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121 ÞVERR
a.lá hverr um annan þveran, in heaps;fara þverr á fœti at e-u, to be unwilling for a thing;beita þvert, to sail close-hauled, near the wind;2) adverse, contrary (veðr hörð ok þver);3) cross, obstinate;hann kvazt ekki þverr vera í því at selja skipit, he said he would not be hard about selling the ship;setja þvert nei fyrir, to deny flatly;ek vil þó eigi þvert taka, ef þér er lítit um, I will not take it crossly, if it is not to thy mind.* * *þver, þvert, adj., compar. þverari, þverast, but also þverstr; [Ulf. þwairhs = ὀργίλος, ὀργισθείς, þwairgei = ὄργη, ἔρις; A. S. þweorh; Engl. a-thwart, and also queer; Germ. quer (kv = þv, like kvistr, kvísl, for tvistr, tvísl); Dan. tvær; cp. Engl. to thwart]:—athwart, across, transverse, opp. to longways; tjalda um þveran skálann, Fms. i. 265; um þvert andlitið, Ó. H. 217; um þveran dal, Jb. 194; lá hvarr um þveran annan, in heaps, Fms. ix. 31; falla hvárr um þveran annan, pass.; járnspengr um þveran skjöld, Gþl. 105; þverrar handar hár, a hand’s breadth, Sd. 147; þremr þverum fingrum minni, Bs. i. 376; svá langt at þvers fótar sé, Karl. 112; ferr þú lítt þverr á fæti at fjándskap við oss, Ölk. 36: um þvert, across; geng ek um þvert frá leiki, out of their way, Sighvat: storm mikinn ok veðr þvert, adverse winds, Eg. 405; veðr hörð ok þver, Fms. x. 150; veðr þver af suðri, Grett. 86 A; sem sá í þveru veðri beitir löngum, Bs. i. 750; beittu þá sem þverast austr fyrir landit, Eg. 161.II. metaph., taka e-n þvert, to take it athwart, to deny flatly, Eg. 524; ek vil þó eigi þvert taka ( I will not insist on it) ef þér er lítið um, Nj. 26; var þat af þveru frá glíkendum, Bs. i. 347; setja þvert nei fyrir, to refuse, deny flatly, Ld. 196; hann kvaðsk ekki þverr vera í því at selja skipit, Nj. 259; biskup flutti ákafliga en Þórðr var inn þverasti, Sturl. iii. 17; var Þórgils þá svá þverr, at hann sagði svá, at …, 229; hvárr-tveggi var inn þverasti ok hvárrgi vildi til láta við annan, Bs. i. 760: þvert á móti, as adverb, quite the contrary (Dan. tværtimod), 687.III. þvers, adv. across, athwart; nú er þar þvers á móti gört, Bs. i. 740; hann snýr þvers af leiðinni, Nj. 132; hann snýr þvers á braut í skóginn, Edda 30; vísaði hann ollurn þvers frá því sem þau vóru, Fms. i. 72; hljóp hann þá þvers á brott at fela sik, vi. 303; þá víkja þeir þvers út eptir firðinum, ix. 43; sneri þvers annan veg frá liðinu, vii. 56; höfðu þeir þvers farit frá því sem þeir skyldu, viii. 56; þvers í mót yðvarri hugsan, Fb. i. 513: superl. þverst, ef þér kœmið í þverst þvari (see þvari), Hkv. Hjörv. 18 (Bugge, not þverz). þvers-um, adv. across.B. COMPDS: þverá, Þverá, Þverárhlíð, þverbak, þverbrestr, þverbrot, þverfell, þverfeta, þverfingr, þverfjörðr, þvergarðr, þvergyrðingr, Þverhlíðingr, þverhníptr, þvergniptr, þverhöggt, þverhönd, þverknýta, þverkominn, þverkyrfa, þverlyndi, þverlyndr, þvermóðska, þverneita, þverpallr, þversigling, þverskallast, þverskeytingr, þverskipa, þverskurðr, þverslag, þverslá, þverstigr, þverstræti, þversyll, þversök, þvertaka, þvertré, þverúð, þvervegr, þverþili, Þveræingr. -
122 ÖFUND
