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1 THREE
neldë (the “Qenya” form olë in LT1:258 apparently did not survive into Tolkien’s later Quenya). Tolkien used neldë to illustrate the syntax of numerals “from…3 onwards”: The numeral follows the noun, which also receives any case endings, and the numeral is indeclinable: eleni neldë “three stars”, genitive elenion neldë “of three stars”. – In older usage, the noun would appear in the genitive plural, so that “three stars” would be elenion neldë (literally, three of stars) and case endings would be added to the numeral, so that genitive “of three stars” would be elenion neldëo; notice that the numeral inflects as a singular noun. –NEL, SA:neldor, VT47:11, VT48:6, VT49:45 -
2 VOWEL
\#ómëa (only pl. ómëar attested), also \#óma-tengwë, \#ómatengwë (this term refers to vowels considered as independent phonemes, according to Fëanor's new insights on phonemics; only pl. ómatengwi is attested), óman (pl. "amandi" in LR:379 is a misreading for omandi, VT46:7; this term from the Etymologies may in any case be obsoleted by the above-mentioned forms), \#lehta tengwë (lit. "free/relased element"; only pl. lehta tengwi is attested; we would rather expect *lehtë tengwi). (Note: In some compounds, óma seems to mean "vowel" instead of "voice": VOWEL SIGN \#ómatehta (only pl ómatehtar is attested), DETERMINANT VOWEL sundóma, VOCALIC EXTENSION ómataina (q.v. for definition). Yet another term for "vowel", \#penna pl. pennar, is given in VT39:16, but this is taken from a draft and not included in the final text Tolkien wrote. – The term \#mussë tengwë "soft element" (only attested in the pl.: mussë tengwi) covers vowels, semi-vowels (y, w) and continuants (l, r, m, n). –VT39:8/16, OM, WJ:396, 319, 417, VT39:17 -
3 ORC
(goblin) urco (stem urcu-, pl. urqui) or orco (pl. orqui or orcor, in the former case probably with stem *orcu- throughout). LT1:264 has orc, but word-final rc does not occur in LotR-style Quenya. Here the gloss is "monster, demon". Cf. WJ:390: "In the lore of the Blessed Realm the Q urko naturally seldom occurs, except in tales of the ancient days and the March, and then is vague in meaning, referring to anything that caused fear to the Elves, any dubious shape or shadow, or prowling creature." –ÓROK, LT1:264, WJ:390 -
4 THEY, THEM
(3rd person pl. and dual forms): As the pronominal ending for “they”, Tolkien hesitated between -ltë and -ntë. For instance, a verb like “they do” is attested both as cariltë and carintë (VT49:16, 17). In one text, the ending -ltë is marked as archaic or poetic (VT49:17), but in other paradigms no such qualification occurs (VT49:51). The alternative form -nte- occurs in UT:317, with a second pronominal marker (-s “it”, denoting the object) following: Tiruvantes "they will keep it". General considerations of euphony may favour -ltë rather than -ntë (e.g. *quenteltë rather than *quententë for “they spoke” – in the past tense, many verbs end in -ntë even before any pronominal endings are supplied, like quentë “spoke” in this example). The ending -ltë (unlike -ntë) would also conform with the general system that the plural pronominal endings include the plural marker l (VT48:11). – In Tolkien’s early material, the ending -ltë appears as -lto instead (e.g. tulielto “they have come”, LT1:270). – A simple plural verb (with ending -r) can have “they” as its implied subject, as in the example quetir en “they still say” (PE17:167). – In the independent pronouns, distinct forms of may be used depending on whether “they, them” refers to living beings (persons, animals or even plants) or to non-living things or abstracts. The “personal” independent pronoun is te, which may have a long vowel when stressed (té, VT49:51). It is also attested in object position (laita te “bless them”, LotR:989 cf. Letters:308, VT43:20). It can receive case endings, e.g. dative ten (VT49:14; variant forms téna and tien, VT49:14, VT43:12, 21). As the “impersonal” they, them referring to non-living things, Tolkien in some sources used ta (VT43:20; 8, 9), but this apparently caused dissatisfaction because he also wanted ta to be the singular pronoun “that, it”. According to VT49:32, the form tai was introduced as the word for impersonal or inanimate “they, them” (in some places changed to te, apparently suggesting that Tolkien