivien Leigh as Scarlett O'Hara avec Vivien Leigh dans le rôle de Scarlett O'Hara3 adverb∎ (in comparisons) it's twice as big c'est deux fois plus grand;∎ it costs half as much again ça coûte la moitié plus;∎ as... as aussi... que;∎ he's as intelligent as his brother il est aussi intelligent que son frère;∎ he isn't as talented as you (are) il n'est pas aussi doué que vous;∎ as often as possible aussi souvent que possible;∎ not as often as I would like pas aussi souvent que je voudrais;∎ they aren't as innocent as they look ils ne sont pas aussi innocents qu'ils en ont l'air;∎ I worked as much for you as for me j'ai travaillé autant pour toi que pour moicontre;∎ he received 39 votes as against the 17 for his rival il a obtenu 39 votes contre 17 pour son adversaire∎ we'll buy new equipment as and when it's required nous achèterons du nouveau matériel en temps voulu ou quand ce sera nécessaire2 adverbfamiliar en temps voulu□ ;∎ you'll be sent the money as and when on vous enverra l'argent en temps vouluquant à;∎ as for me, I don't intend to go pour ma part ou quant à moi, je n'ai pas l'intention d'y aller;∎ as for your threats, they don't scare me in the least pour ce qui est de ou quant à vos menaces, elles ne me font pas peur du toutà partir de;∎ as from yesterday depuis hier;∎ as from tomorrow à partir de demain;∎ as from next week I'll be unemployed je serai au chômage à partir de la semaine prochainecomme si;∎ he looks as if he's drunk on dirait qu'il est soûl;∎ he carried on as if nothing had happened il a continué comme si de rien n'était ou comme s'il ne s'était rien passé;∎ as if aware of my look, she turned comme si elle avait senti mon regard, elle s'est retournée;∎ as if by chance comme par hasard;∎ he moved as if to strike him il a fait un mouvement comme pour le frapper;∎ it's not as if she were my sister ce n'est quand même pas comme si c'était ma sœur;∎ as if it mattered! comme si ça avait aucune importance!;∎ as if I would allow it! comme si j'allais le permettre!;∎ humorous as if! tu parles!;∎ he said he would do it - as if! il a dit qu'il le ferait - mon œil!(a) (in present circumstances) les choses étant ce qu'elles sont;∎ she's hoping for promotion, but as it is there's little chance of that elle espère obtenir une promotion, mais dans la situation actuelle ou les choses étant ce qu'elles sont, il est peu probable que cela arrive∎ you've got enough work as it is vous avez déjà assez de travail, vous avez assez de travail comme ça;∎ as it is I'm an hour late j'ai déjà une heure de retardpour ainsi direà partir de;∎ as of yesterday depuis hier;∎ as of tomorrow à partir de demain;∎ as of next week I'll be unemployed je serai au chômage à partir de la semaine prochaine(a) (properly speaking) véritablement, à proprement parler;∎ it's not a contract as such, more a gentleman's agreement ce n'est pas un véritable contrat ou pas un contrat à proprement parler ou pas véritablement un contrat, mais plutôt un accord entre hommes de parole(b) (in itself) même, en soi;∎ the place as such isn't great l'endroit même ou en soi n'est pas terrible(c) (in that capacity) à ce titre, en tant que tel;∎ I'm his father and as such, I insist on knowing je suis son père et à ce titre j'insiste pour qu'on me mette au courantcomme si;∎ he looks as though he's drunk on dirait qu'il est soûl;∎ he carried on as though nothing had happened il a continué comme si de rien n'était ou comme s'il ne s'était rien passé;∎ as though aware of my look, she turned comme si elle avait senti mon regard, elle s'est retournée;∎ it's not as though she were my sister ce n'est quand même pas comme si c'était ma sœur∎ (regarding) to question sb as to his/her motives interroger qn sur ses motifs;∎ I'm still uncertain as to the nature of the problem j'hésite encore sur la nature du problème;∎ as to that quant à cela, pour cela∎ I'd like one as well j'en voudrais un aussi;∎ he bought the house and the land as well il a acheté la maison et la propriété aussi;∎ and then the car broke down as well! et par-dessus le marché la voiture est tombée en panne!