* * *f. grudge, envy, ill-will, hatred (sakir öfundar við Nóregs konung);e-m leikr (vex) öfund á e-u, one envies, feels envy at;verk þat var með hinni mestu öfund, that act was the object of the greatest indignation.* * *f., also spelt afund; [Dan. avind; Swed. afund; prob. from af- and unna, and thus prop. meaning a disowning, a grudge]:—a grudge, envy, ill-will, Sks. 609, Al. 153, Hom. 20, 52, 86; rægðr fyrir öfundar sakir, Ver. 52; sakir öfundar við Noregs konung, Fms. x. 9; gjalda e-m öfund, Ls. 12; öfundar-eyrir, öfundar-fé, money which is a cause of envy, in the proverb, afgjarnt verðr öfundar fé, Fas ii. 332; hann taldi þat sízt öfundar eyri, ok allir mundu honum þar bezt sæmdar unna, Fs. 12; e-m leikr, vex öfund á e-u, Fms. vi. 342, Fb. i. 91.2. as a law term, malice, hatred; allt þat er manni verðr með öfund misþyrmt, Gþl. 187; öfundar blóð, blood shed in enmity. K. Á. 28; öfundar drep, -högg, a premeditated blow, with intention to harm, N. G. L. i. 68, Gþl. 209.3. in compounded phrases; öfundar krókr, a malicious trick. Fas. ii. 355, Orkn. (in a verse); öfundar-bragð, id., Grett. 154 A: öfundar þáttr, Fms. xi. 442; öfundar skeyti, darts of envy, Stj, H. E. i. 470; öfundar verk, Sks. 448; öfundar-orð, words of envy, slander, Edda 11 (Gm. 32); öfundar-kennt, invidious, Magn. 438, Fms. ix. 445: öfundar-mál, slander, calumny, Eb. 264; öfundar-réttr, a right to damages for an outrage, Gþl. 397; öfundar-maðr, an ill-wisher, Ver. 31, Fms. ix. 262; öfundar-samr = öfundsamr; öfundar-bót = öfundar réttr, Gþl., 358, 397, Jb. 411; öfundar-engill, Mar.; öfundar-fullr, full of envy, Fms. vii. 132, Sks. 529; öfundar-lauss = öfundlauss, K. Á. 30; öfundar-laust blóð, blood not shed maliciously, N. G. L. i. 10, 11. -
123 hœfa
(-ða, -ðr), v.1) to hit, with acc. (þeir hœfa aldri dýr); hann hœfði allt þat, er hann skaut til, he never missed his mark; h. til, to aim; svá hafði smiðrinn til hœft, so well had he aimed;2) to fit, with dat. (hœfðu Kjartani þau klæði allvel);3) to behove, be meet (eigi hœfir at drepa svá fagran svein); svá hœfir eigi, segir Ulfr, that will not do, said U.; h. e-m, to be meet for one;4) refl., hœfast, to fit each other, to correspond; spjótit mun h. ok sár þat, the shaft and the wound will correspond; h. á, to agree in time, coincide. -
124 ofarliga
adv.1) high up, in the upper part (ofarliga í dalnum);þeim mun í brún bregða ok ofarliga klæja, they will make a wry face and their pates will tingle;fig., bíta e-m ofarliga, to bite one sharply;2) of time, towards the end of a certain period;ofarliga á dögum Ólafs konungs, in the later part of the reign of King Olaf (= á ofanverðum dögum). -
125 sjálfvili
m. free-will; at sjálfvilja, of one’s own free-will. -
126 sœkja
