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21 Sutton, Thomas
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 1819 Englandd. 1875 Jersey, Channel Islands[br]English photographer and writer on photography.[br]In 1841, while studying at Cambridge, Sutton became interested in photography and tried out the current processes, daguerreotype, calotype and cyanotype among them. He subsequently settled in Jersey, where he continued his photographic studies. In 1855 he opened a photographic printing works in Jersey, in partnership with L.-D. Blanquart- Evrard, exploiting the latter's process for producing developed positive prints. He started and edited one of the first photographic periodicals, Photographic Notes, in 1856; until its cessation in 1867, his journal presented a fresher view of the world of photography than that given by its London-based rivals. He also drew up the first dictionary of photography in 1858.In 1859 Sutton designed and patented a wideangle lens in which the space between two meniscus lenses, forming parts of a sphere and sealed in a metal rim, was filled with water; the lens so formed could cover an angle of up to 120 degrees at an aperture of f12. Sutton's design was inspired by observing the images produced by the water-filled sphere of a "snowstorm" souvenir brought home from Paris! Sutton commissioned the London camera-maker Frederick Cox to make the Panoramic camera, demonstrating the first model in January 1860; it took panoramic pictures on curved glass plates 152×381 mm in size. Cox later advertised other models in a total of four sizes. In January 1861 Sutton handed over manufacture to Andrew Ross's son Thomas Ross, who produced much-improved lenses and also cameras in three sizes. Sutton then developed the first single-lens reflex camera design, patenting it on 20 August 1961: a pivoted mirror, placed at 45 degrees inside the camera, reflected the image from the lens onto a ground glass-screen set in the top of the camera for framing and focusing. When ready, the mirror was swung up out of the way to allow light to reach the plate at the back of the camera. The design was manufactured for a few years by Thomas Ross and J.H. Dallmeyer.In 1861 James Clerk Maxwell asked Sutton to prepare a series of photographs for use in his lecture "On the theory of three primary colours", to be presented at the Royal Institution in London on 17 May 1861. Maxwell required three photographs to be taken through red, green and blue filters, which were to be printed as lantern slides and projected in superimposition through three projectors. If his theory was correct, a colour reproduction of the original subject would be produced. Sutton used liquid filters: ammoniacal copper sulphate for blue, copper chloride for the green and iron sulphocyanide for the red. A fourth exposure was made through lemon-yellow glass, but was not used in the final demonstration. A tartan ribbon in a bow was used as the subject; the wet-collodion process in current use required six seconds for the blue exposure, about twice what would have been needed without the filter. After twelve minutes no trace of image was produced through the green filter, which had to be diluted to a pale green: a twelve-minute exposure then produced a serviceable negative. Eight minutes was enough to record an image through the red filter, although since the process was sensitive only to blue light, nothing at all should have been recorded. In 1961, R.M.Evans of the Kodak Research Laboratory showed that the red liquid transmitted ultraviolet radiation, and by an extraordinary coincidence many natural red dye-stuffs reflect ultraviolet. Thus the red separation was made on the basis of non-visible radiation rather than red, but the net result was correct and the projected images did give an identifiable reproduction of the original. Sutton's photographs enabled Maxwell to establish the validity of his theory and to provide the basis upon which all subsequent methods of colour photography have been founded.JW / BC -
22 использовать
(кого-л./что-л.)несовер. и совер.use, utilizeиспользуемый в настоящее время — now in use, in current use
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23 используемый в настоящее время
1) Mathematics: in current use, now in use, used at present2) Makarov: be now in useУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > используемый в настоящее время
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24 Moon, William
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. 18 December 1818 Horsmonden, Kent, Englandd. 10 October 1894 Brighton, England[br]English inventor of the first effective embossed reading type for use by the blind and visually handicapped.[br]Having lost the sight of one eye from scarlet fever at the age of 4, by the time he was 22 he had become completely blind. Dissatisfied with the existing Frères system of embossed letters, he established that the twenty-six letters of the alphabet could be encompassed in only nine variously positioned symbols. These were sufficiently adaptable so that by the time of his death they had been utilized for 476 languages and dialects. Although superseded for more general use by Braille, the Moon system is still in current use for those with defective touch sense and other disabilities. With the assistance of his son, who became a physician, and his daughter, who continued the work after his death, he established a centre in Brighton where the production of Moon transcriptions in still carried on.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFellow of the Royal Geographical Society 1852. Fellow of the Society of Arts 1857. LLD University of Philadelphia 1871.Bibliography1868, Blindness, Its Consequences and Complications, Brighton. 1873, Light for the Blind, Brighton.Further ReadingRutherford, 1898, William Moon and his Work for the Blind.MG -
25 a precios corrientes
• at current prices• in credit• in current use -
26 используемый в настоящее время
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > используемый в настоящее время
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27 отличаться от
•The internal angular momentum is distinct from the external one.
