-
81 avrupalı
EUR--------n. Continental, European, resident of Europe, native European, one of European origin* * *1. european 2. European -
82 avrupai
adj. Continental, of or pertaining to Europe or Europeans -
83 Navy, U.S.
Один из трех видов вооруженных сил США [ Armed Forces, U.S.]. Начальник штаба ВМС [ Chief of Naval Operations] подотчетен министру ВМС [ Secretary of the Navy] и является членом комитета начальников штабов [ Joint Chiefs of Staff]. Основные командования [ command] ВМС США - Тихоокеанский флот [ Pacific Fleet], Атлантический флот [ Atlantic Fleet], военно-морские силы в Европе [ Naval Forces, Europe], командование морских перебросок [ Sealift Command]. Начало истории ВМС датируется сентябрем 1775, когда генерал Дж. Вашингтон [ Washington, George] отдал приказ семи шхунам и бригантинам преследовать английские суда, шедшие в Канаду. 13 октября 1775 Континентальный конгресс [ Continental Congresses] принял решение о покупке двух военных судов. Департамент флота [ Department of the Navy] был создан в апреле 1798. С тех пор флот активно участвовал во многих конфликтах и ныне рассматривается как чрезвычайно гибкий элемент военной мощи США и важный фактор глобальной и региональной политической стабильности. В военно-морских силах служат 575 тыс. человек, мужчин и женщин (1991) -
84 division
дивизия; отдел; управление; мор. дивизия ( крупных кораблей), дивизион ( малых кораблей) ; дивизион ( как боевое подразделение на корабле) ; факультет; кафедра ( в вузе)C3 and Computer Systems division — отдел систем руководства, управления, связи и ЭВМ (МП)
division of Military Application, Department of Energy — отдел министерства энергетики по вопросам военного применения ядерной энергии
division of Naval Reactors, Department of Energy — отдел министерства энергетики по вопросам ЯЭУ для ВМС
Junior division, ROTC — младшее [начальное] отделение корпуса вневойсковой подготовки офицеров резерва (из числа школьников)
Plans, Policy and Operations division — оперативно-плановое управление (НАТО)
Senior division, ROTC — старшее отделение корпуса вневойсковой подготовки офицеров резерва (из числа студентов)
US Army Engineer division, Europe — военно-инженерный округ СВ США в Европейской зоне
— transport air division -
85 exercise
учение, занятие; боевая подготовка; маневры; упражнение; тренировка; отработка (напр. порядка действий)logistic(al) and interoperability exercise — учение по тыловому обеспечению интероперабельности систем
— Iogistical landing exercise— logistical exercise— logistical map exercise -
86 America
1. n разг. Америка, Соединённые Штаты АмерикиUnited States of America — Соединённые Штаты Америки, США
2. n американский континент; Северная, Центральная и Южная АмерикаСинонимический ряд:major earth division (noun) Asia; Australia; body of land; continent; continental land mass; Europe; land mass; mainland; major earth division -
87 Asia
n геогр. АзияСинонимический ряд:1. east (noun) east; far east; middle east; orient2. major earth division (noun) America; Australia; body of land; continent; continental land mass; Europe; land mass; mainland; major earth division -
88 Australia
n геогр. АвстралияСинонимический ряд:major earth division (noun) America; Asia; body of land; continent; continental land mass; Europe; land mass; mainland; major earth division -
89 continent
1. n материк, континентthe Dark Continent — «Чёрный континент», Африка
2. n Европейский материк3. n континентальная часть государства; «большая земля»4. n амер. ист. Американский континент, группа английских колоний в Северной Америке, объявивших себя независимыми штатами5. a сдержанный6. a воздержанный, целомудренный7. a способный регулировать своё мочеиспускание и дефекациюСинонимический ряд:1. abstemious (adj.) abstemious; abstentious; abstinent; moderate; restrained; self-restraining; sober; temperate2. country (noun) country; fatherland; land; motherland; nation; province; region3. major earth division (noun) America; Asia; Australia; body of land; continental land mass; Europe; land mass; mainland; major earth divisionАнтонимический ряд: -
90 divide
1. n водораздел2. n граница, рубеж3. n разг. делёж; распределениеto go over the Divide — перейти в мир иной, умереть
4. v делить, разделять5. v делиться, разбиваться на части6. v мат. делить, производить делениеto divide 60 by 12, to divide 12 into 60 — разделить 60 на 12
7. v мат. быть делителем8. v мат. делиться без остатка9. v мат. классифицировать; подразделятьto divide words into simple, derived and compound — делить слова на простые, производные и сложные