(sœki, sótta, sóttr), v.1) to seek (hann ætlar at s. sér kirkjuvið ok siglir þegar á haf); þangat sœkir þik engi, no one will seek thee thither; s. heilræði ok traust at e-m, to seek good counsel and help from one; s. um liðveizlu við e-n, to call on one for support;2) to go to fetch (B. átti erendi yfir fjörð at s. skjöldu sína ok vápn); s. e-t í e-n stað or til e-s staðar, to go to a place to fetch a thing (s. grös upp í hlíð, vatn til lœkjar);3) to visit, come to (enn aldna jötun ek sótta); s. e-n heim, to come to see one, visit one in his home; s. þing, to attend or frequent á þing; s. e-n at liðveizlu, um liðveizlu, to call on one for support;4) to attack, assail (s. e-n með vápnum; þessir munu s. oss með eldi); s. e-n heim, to fall upon one in his house (Gunnar sóttu heim þeir höfðingjar, er …);5) to catch, overtake (nú fiðr hann geldingaflokk ok fær eigi sótt);6) to overcome, master (munu þeir mik aldri fá sótt, meðan ek kem boganum við); to carry, take (eigi mun eyin sótt verða);7) to pursue; þeir sækja ferðina knáliga, they push on doughtily; s. fast róðrinn (sundit), to pull (swim) hard;8) to prosecute, in a lawsuit (s. e-n sökum, s. e-n til fullra laga); sótti K. til lands at Móeiðarhváli, K. laid claim to the land at M.; s. sök, mál, to carry on a suit; skalt þú s. þær sakir báðar, both these suits thou shall take up; s. mál til laga, to follow up a suit at law;9) to pass over (býðr þeim at s. fjallit norðr í bygð); var áin all-ill at s., the river was very bad to cross;10) absol. to proceed, go, advance (þeir stíga af hestunum ok sœkja upp á hólinn); er hann sótti langt austr, when he had advanced far eastward; s. á fund e-s, to go to see one; s. at, s. á, to attack (s. á borg); to urge the matter, insist (Þ. sótti á því meirr, en G. fór undan); s. eptir e-m, to pursue (Egill sótti þá eptir þeim); s. fram, to advance, go forward, in battle (E. sótti þá fram ok hjó til beggja handa); s. til e-s staðar, to frequent a place (til Túnsbergs sóttu mjök kaupmenn);11) refl., sœkjast, to advance, of a work in hand (en er á leið vetrinn, sóttist mjök borgargørðin); to be passed, of a road or distance; nú er meir en hálf-sótt, more than half-way; sóttist þeim seint skip þeira Hrúts, they were slow in boarding Hrut’s ship; þeir ætla, at þeim muni illa s. at vinna oss, they think it will be a hard struggle to master us; recipr., to seek one another sœkjast sér um líkir, birds of a feather flock together; to attack one another, fight (þeir nafnar sóttust lengi). -
127 AFLA
* * *(að), v.1) to gain, earn, procure (afla e-m e-s);afla sér fjár ok frama, to earn fame and wealth;aflaði þessi bardagi honum mikillar frægðar, brought him great fame;2) with acc., to earn (aflaði hann þar fé mikit);refl., e-m aflast e-t, one gains a thing;3) with dat., to perform, accomplish (hann aflaði brátt mikilli vinnu);with infin., to be able (ekki aflar hann því at standa í móti yður).* * *að, [cp. Swed. afvel, breed, slock: Dan. avling, farming; avlsgaard, farm; faareavl, qvægavl, breed of sheep or cattle. In Norse (mod.) avle is to harvest; Swed. afla, to beget. In the Icel. verb afla the idea of producing or gathering prevails, whereas the nouns branch off; the weak afli chiefly denotes produce, means, stores, resources, troops, forces; the strong one—afl— force alone. Yet such phrases as ramr at afli indicate something besides the mere notion of strength. In the mod. Scandin. idioms—Dan., Swed., Norse—there are no traces left of the idea of ‘force:’ cp. the Lat. opes and copiae. The Icel. spelling and pronunciation with bl (abl) is modern, perhaps from the time of the Reformation: cp. the words efla etc. with a changed vowel. The root is OP-, as shown in Lat. ope, ŏpes, the ŏ being changed into a?].I. with gen. of the thing, to gain, acquire, earn, procure; vandara at gæta fengins fjár en afla þess (a proverb); þá bjöggu þeir skip ok öfluðu manna til, got men to man it, Eg. 170.