considered using te for both personal and impersonal “they/them”, abandoning the distinction). Another source (VT49:51) lists sa as the pl. impersonal form, but all other published sources use this pronoun for singular impersonal “it”, not pl. “they”. – The object “them” can also be expressed by the ending -t following another pronominal suffix (laituvalmet, “we shall bless [or praise] them", LotR:989 cf Letters:308). Presumably this ending -t makes no distinction between personal and impersonal forms. – Quenya also possesses special dual forms of “they, them”, used where only two persons or things are referred to (none of these pronouns distinguish between personal and impersonal forms). In VT49:16, the old ending for dual “they” is given as -stë (marked as archaic or poetic), but this would clash with the corresponding 2nd person ending. According to VT49:51, this ending was changed (also within the imaginary world) from -stë to -ttë, which seems the better alternative (*carittë, “the two of them do”). The independent dual pronoun is given as tú (ibid.) However, it may also be permissible to use te for “they, them” even where only two persons are involved (te is seemingly used with reference to Frodo and Sam in one of the examples above, laita te “bless them”). – Genitive forms, see THEIR; reflexive pronoun, see THEMSELVES.
См. также в других словарях:
In any case — Case Case, n. [F. cas, fr. L. casus, fr. cadere to fall, to happen. Cf. {Chance}.] 1. Chance; accident; hap; opportunity. [Obs.] [1913 Webster] By aventure, or sort, or cas. Chaucer. [1913 Webster] 2. That which befalls, comes, or happens; an… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
In any case — Any A ny, a. & pron. [OE. [ae]ni[yogh], [ae]ni, eni, ani, oni, AS. [=ae]nig, fr. [=a]n one. It is akin to OS. [=e]nig, OHG. einic, G. einig, D. eenig. See {One}.] 1. One indifferently, out of an indefinite number; one indefinitely, whosoever or… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
in any case — adverb 1. used to indicate that a statement explains or supports a previous statement (Freq. 8) Anyhow, he is dead now I think they re asleep; anyhow, they re quiet I don t know what happened to it; anyway, it s gone anyway, there is another… … Useful english dictionary
in any case — also[in any event] or[at all events] {adv. phr.} 1. No matter what happens: surely; without fail; certainly; anyhow; anyway. * /It may rain tomorrow, but we are going home in any case./ * /I may not go to Europe, but in any event, I will visit… … Dictionary of American idioms
in any case — also[in any event] or[at all events] {adv. phr.} 1. No matter what happens: surely; without fail; certainly; anyhow; anyway. * /It may rain tomorrow, but we are going home in any case./ * /I may not go to Europe, but in any event, I will visit… … Dictionary of American idioms
in any case — • in any case • in any event no matter what happens, surely, without fail I may not be able to meet you next week but in any case I will still give you the books before then. whatever happens; anyway In any case, we must helр all we can. в любом… … Idioms and examples
in\ any\ case — • in any case • in any event • at all events adv. phr. 1. No matter what happens: surely; without fail; certainly; anyhow; anyway. It may rain tomorrow, but we are going home in any case. I may not go to Europe, but in any event, I will visit you … Словарь американских идиом
in any case — phrasal without regard to or in spite of other considerations ; whatever else is done or is the case < war is inevitable in any case > < in any case the report will be made public next month > … New Collegiate Dictionary
in any case — whatever happens. You should be able to catch a bus, but in any case you can always take a taxi home. In any case, you should test drive the car before buying it. Usage notes: the same meaning can be also expressed by come what may, come hell or… … New idioms dictionary
in any case — 1) whatever the situation is or will be Traffic may be bad, but in any case we ll be there in time for dinner. 2) used for adding information to support a statement or make it clearer Nobody saw her on the train. In any case, she probably didn t… … English dictionary
in any case — index notwithstanding, regardless Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary
