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21 Ricardo, Sir Harry Ralph
[br]b. 26 January 1885 London, Englandd. 18 May 1974 Graffham, Sussex, England[br]English mechanical engineer; researcher, designer and developer of internal combustion engines.[br]Harry Ricardo was the eldest child and only son of Halsey Ricardo (architect) and Catherine Rendel (daughter of Alexander Rendel, senior partner in the firm of consulting civil engineers that later became Rendel, Palmer and Tritton). He was educated at Rugby School and at Cambridge. While still at school, he designed and made a steam engine to drive his bicycle, and by the time he went up to Cambridge in 1903 he was a skilled craftsman. At Cambridge, he made a motor cycle powered by a petrol engine of his own design, and with this he won a fuel-consumption competition by covering almost 40 miles (64 km) on a quart (1.14 1) of petrol. This brought him to the attention of Professor Bertram Hopkinson, who invited him to help with research on turbulence and pre-ignition in internal combustion engines. After leaving Cambridge in 1907, he joined his grandfather's firm and became head of the design department for mechanical equipment used in civil engineering. In 1916 he was asked to help with the problem of loading tanks on to railway trucks. He was then given the task of designing and organizing the manufacture of engines for tanks, and the success of this enterprise encouraged him to set up his own establishment at Shoreham, devoted to research on, and design and development of, internal combustion engines.Leading on from the work with Hopkinson were his discoveries on the suppression of detonation in spark-ignition engines. He noted that the current paraffinic fuels were more prone to detonation than the aromatics, which were being discarded as they did not comply with the existing specifications because of their high specific gravity. He introduced the concepts of "highest useful compression ratio" (HUCR) and "toluene number" for fuel samples burned in a special variable compression-ratio engine. The toluene number was the proportion of toluene in heptane that gave the same HUCR as the fuel sample. Later, toluene was superseded by iso-octane to give the now familiar octane rating. He went on to improve the combustion in side-valve engines by increasing turbulence, shortening the flame path and minimizing the clearance between piston and head by concentrating the combustion space over the valves. By these means, the compression ratio could be increased to that used by overhead-valve engines before detonation intervened. The very hot poppet valve restricted the advancement of all internal combustion engines, so he turned his attention to eliminating it by use of the single sleeve-valve, this being developed with support from the Air Ministry. By the end of the Second World War some 130,000 such aero-engines had been built by Bristol, Napier and Rolls-Royce before the piston aero-engine was superseded by the gas turbine of Whittle. He even contributed to the success of the latter by developing a fuel control system for it.Concurrent with this was work on the diesel engine. He designed and developed the engine that halved the fuel consumption of London buses. He invented and perfected the "Comet" series of combustion chambers for diesel engines, and the Company was consulted by the vast majority of international internal combustion engine manufacturers. He published and lectured widely and fully deserved his many honours; he was elected FRS in 1929, was President of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1944–5 and was knighted in 1948. This shy and modest, though very determined man was highly regarded by all who came into contact with him. It was said that research into internal combustion engines, his family and boats constituted all that he would wish from life.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1948. FRS 1929. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1944–5.Bibliography1968, Memo \& Machines. The Pattern of My Life, London: Constable.Further ReadingSir William Hawthorne, 1976, "Harry Ralph Ricardo", Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 22.JBBiographical history of technology > Ricardo, Sir Harry Ralph
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22 pierwsz|y
