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1 THEY, THEM
(3rd person pl. and dual forms): As the pronominal ending for “they”, Tolkien hesitated between -ltë and -ntë. For instance, a verb like “they do” is attested both as cariltë and carintë (VT49:16, 17). In one text, the ending -ltë is marked as archaic or poetic (VT49:17), but in other paradigms no such qualification occurs (VT49:51). The alternative form -nte- occurs in UT:317, with a second pronominal marker (-s “it”, denoting the object) following: Tiruvantes "they will keep it". General considerations of euphony may favour -ltë rather than -ntë (e.g. *quenteltë rather than *quententë for “they spoke” – in the past tense, many verbs end in -ntë even before any pronominal endings are supplied, like quentë “spoke” in this example). The ending -ltë (unlike -ntë) would also conform with the general system that the plural pronominal endings include the plural marker l (VT48:11). – In Tolkien’s early material, the ending -ltë appears as -lto instead (e.g. tulielto “they have come”, LT1:270). – A simple plural verb (with ending -r) can have “they” as its implied subject, as in the example quetir en “they still say” (PE17:167). – In the independent pronouns, distinct forms of may be used depending on whether “they, them” refers to living beings (persons, animals or even plants) or to non-living things or abstracts. The “personal” independent pronoun is te, which may have a long vowel when stressed (té, VT49:51). It is also attested in object position (laita te “bless them”, LotR:989 cf. Letters:308, VT43:20). It can receive case endings, e.g. dative ten (VT49:14; variant forms téna and tien, VT49:14, VT43:12, 21). As the “impersonal” they, them referring to non-living things, Tolkien in some sources used ta (VT43:20; 8, 9), but this apparently caused dissatisfaction because he also wanted ta to be the singular pronoun “that, it”. According to VT49:32, the form tai was introduced as the word for impersonal or inanimate “they, them” (in some places changed to te, apparently suggesting that Tolkien considered using te for both personal and impersonal “they/them”, abandoning the distinction). Another source (VT49:51) lists sa as the pl. impersonal form, but all other published sources use this pronoun for singular impersonal “it”, not pl. “they”. – The object “them” can also be expressed by the ending -t following another pronominal suffix (laituvalmet, “we shall bless [or praise] them", LotR:989 cf Letters:308). Presumably this ending -t makes no distinction between personal and impersonal forms. – Quenya also possesses special dual forms of “they, them”, used where only two persons or things are referred to (none of these pronouns distinguish between personal and impersonal forms). In VT49:16, the old ending for dual “they” is given as -stë (marked as archaic or poetic), but this would clash with the corresponding 2nd person ending. According to VT49:51, this ending was changed (also within the imaginary world) from -stë to -ttë, which seems the better alternative (*carittë, “the two of them do”). The independent dual pronoun is given as tú (ibid.) However, it may also be permissible to use te for “they, them” even where only two persons are involved (te is seemingly used with reference to Frodo and Sam in one of the examples above, laita te “bless them”). – Genitive forms, see THEIR; reflexive pronoun, see THEMSELVES.
См. также в других словарях:
Ibid. — (лат. сокращение от ibidem, «то же место», в русскоязычной литературе распространён эквивалент «там же») термин, использующийся в научных библиографиях. Использование термина обуславливается необходимостью обозначить, что ссылка на… … Википедия
Ibid. — (Latin, short for ibidem , the same place ) is the term used to provide an endnote or footnote citation or reference for a source that was cited in the preceding endnote or footnote. It is similar in meaning to idem (meaning something that has… … Wikipedia
Ibid — IBIDis an abbreviation for: *Ion beam induced depositionIbid., ibid., Ibid or ibid may refer to Ibid. article … Wikipedia
Ibid — « ibid.[1] » ou « ib. » (abréviations du latin « ibidem », « le même endroit ») est le terme utilisé dans les références d un document, pour éviter la répétition lorsque la même source a été citée dans la… … Wikipédia en Français
Ibid. — « ibid.[1] » ou « ib. » (abréviations du latin « ibidem », « le même endroit ») est le terme utilisé dans les références d un document, pour éviter la répétition lorsque la même source a été citée dans la… … Wikipédia en Français
ibid — ib‧id [ˈɪbɪd] written abbreviation ib used to explain that something is from the same book or article as the one that has just been mentioned; = id: • These data are reflected in the estimates (ibid. p. 7). * * * ibid UK US /ˈɪbɪd/ adverb ► used… … Financial and business terms
ibid. — ibid. abbr. Latin When citing a work, indicates that the citation is to the same volume and page as the previous citation. Webster s New World Law Dictionary. Susan Ellis Wild. 2000. ibid … Law dictionary
ibid — ibid; ibid·i·dae; ibid·i·um; … English syllables
ibid. — ibid. also ibid, 1660s, abbreviation of L. ibidem in the same place, from ibi there + demonstrative suffix dem … Etymology dictionary
ibid — abbrv. (Latin) Ibidem. The Essential Law Dictionary. Sphinx Publishing, An imprint of Sourcebooks, Inc. Amy Hackney Blackwell. 2008 … Law dictionary
ibid. — ibid. 〈Abk. für lat.〉 ibidem … Universal-Lexikon
