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1 IMS
1) Медицина: If Modified Since2) Ботаника: I Must Say3) Военный термин: International Military Services, International Military Staff, individual mobility system, inertial measuring set, infrared measuring system, integrated maintenance system, integrated management system, integrated mapping system, integrated materiel support, integrated multiplex system, intermediate maintenance squadron, inventory management system4) Техника: Institute of Mathematical Statistics, International Magnetosphere Study, image motion simulator, in-core monitoring system, in-flight management system, indirect measurement system, instrumented measuring system, intelligent matrix switch, ion mass spectrometer, irradiance measuring system5) Шутливое выражение: Instant Messenger Syndrome7) Метеорология: Inland Mapping System, Ionospheric Measuring System8) Финансы: (integrated master schedule) основной график проекта9) Статистика: Intercontinental Medical Statistics10) Автомобильный термин: ignition module signal, inferred mileage sensor (Ford)11) Телекоммуникации: IP multimedia Subsystem, мультимедийная подсистема на базе протокола IP (IP multimedia Subsystem)12) Сокращение: Inertial Measurement System, Institute of Management Sciences, Institute of Marine Science, Integrated Mission System, International Marketing Services Ltd (USA), International Military Services (UK), International Military Staff (NATO), Ion Mobility Spectrometer (Netherlands), Ion Mobility Spectrometer (chemical agent detector), Information Managing System, Ion Mobility Spectrometer13) Университет: Instructional Management System14) Физиология: Intermuscular Stimulation15) Электроника: Ion mobility spectroscopy16) Вычислительная техника: International Meta Systems (Hersteller), Information Management System (IBM), Intelligent Manufacturing System (MITI), Integrated Measurement Systems (inc, Hersteller)18) Иммунология: Institute Of Medical Statistics19) Гинекология: Международное Общество Менопаузы (International Society of Menopause.)20) Связь: Integrated Management Solution21) Космонавтика: International Magnetospheric Survey (or Study, COSPAR)22) Транспорт: Intermodal Management System23) Воздухоплавание: International Magnetospheric Study24) Фирменный знак: Interactive Marketing Solutions, Intercontinental Marketing Services, Innovative Media Solutions (Company)25) СМИ: Interactive Multimedia System26) Деловая лексика: Information Management Services, Integrated Marketing Solutions, Intelligent Manufacturing Systems, Inventory Management Services27) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: International M.V.D. Society28) Нефтегазовая техника Международное общество измерений в процессе бурения (International M.V.D. Society)29) Производство: In-house Manufacturing30) Сетевые технологии: Intelligent Messaging Service, Interprocessor Messaging System, integration of management systems, иерархическая система управления базами данных фирмы IBM, интеллектуальная служба передачи сообщений, информационная управляющая система, система обмена сообщениями между процессорами, система управления информацией, IP Multimedia Subsystem - подсистема передачи мультимедийных данных по IP-сетям31) Автоматика: integrated manufacturing system, intelligent manufacturing system32) Химическое оружие: ion mobility spectrometry33) Макаров: integrated machining system34) Безопасность: система обнаружения вторжений (intrusion monitoring system)35) Расширение файла: Information Management System, Intermediate Maintenance Standards36) Яхтенный спорт: International Measurement System37) Чат: If Memory Serves38) NYSE. Morgan Stanley Dean Witter39) Музеи: Institute of Museum Services -
2 ims
1) Медицина: If Modified Since2) Ботаника: I Must Say3) Военный термин: International Military Services, International Military Staff, individual mobility system, inertial measuring set, infrared measuring system, integrated maintenance system, integrated management system, integrated mapping system, integrated materiel support, integrated multiplex system, intermediate maintenance squadron, inventory management system4) Техника: Institute of Mathematical Statistics, International Magnetosphere Study, image motion simulator, in-core monitoring system, in-flight management system, indirect measurement system, instrumented measuring system, intelligent matrix switch, ion mass spectrometer, irradiance measuring system5) Шутливое выражение: Instant Messenger Syndrome7) Метеорология: Inland Mapping System, Ionospheric Measuring System8) Финансы: (integrated master schedule) основной