•Their properties are unlike those of any other materials.
•The attitude of the American worker toward machines has been different from that of the European worker.
•The nomenclature adopted for research and development purposes must necessarily depart from that in current use in industry.
•The high melting point and greater strength of brazing filler metals differentiate brazing soldering.
•Chalcopyrite is distinguished from pyrite by its lesser hardness.
•The composition of the Moon is distinct from that of the Earth.
•Vycron differs from other polyester fibres in chemical constitution.
•A shock only differs by a third-order term the adiabatic transition.
•This contrasts with the enthalpy properties.
•Coastal outlines of deltas are often other than the traditional triangle, depending upon...
•Structural isomers are compounds that differ from each other by the positioning of atoms or...
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > отличаться от
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28 широко используется в настоящее время
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > широко используется в настоящее время
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29 книга, постоянно находящаяся в обращении
Polygraphy: book in current useУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > книга, постоянно находящаяся в обращении
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30 широко используется в настоящее время
Mathematics: is of considerable current useУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > широко используется в настоящее время
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31 это слово общеупотребительно
General subject: the word is in current useУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > это слово общеупотребительно
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32 Verkehrswert
Verkehrswert m FIN market value* * *m < Finanz> market value* * *Verkehrswert
[open] market (sound, salable, trade, actual, fair, cash) value, going price;
• echter Verkehrswert (Erbschaftssteuer) clear (open, Br.) market value;
• Verkehrswert nicht erschlossenen Geländes unimproved value (US);
• Verkehrswert eines Grundstücks fair market price, fair (free) cash market value, current use value of land;
• Verkehrswert in unbeschädigtem Zustand sound value;
• Verkehrswertschätzung market appraisal;
• amtliche Verkehrswertschätzung professional open-market validation. -
33 Verkehrswert eines Grundstücks
Verkehrswert eines Grundstücks
fair market price, fair (free) cash market value, current use value of landBusiness german-english dictionary > Verkehrswert eines Grundstücks
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34 малораспространённый
Русско-английский словарь Смирнитского > малораспространённый
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35 малопоширений
not in current use; in low abundance, of limited occurrence -
36 correntemente
correntemente avv.1 fluently: parla correntemente l'inglese, he speaks English fluently (o he speaks fluent English)2 ( comunemente) currently, usually: è un'espressione usata correntemente, it's an expression in current use.* * *[korrente'mente]1) (speditamente) fluently2) (comunemente) usually, commonly* * *correntemente/korrente'mente/1 (speditamente) fluently2 (comunemente) usually, commonly. -
37 di uso comune
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38 несмотря
Несмотря на - in spite of, despite, notwithstanding, although... are involved; with, for, though, even with, even thoughThis eight-parameter problem is immensely complex, in spite of the assumptions made regarding the pyrolysis kinetics.Despite this change, equation (...) remains unaltered.The toughness of the Cr-Mo-V steels in current use, notwithstanding the improved cleanliness achieved over the last two decades, is still poor.Because of the relatively high temperature in the system, the gases were accounted for as ideal, although very high pressures are involved.Even with these simplifications, one finds...Несмотря на то, что - in spite of the fact that, even though, whereasIn spite of the fact that the groundwood mechanical pulping process is over 130 years old, there is limited knowledge on many aspects of this process.Even though low valves of l lead to order of magnitude reductions of life, satisfactory bearing life has been achieved in many devices in the field.The comparison is reasonably good even though the predictions deviate somewhat from the measurements at about 25 ms.Whereas the development of flow along the inner wall is almost the same, with the spoiler fitted, the growth of the shape parameter on the outer wall is reduced substantially.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > несмотря
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39 применяемый в настоящее время
Применяемый в настоящее время-- For suction surfaces of turbine blades in current use there can be extended regions of boundary-layer transition.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > применяемый в настоящее время
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40 Z92.1
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current account — current accounts 1) N COUNT A current account is a personal bank account which you can take money out of at any time using your cheque book or cash card. [BRIT] His current account was seriously overdrawn. (in AM, use checking account) 2) N COUNT … English dictionary