β. the phrase, afla sér fjár ok frægðar, to earn fame and wealth, of young heroes going sea-roving; fóru um sumarit í víking ok öfluðu sér fjár, Eg. 4; afla sér fjár ok frama, Fs. 5; fjár ok virðingar, id.; hann hafði aflat sér fjár ( made money) í hólmgöngum, Eg. 49; aflaði þessi bardagi honum mikillar frægðar, brought him great fame, Fms. ii. 307; kom honum í hug, at honum mundi mikillar framkvæmdar afla, bring him great advantage, Eb. 112.2. as a law term, to cause, inflict a wound; ef maðr aflar einum blóðs eðr bens af heiptugri hendi, N. G. L. i. 387.II. with acc., mostly in unclassical writers, but now rare, to earn; aflaði hann þar fé mikit, Fms. vii. 80; aflandi þann thesaur er, 655 xxxii. i; hafit ér ok mikit í aflat, Al. 159; mun ek til hafa atferð ok eljun at afla mér annan við, to contrive, Ld. 318, where, however, the excellent vellum MS. A. M. 309, 4to, has gen.—annars viðar—more classically, as the Saga in other passages uses the gen., e. g. afla sér manna ok hrossa, to procure horses and men, l. c. little below.β. reflex., e-m aflask e-t, gains, Fb. 163.γ. absol., njót sem þú hefir aflat, of ill-earned means, Nj. 37.δ. part. aflandi, Njarð. 366.2. now used absol. to fish, always with acc.; a standing phrase in Icel., the acc. only being used in that particular connection.III. with dat. in the sense of to perform, manage, be able to; hann aflaði brátt mikilli vinnu, ok var hagr vel, Fms. i. 289; fyr mun hann því afla en ek færa honum höfuð mitt, it will sooner happen, Fms. iv. 291, where the Hkr. reads orka; bauð út leiðangri, sem honum þótti landit mestu mega afla, to the utmost that the country could produce, Fms. x. 118; ekki aflar harm því at standa í móti yðr, he is not man enough to stand against you, Fas. iii. -
128 af-rað
afráð, afroð, and afhroð, n. (Fas. iii. 169), [cp. Swed. afrad; from roð, rud, fundus, ager (?)].I. prop, a Norse and Swedish law term, tribute, ground tax, payable to the king; a. ok landaura, N. G. L. i. 257, D. N. iii. 408. So also in Vsp. 27, hvárt skyldu æsir a. gjalda, where it is opp. to gildi, league.II. metaph. loss, damage,1. in the phrase, gjalda a., to pay a heavy fine, suffer a great loss; en þat a. munu vér gjalda, at margir munu eigi kunna frá at segja hvárir sigrast, there will be so heavy a loss in men, such a havoc in killed, Nj. 197 (where most MSS. read afroð, some afrað, Ed. afrauð); töluðu þeir opt um málaferlin, sagði Flosi, at þeir hefði mikit a. goldit þegar, 254 (MSS. afrað, afroð, and afhroð); Lýtingr mun þykjast áðr mikit a. goldit hafa í láti bræðra sinna, 155 (MSS. afrað, afroð, and afhroð), Fms. x. 324.2. in the phrase, göra mikit a., to make a great havoc; görði hann mikit afhroð í sinni vörn, great slaughter, Fas. iii. 169: cp. Lex. Poët.3. advice, Vtkv. 5; the verse is spurious and the meaning false.
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