∎ you may as well tell me the truth autant me dire ou tu ferais aussi bien de me dire la vérité;∎ now that we're here, we might as well stay puisque nous sommes là, autant rester;∎ shall we go to the cinema? - we might as well et si on allait au cinéma? - pourquoi pas?;∎ she was angry, as well she might be elle était furieuse, et ça n'est pas surprenant;∎ he has a few doubts about the job, as well he might il a quelques doutes sur cet emploi, ce qui n'est guère surprenant;∎ he apologized profusely - as well he should! il s'est confondu en excuses - j'espère bien!;∎ perhaps I'd better leave - that might be as well peut-être vaudrait-il mieux que je m'en aille - je crois que ça vaut mieux;∎ it would be as well not to break it ce serait mieux si on pouvait éviter de le casser;∎ I decided not to write back - just as well really j'ai décidé de ne pas répondre - c'est mieux comme ça;∎ it would be just as well if you were present il vaudrait mieux que vous soyez là;∎ it's just as well he missed his flight c'est une bonne chose qu'il ait manqué l'avion(in addition to) en plus de;∎ so she's a liar as well as a thief alors comme ça, c'est une menteuse en plus d'être une voleuse;∎ Jim looks after the children as well as helping around the house Jim s'occupe des enfants en plus de participer au ménageencore;∎ I don't have the answer as yet je n'ai pas encore la réponse;∎ an as yet undisclosed sum une somme qui n'a pas encore été révélée -
34 Short, Hugh Oswald
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 16 January 1883 Derbyshire, Englandd. 4 December 1969 Haslemere, England[br]English co-founder, with his brothers Horace Short (1872–1917) and Eustace (1875–1932), of the first company to design and build aeroplanes in Britain.[br]Oswald Short trained as an engineer; he was largely self-taught but was assisted by his brothers Eustace and Horace. In 1898 Eustace and the young Oswald set up a balloon business, building their first balloon in 1901. Two years later they sold observation balloons to the Government of India, and further orders followed. Meanwhile, in 1906 Horace designed a high-altitude balloon with a spherical pressurized gondola, an idea later used by Auguste Piccard, in 1931. Horace, a strange genius with a dominating character, joined his younger brothers in 1908 to found Short Brothers. Their first design, based on the Wright Flyer, was a limited success, but No. 2 won a Daily Mail prize of £1,000. In the same year, 1909, the Wright brothers chose Shorts to build six of their new Model A biplanes. Still using the basic Wright layout, Horace designed the world's first twin-engined aeroplane to fly successfully: it had one engine forward of the pilot, and one aft. During the years before the First World War the Shorts turned to tractor biplanes and specialized in floatplanes for the Admiralty.Oswald established a seaplane factory at Rochester, Kent, during 1913–14, and an airship works at Cardington, Bedfordshire, in 1916. Short Brothers went on to build the rigid airship R 32, which was completed in 1919. Unfortunately, Horace died in 1917, which threw a greater responsibility onto Oswald, who became the main innovator. He introduced the use of aluminium alloys combined with a smooth "stressed-skin" construction (unlike Junkers, who used corrugated skins). His sleek biplane the Silver Streak flew in 1920, well ahead of its time, but official support was not forthcoming. Oswald Short struggled on, trying to introduce his all-metal construction, especially for flying boats. He eventually succeeded with the biplane Singapore, of 1926, which had an all-metal hull. The prototype was used by Sir Alan Cobham for his flight round Africa. Several successful all-metal flying boats followed, including the Empire flying boats (1936) and the ubiquitous Sunderland (1937). The Stirling bomber (1939) was derived from the Sunderland. The company was nationalized in 1942 and Oswald Short retired the following year.