10. v мат. отделять; отрезать; отрывать11. v мат. отделять, служить преградойthe railing that divideed the spectators from the court — перила, которые отделяли зрителей от суда
12. v мат. распределять; производить делёж13. v мат. рассредоточивать14. v мат. вызвать разногласия, расхождения во мнениях15. v мат. расходиться во мнениях, обнаруживать разногласия16. v парл. голосовать, ставить на голосование, проводить голосование17. v парл. разделять на группы при голосовании18. v парл. вызывать разделение голосовthe proposal divided the meeting — при голосовании этого предложения голоса участников собрания разделились
19. v парл. спец. градуировать, наносить деления на шкалу20. v парл. тех. измельчать, диспергироватьСинонимический ряд:1. gap (noun) gap; ridge; watershed2. alienate (verb) alienate; disunite; estrange3. arrange (verb) arrange; articulate; classify; distinguish; sort4. branch (verb) bifurcate; branch; diverge; fork; ramify; subdivide5. differ (verb) differ; disaccord; disagree; discord; dissent; vary6. distribute (verb) allocate; apportion; deal; deal out; disburse; dispense; disperse; distribute; dole; dole out; lot out; measure out; parcel; portion; prorate; quota; ration; share; wall7. divorce (verb) break; cleave; detach; disjoin; divorce; sever; split; sunder8. factor (verb) factor9. separate (verb) break up; cut off; dichotomize; disconnect; disjoint; dissect; dissever; part; partition; rend; rupture; section; segment; segregate; separate; split up; tear; uncombineАнтонимический ряд:annex; append; attach; bind; classify; combine; commingle; conglomerate; congregate; connect; convene; couple; disarrange; disorder -
91 European
1. n европеецContinental Europeans — все европейцы, кроме жителей Британских островов
tour of Europe, European tour — поездка по Европе
western european — западный европеец; западноевропейский
2. n южно-афр. белый, человек белой расы3. a европейский4. a южно-афр. белый, белой расыnon-European European — цветной из Европы, европеец не белой расы
5. a относящийся к интеграции Европы, -
92 Mainland
1. n геогр. о-в Мейнленд2. n материк3. n самый большой остров среди группы острововСинонимический ряд:major earth division (noun) America; Asia; Australia; body of land; continent; continental land mass; Europe; land mass; major earth division -
93 João V, king
(1689-1750)The son of King Pedro II and Maria Sofia Neubourg, João was acclaimed king in 1707. By any measure, his long reign (43 years) had a significant impact on Portuguese government, arts, and culture. The early period was consumed with anxiety over continental European affairs, especially the menacing War of Spanish Succession, which ended in 1714. João then shifted his emphasis to the commercial and political interests of the Atlantic empire, to the Catholic Church and religious affairs, and to reinforcing the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance. Under João, there was intensive development of colonization and exploitation in Portuguese America, namely Brazil.In spite of the state's usual fiscal woes, the monarchy and the nobility garnered considerable wealth from Brazilian diamonds, gold, and other materials. Large amounts of revenue were expended on royal palaces, houses, churches, chapels, and convents, and, despite the Lisbon earthquake's impact in 1755, a considerable portion of this conspicuous consumption survives in historic monuments. Most outstanding is the great Mafra Palace and Convent, a baroque monstrosity, one of the largest buildings in Europe, which was constructed during João's reign. Through his acts of piety and bribery, João was declared "Most Faithful" Majesty by the pope. Under royal largesse, Portuguese arts and culture were cultivated, and Italian opera was introduced in Lisbon. -
94 Trade
Owing to the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, England ( Great Britain after 1707) was, until the 1920s, Portugal's main trading partner. The Methuen Treaty (1703) stipulated that Portuguese wines and English woolens would be exempt from custom duties. The imperial nationalist economic ideas of the Estado Novo directed Portuguese trade toward its Africa colonies of Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea- Bissau. The historical importance of the British export market to Portuguese trade necessitated Portugal becoming a charter member of the European Free Trade Area (EFTA) in 1959.When Britain joined the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1973, Portugal had to follow, with a trade agreement with the European Union (EU). Negotiations between Portugal and the EU produced an accord that stipulated mutual tariff reductions, until their