график проекта9) Статистика: Intercontinental Medical Statistics10) Автомобильный термин: ignition module signal, inferred mileage sensor (Ford)11) Телекоммуникации: IP multimedia Subsystem, мультимедийная подсистема на базе протокола IP (IP multimedia Subsystem)12) Сокращение: Inertial Measurement System, Institute of Management Sciences, Institute of Marine Science, Integrated Mission System, International Marketing Services Ltd (USA), International Military Services (UK), International Military Staff (NATO), Ion Mobility Spectrometer (Netherlands), Ion Mobility Spectrometer (chemical agent detector), Information Managing System, Ion Mobility Spectrometer13) Университет: Instructional Management System14) Физиология: Intermuscular Stimulation15) Электроника: Ion mobility spectroscopy16) Вычислительная техника: International Meta Systems (Hersteller), Information Management System (IBM), Intelligent Manufacturing System (MITI), Integrated Measurement Systems (inc, Hersteller)18) Иммунология: Institute Of Medical Statistics19) Гинекология: Международное Общество Менопаузы (International Society of Menopause.)20) Связь: Integrated Management Solution21) Космонавтика: International Magnetospheric Survey (or Study, COSPAR)22) Транспорт: Intermodal Management System23) Воздухоплавание: International Magnetospheric Study24) Фирменный знак: Interactive Marketing Solutions, Intercontinental Marketing Services, Innovative Media Solutions (Company)25) СМИ: Interactive Multimedia System26) Деловая лексика: Information Management Services, Integrated Marketing Solutions, Intelligent Manufacturing Systems, Inventory Management Services27) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: International M.V.D. Society28) Нефтегазовая техника Международное общество измерений в процессе бурения (International M.V.D. Society)29) Производство: In-house Manufacturing30) Сетевые технологии: Intelligent Messaging Service, Interprocessor Messaging System, integration of management systems, иерархическая система управления базами данных фирмы IBM, интеллектуальная служба передачи сообщений, информационная управляющая система, система обмена сообщениями между процессорами, система управления информацией, IP Multimedia Subsystem - подсистема передачи мультимедийных данных по IP-сетям31) Автоматика: integrated manufacturing system, intelligent manufacturing system32) Химическое оружие: ion mobility spectrometry33) Макаров: integrated machining system34) Безопасность: система обнаружения вторжений (intrusion monitoring system)35) Расширение файла: Information Management System, Intermediate Maintenance Standards36) Яхтенный спорт: International Measurement System37) Чат: If Memory Serves38) NYSE. Morgan Stanley Dean Witter39) Музеи: Institute of Museum Services -
3 Farman, Henri
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 26 May 1874 Paris, Franced. 17 July 1958 Paris, France[br]French aeroplane designer who modified Voisin biplanes and later, with his brother Maurice (b. 21 March 1877 Paris, France; d. 26 February 1964 Paris, France), created a major aircraft-manufacturing company.[br]The parents of Henri and Maurice Farman were British subjects living in Paris, but their sons lived all their lives in France and became French citizens. As young men, both became involved in cycle and automobile racing. Henri (or Henry—he used both versions) turned his attention to aviation in 1907 when he bought a biplane from Gabriel Voisin. Within a short time he had established himself as one of the leading pilots in Europe, with many record-breaking flights to his credit. Farman modified the Voisin with his own improvements, including ailerons, and then in 1909 he designed the first Farman biplane. This became the most popular biplane in Europe from the autumn of 1909 until well into 1911 and is one of the classic aeroplanes of history. Meanwhile, Maurice Farman had also begun to design and build biplanes; his first design of 1909 was not a great success but from it evolved two robust biplanes nicknamed the "Longhorn" and the "Shorthorn", so called because of their undercarriage skids. In 1912 the brothers joined forces and set up a very large factory at Billancourt. The "Longhorn" and "Shorthorn" became the standard training aircraft in France and Britain during the early years of the First World War. The Farman brothers went on to produce a number of other wartime designs, including a large bomber. After the war the Farmans produced a series of large airliners which played a key role in establishing France as a major airline operator. Most famous of these was the Goliath, a twin-engined biplane capable of carrying up to twelve passengers. This was produced from 1918 to 1929 and was used by many airlines, including the Farman Line. The brothers retired when their company was nationalized in 1937.