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsHonorary Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society. Freeman of the City of London. Oswald Short turned down an MBE in 1919 as he felt it did not reflect the achievements of the Short Brothers.Bibliography1966, "Aircraft with stressed skin metal construction", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (November) (an account of the problems with patents and officialdom).Further ReadingC.H.Barnes, 1967, Shorts Aircraft since 1900, London; reprinted 1989 (a detailed account of the work of the Short brothers).JDS -
35 in
(in(to) usually small pieces: The broken mirror lay in bits on the floor; He loves taking his car to bits.) v koscih; na dele* * *I [in]preposition1.v, na (na vprašanje kje?)in the territory — na ozemlju;2.figurativelyv, pri, nablind in one eye — na eno oko slep;3.v (v posameznih primerih namesto into na vprašanje kam?)put it in your pocket — daj to v žep;4.(stanje, način, okoliščina)in cash — v gotovini; pri denarju (biti)in despair — obupano, v obupuin good health — pri dobrem zdravju, zelo zdravin writing — pismeno;5.v, pri, na (udeležba)to be in it — biti udeležen, udeležiti sethere is nothing in it — ničesar (resničnega, dobrega) ni v tem, ne splača se, je čisto enostavno; je še neodločeno (dirka);6.(dejavnost, opravilo) pri, vin an accident — pri nesreči, v nesrečiin search of — pri iskanju česa;7.(moč, sposobnost)he has (not) got it in him — to je (ni) pravi mož za to;8.(časovno)in the day, in daytime — podneviin two hours — v dveh urah, čez dve uriin the reign of — za vlade, za časa vladanjain my sleep — v spanju, ko sem spalin time — pravočasno, sčasoma, kdajin (the year) 1940 — leta 1940;9.(namen, smoter)in my defence — v mojo obrambo;10.(vzrok, nagib)in remembrance — v spomin;11.(razmerje, odnos, zveza)in that — ker, kolikorwell in body, but ill in mind — telesno zdrav, a duševno bolanthe latest thing in s.th. — najnovejše na nekem področjuten feet in width — 10 čevljev širok (po širini);12.poin all probability — po vsej verjetnosti;13.(sredstvo, material)dressed in white — oblečen v belo;14.(število, znesek)five in the hundred — pet od sto, ɜ%in twos — po dva, paromaII [in]adverbnotri, noter, vto be in — biti doma, biti v hiši; politics biti na vladi (stranka); biti v modi; sport biti na vrsti za udarec; sezona za kaj ( oysters are in)to be in for a thing — pričakovati kaj, nameravati kaj, nadejati se česato be in for it — iztakniti jo, biti v kaši, ne imeti drugega izhodain for a penny, in for a pound — kdor reče a, mora reči tudi bin and in — vedno isto, vedno znovaAmerican to be all in — biti čisto izčrpanin with it! — prinesi, odnesi to noterto be in on s.th. — sodelovati pri čem, biti poučen o čemto let s.o. in on s.th. — pritegniti koga k čemu, poučiti koga o čemIII [in]adjectivepolitics in party — vladajoča strankasport in side — stran, ki je na vrsti za udarecIV [in]noun(večinoma plural) vladajoča strankathe ins and outs — vlada in opozicija; ovinki (ceste, poti); podrobnosti (problema)V [in]transitive verbspraviti (žetev) pod streho -
36 add wings to smb.
или give wings to smb. (или smth.)или (или smth.) smb. (или smth.)1) пpидaвaть кpылья кoму-л.; уcкopить чтo-л.◘ The sight was of a nature to double his horror, and to add wings to his flight (W. Scott). This sound of danger lent me wings (R. L. Stevenson)2) oкpылять, вдoxнoвлять кoгo-л.; paзжигaть чтo-л. (нaпp., вooбpaжeниe)◘ She lent wings to his imagination, and great luminous canvasses spread themselves before him (J. London) -
37 add wings
1) придавать крылья, ускорять...this sound of danger lent me wings. (R. L. Stevenson, ‘Treasure Island’, ch. XIV) —...страх придал мне крылья.