disappearance in mid-1977 on industrial products, while EU member states were allowed to restrict some Portuguese textiles and paper and cork products. Tariffs were also reduced for Portuguese tinned tomatoes and fish, as well as for port wine. Since gaining full membership in the EU in 1986. Portugal's trade has shifted strongly toward continental EU member states. In the 1990s, EEC/EU member states purchased nearly 75 percent of Portugal's exports and supplied nearly 70 percent of its imports. Within the EEC/EU, Britain, Germany, France, and Spain are Portugal's a main trading partners. Portuguese trade with its former colonies fell sharply after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, as Portugal turned away from Africa and toward Europe.In 2007, Portugal's major commodity exports have been textiles, clothing, footwear, machinery, transportation equipment, paper and cork products, wine, tomato paste, chemicals, and plastic products. Portugal's comparative advantage lies in its low hourly costs for skilled labor, which are about 20 percent lower than other EU member states. Manufactured goods account for about 75 percent of merchandise imports; food and beverages about 10 percent; and raw materials (mainly petroleum) about 15 percent. -
95 Tesla, Nikola
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 9 July 1856 Smiljan, Croatiad. 7 January 1943 New York, USA[br]Serbian (naturalized American) engineer and inventor of polyphase electrical power systems.[br]While at the technical institute in Graz, Austria, Tesla's attention was drawn to the desirability of constructing a motor without a commutator. He considered the sparking between the commutator and brushes of the Gramme machine when run as a motor a serious defect. In 1881 he went to Budapest to work on the telegraph system and while there conceived the principle of the rotating magnetic field, upon which all polyphase induction motors are based. In 1882 Tesla moved to Paris and joined the Continental Edison Company. After building a prototype of his motor he emigrated to the United States in 1884, becoming an American citizen in 1889. He left Edison and founded an independent concern, the Tesla Electric Company, to develop his inventions.The importance of Tesla's first patents, granted in 1888 for alternating-current machines, cannot be over-emphasized. They covered a complete polyphase system including an alternator and induction motor. Other patents included the polyphase transformer, synchronous motor and the star connection of three-phase machines. These were to become the basis of the whole of the modern electric power industry. The Westinghouse company purchased the patents and marketed Tesla motors, obtaining in 1893 the contract for the Niagara Falls two-phase alternators driven by 5,000 hp (3,700 kW) water turbines.After a short period with Westinghouse, Tesla resigned to continue his research into high-frequency and high-voltage phenomena using the Tesla coil, an air-cored transformer. He lectured in America and Europe on his high-frequency devices, enjoying a considerable international reputation. The name "tesla" has been given to the SI unit of magnetic-flux density. The induction motor became one of the greatest advances in the industrial application of electricity. A claim for priority of invention of the induction motor was made by protagonists of Galileo Ferraris (1847–1897), whose discovery of rotating magnetic fields produced by alternating currents was made independently of Tesla's. Ferraris demonstrated the phenomenon but neglected its exploitation to produce a practical motor. Tesla himself failed to reap more than a small return on his work and later became more interested in scientific achievement than commercial success, with his patents being infringed on a wide scale.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsAmerican Institute of Electrical Engineers Edison Medal 1917. Tesla received doctorates from fourteen universities.Bibliography1 May 1888, American patent no. 381,968 (initial patent for the three-phase induction motor).1956, Nikola Tesla, 1856–1943, Lectures, Patents, Articles, ed. L.I.Anderson, Belgrade (selected works, in English).1977, My Inventions, repub. Zagreb (autobiography).Further ReadingM.Cheney, 1981, Tesla: Man Out of Time, New Jersey (a full biography). C.Mackechnie Jarvis, 1969, in IEE Electronics and Power 15:436–40 (a brief treatment).T.C.Martin, 1894, The Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla, New York (covers his early work on polyphase systems).GW
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