[br]Bibliography1910, The Aviator's Companion, London (with his brother Dick Farman).Further ReadingM.Farman, 1901, 3,000 kilomètres en ballon, Paris (an account of several balloon flights from 1894 to 1900).J.Liron, 1984, Les Avions Farman, Paris (provides comprehensive descriptions of all Farman aircraft).Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War I, 1990, London (reprint) (gives details of all early Farman aircraft).J.Stroud, 1966, European Aircraft since 1910, London (provides details about Farman air-liners).JDS -
4 Cockerell, Christopher Sydney
[br]b. 4 June 1910 Cambridge, England[br]British designer and engineer who invented the hovercraft.[br]He was educated at Gresham's School in Holt and at Peterhouse College, Cambridge, where he graduated in engineering in 1931; he was made an Honorary Fellow in 1974. Cockerell entered the engineering firm of W.H.Allen \& Sons of Bedford as a pupil in 1931, and two years later he returned to Cambridge to engage in radio research for a further two years. In 1935 he joined Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company, working on very high frequency (VHF) transmitters and direction finders. During the Second World War he worked on airborne navigation and communication equipment, and later he worked on radar. During this period he filed thirty six patents in the fields of radio and navigational systems.In 1950 Cockerell left Marconi to set up his own boat-hire business on the Norfolk Broads. He began to consider how to increase the speed of boats by means of air lubrication. Since the 1870s engineers had at times sought to reduce the drag on a boat by means of a thin layer of air between hull and water. After his first experiments, Cockerell concluded that a significant reduction in drag could only be achieved with a thick cushion of air. After experimenting with several ways of applying the air-cushion principle, the first true hovercraft "took off" in 1955. It was a model in balsa wood, 2 ft 6 in. (762 mm) long and weighing 4½ oz. (27.6 g); it was powered by a model-aircraft petrol engine and could travel over land or water at 13 mph (20.8 km/h). Cockerell filed his first hovercraft patent on 12 December 1955. The following year he founded Hovercraft Ltd and began the search for a manufacturer. The government was impressed with the invention's military possibilities and placed it on the secret list. The secret leaked out, however, and the project was declassified. In 1958 the National Research and Development Corporation decided to give its backing, and the following year Saunders Roe Ltd with experience of making flying boats, produced the epoch-making SR N1, a hovercraft with an air cushion produced by air jets directed downwards and inwards arranged round the periphery of the craft. It made a successful crossing of the English Channel, with the inventor on board.Meanwhile Cockerell had modified the hovercraft so that the air cushion was enclosed within flexible skirts. In this form it was taken up by manufacturers throughout the world and found wide application as a passenger-carrying vehicle, for military transport and in scientific exploration and survey work. The hover principle found other uses, such as for air-beds to relieve severely burned patients and for hover mowers.The development of the hovercraft has occupied Cockerell since then and he has been actively involved in the several companies set up to exploit the invention, including Hovercraft Development Ltd and British Hovercraft Corporation. In the 1970s and 1980s he took up the idea of the generation of electricity by wavepower; he was Founder of Wavepower Ltd, of which he was Chairman from 1974 to 1982.[br]Principal Honours find DistinctionsKnighted 1969. CBE 1955. FRS 1967.LRDBiographical history of technology > Cockerell, Christopher Sydney
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5 Philosophy
And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the influence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic influences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive ScienceIn the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)10) The Distinction between Dionysian Man and Apollonian Man, between Art and Creativity and Reason and Self- ControlIn his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy
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6 integrity (aeronautical data)
A degree of assurance that an aeronautical data and its value has not been lost or altered since the data origination or authorized amendment.(AN 11; AN 14/I; AN 14/II; AN 15)Official definition added to AN 11 by Amdt 37 (1997); AN 14/I & 14/II by Amdt 2 (06/11/1997); AN 15 by Amdt 29 (1997) and modified by Amdt 33 to AN 15 (25/11/2004).Определённая гарантия того, что аэронавигационные данные и их значения не потеряны или не изменены с момента подготовки данных или санкционированного внесения поправки.International Civil Aviation Vocabulary (English-Russian) > integrity (aeronautical data)
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7 HONEY
lis (liss-). In a far earlier source, reproduced in LT1:262, the word for "honey" was nektë. This would however become nehtë in LotR-style Quenya, since Tolkien later decided that kt becomes ht in Quenya, and in its new form nehtë the word turns up in the Etymologies with the slightly modified meaning "honeycomb". (Note: a homophone means "spear-head, gore, wedge, narrow promontory".) HONEY-BEE nier, nion –LIS, LT1:262, VT45:38, GL:60 -
8 de Havilland, Sir Geoffrey
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 27 July 1882 High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, Englandd. 21 May 1965 Stanmore, Middlesex, England[br]English designer of some eighty aircraft from 1909 onwards.[br]Geoffrey de Havilland started experimenting with aircraft and engines of his own design in 1908. In the following year, with the help of his friend Frank Hearle, he built and flew his first aircraft; it crashed on its first flight. The second aircraft used the same engine and made its first flight on 10 September 1910, and enabled de Havilland to teach himself to fly. From 1910 to 1914 he was employed at Farnborough, where in 1912 the Royal Aircraft Factory was established. As Chief Designer and Chief Test Pilot he was responsible for the BE 2, which was the first British military aircraft to land in France in 1914.In May 1914 de Havilland went to work for George Holt Thomas, whose Aircraft Manufacturing Company Ltd (Airco) of Hendon was expanding to design and build aircraft of its own design. However, because de Havilland was a member of the Royal Flying Corps Reserve, he had to report for duty when war broke out in August. His value as a designer was recognized and he was transferred back to Airco, where he designed eight aircraft in four years. Of these, the DH 2, DH 4, DH 5, DH 6 and DH 9 were produced in large numbers, and a modified DH 4A operated the first British cross- Channel air service in 1919.On 25 September 1920 de Havilland founded his own company, the De Havilland Aircraft Company Ltd, at Stag Lane near Edgware, London. During the 1920s and 1930s de Havilland concentrated on civil aircraft and produced the very successful Moth series of small biplanes and monoplanes, as well as the Dragon, Dragon Rapide, Albatross and Flamingo airliners. In 1930 a new site was acquired at Hatfield, Hertfordshire, and by 1934 a modern factory with a large airfield had been established. His Comet racer won the England-Australia air race in 1934 using de Havilland engines. By this time the company had established very successful engine and propeller divisions. The Comet used a wooden stressed-skin construction which de Havilland developed and used for one of the outstanding aircraft of the Second World War: the Mosquito. The de Havilland Engine Company started work on jet engines in 1941 and their Goblin engine powered the Vampire jet fighter first flown by Geoffrey de Havilland Jr in 1943. Unfortunately, Geoffrey Jr and his brother John were both killed in flying accidents. The Comet jet airliner first flew in 1949 and the Trident in 1962, although by 1959 the De Havilland Company had been absorbed into Hawker Siddeley Aviation.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnight Bachelor 1944. Order of Merit 1962. CBE 1934. Air Force Cross 1919. (A full list is contained in R.M.Clarkson's paper (see below)).Bibliography1961, Sky Fever, London; repub. 1979, Shrewsbury (autobiography).Further ReadingR.M.Clarkson, 1967, "Geoffrey de Havilland 1882–1965", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (February) (a concise account of de Havilland, his achievements and honours).C.M.Sharp, 1960, D.H.—An Outline of de Havilland History, London (mostly a history of the company).A.J.Jackson, 1962, De Havilland Aircraft since 1915, London.JDSBiographical history of technology > de Havilland, Sir Geoffrey
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