The sight was of a nature to double his horror, and to add wings to his flight. (W. Scott, ‘The Heart of Mid-Lothian’, ch. VII) — Это зрелище только усилило его страх, и он побежал еще быстрее.
For a while it did seem that these people would pass the King before I could get to him; but desperation gives you wings, you know, and I canted my body forward, inflated my breast, and held my breath and flew. (M. Twain, ‘A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court’, ch. 27) — Я боялся, что эти люди подъедут к королю раньше, чем я добегу до него. Но отчаянье придает силы. Я весь устремился вперед, набрал воздуху и помчался.
2) окрылять, вдохновлять -
38 on the button
1) Общая лексика: (быть) как раз вовремя (George arrived at the airport right on the button only to find out that his flight had been canceled. Джордж прибыл в аэропорт как раз вовремя, только лишь узнать, что его вылет отменили.)2) Разговорное выражение: в точку!3) Карточный термин: Позиция дилера. Последняя позиция во время круга ставок.4) Сленг: выполненный четко, совершенно правильно, точно, в соответствии с (чем-либо), вовремя, совершенно верно, удар в подбородок -
39 bump up
v + o + adv, v + adv + o (colloq) aumentarVT + ADV1) (=increase) [+ price] subir, aumentar2)he was bumped up to first-class on his flight home — en el viaje de vuelta lo pusieron en primera clase
* * *v + o + adv, v + adv + o (colloq) aumentar -
40 Lilienthal, Otto
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 23 May 1848 Anklam, Prussia (now Germany)d. 10 August 1896 Berlin, Germany[br]German glider pioneer, the first to make a controlled flight using wings.[br]Otto Lilienthal and his brother Gustav developed an interest in flying as boys, when they studied birds in flight, built models and even tried to fit wings to their arms. Gustav went on to become a successful architect while Otto, after a brilliant scholastic career, became a mechanical engineer. Otto was able to devote his spare time to the problems of flight, and Gustav helped when his work allowed. They considered manpowered and mechanically powered projects, but neither looked hopeful so they turned to gliding. Otto published his research work in a book, Bird Flight as a Basis for Aviation. By 1889 Otto Lilienthal was ready to test his first full-size gliders. No. 1 and No. 2 were not successful, but No. 3, built in 1891, showed promise. He gradually improved his designs and his launching sites as he gained experience. To take off he ran downhill carrying his hang-glider until it became airborne, then he controlled it by swinging his body weight in the appropriate direction. He even built an artificial mound near Berlin so that he could take off into the wind whichever way it was blowing.In all, Lilienthal built some eighteen gliders with various wing shapes, including biplanes. By 1895 he was planning movable control surfaces (operated by head movement) and a powered version using a carbonic acid gas motor. Unfortunately, Lilienthal crashed and died of his injuries before these ideas could be tested. In all, he made over two thousand flights covering distances up to 300 m (300 yds. Many of these flights were recorded on photographs and so generated an interest in flying. Lilienthal's achievements also encouraged other pioneers, such as Percy Pilcher in Britain, and Octave Chanute and the Wright brothers in the United States.[br]Bibliography1899, Der Vogelflug als Grundlage der Fliegekunst, Berlin, reprinted c. 1977; repub. in English, 1911, as Bird Flight as a Basis for Aviation.Further ReadingCharles H.Gibbs-Smith, 1985, Aviation, London (provides a detailed account of Lilienthal's gliders).P.H.Lilienthal, 1978, "Die Lilienthal Gebrüder", Aerospace (Royal Aeronautical Society) (January) (for more personal information)."The Lilienthal and Pilcher gliders compared", Flight (1 January 1910 and 8 January 1910) (for details about and plans of a typical Lilienthal glider).JDS
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