Ⅰ num ord. [klasa, rocznica, strona] first- pierwszy tom/rozdział the first volume/chapter, volume/chapter one- pierwsza osoba liczby pojedynczej/mnogiej Jęz. (the) first person singular/plural- pierwsza rocznica ślubu first wedding anniversary- pierwsza wojna światowa the First World War, World War I- student pierwszego roku a first-year student- pierwsza linijka od góry/od dołu the first line from the top/from the bottom- pierwszy dotarł do mety/był pierwszy na mecie he was the first to reach the finishing line/he came (in) first- kto skończył pierwszy? who was the first to finish?, who finished first?- wysunął się na pierwsze miejsce w konkursie he advanced to (the) first place in the competition- pierwszy raz tu jestem I’ve never been here before- jako pierwszy zabrał głos delegat Rosji Russia’s a. the Russian delegate was the first to speak- jako pierwszy w rodzinie skończył studia he was the first in the family to graduate- przyszła jako jedna z pierwszych she was one of the first to arrive- idź pierwszy! you go first!- z tych dwóch sugestii pierwsza wydaje się lepsza of the two suggestions, the first a. the former seems (the) better- lubię i horrory i thrillery, ale wolę te pierwsze I like both horror films and thrillers, but I prefer the former- ten pierwszy (z wymienionych)…, a ten drugi… the former…, and the latter- pierwszy i ostatni the first and the last- nie pierwszy i nie ostatni raz się kłócą a. to nie ich pierwsza kłótnia i nie ostatnia it’s not their first quarrel, and it won’t be their last- przyrzeknij, że to był pierwszy i ostatni raz promise (that) it won’t happen again- pierwsza z brzegu książka (najbliższa) the first book to hand- wszedł do pierwszej z brzegu kawiarni he walked into the first café he saw a. came across- chwycił się pierwszego lepszego wykrętu he seized on any old excuse a. the first excuse that came to mind- to może zrobić pierwszy lepszy anybody can do it; every Tom, Dick, and Harry can do it pot.- nie był pierwszym lepszym Chińczykiem, ale admirałem he wasn’t just any old Chinese, but a Chinese admiralⅡ adj. 1. (początkowy) [śnieg, oznaka, wrażenie] first- pierwsze truskawki/pomidory early a. the first strawberries/tomatoes- (on) nie jest już pierwszej młodości he’s no longer in the first flush of youth; he’s a bit long in the tooth pot.- spadł pierwszy śnieg it’s the first snow of the season- powieść z życia pierwszych chrześcijan a novel about the life of the early Christians- w pierwszych latach XX wieku in the first a. early years of the 20th century- w pierwszej chwili at first- w pierwszej chwili myślałam, że to sen at first I thought it was a dream- od pierwszej chwili from the (very) first- od pierwszej chwili nie ufała mu she didn’t trust him from the (very) first- z pierwszego snu obudził go hałas na ulicy he was woken from the first, deep phase of sleep by noise in the street2. (główny) [nagroda] first, main; [oficer, sekretarz] first- pierwsza dama the first lady- pierwsza dama swinga przen. the first lady of swing- mąż Anny był pierwszą osobą w rodzinie Anna’s husband was the most important person in the family- pierwszy plan foreground; przen. foreground, forefront- na pierwszym planie in the foreground; przen. in the foreground, in a. at the forefront- stawiać kogoś/coś na pierwszym planie a. miejscu to put sb/sth first- wysunąć się na pierwszy plan a. pierwsze miejsce to come to the forefront- pierwsze potrzeby basic needs- artukuły pierwszej potrzeby necessities- pierwszy po Bogu the most important person3. (najlepszy) [gatunek, klasa, kategoria, liga] first; [specjalista, znawca] foremost- był pierwszym uczniem w szkole he was the best pupil in his school- jeden z pierwszych ekspertów w dziedzinie psychologii dziecka one of the foremost experts on child psychology- chce być we wszystkim pierwszy he wants to be the best at everything- pierwszej klasy a. pierwszej wody aktor a first-class a. first-rate actor- film był pierwsza klasa! pot. that was some film!Ⅲ m (data) the first- pierwszy (maja) the first (of May)- dziś pierwszy lipca it’s the first of July a. July the first today- wyjechała pierwszego she left on the first- pensji z trudem starcza mi do pierwszego I find it hard to make ends meetⅣ pierwsza (godzina) one (o’clock)- spotkajmy się o pierwszej let’s meet at one- jest pół do pierwszej it’s half past twelveⅤ pierwsze (danie) first course- na pierwsze zjemy zupę pieczarkową we’ll have mushroom soup as a first course■ być pierwszym do dowcipów/gotowania to love jokes/cooking- być pierwszym do pomocy to be eager to help- zawsze jest pierwszy do bijatyki he’s always getting into scraps pot.- do pracy był pierwszy he was never work-shy- pierwszy raz słyszę! a. pierwsze słyszę! pot. that’s news to me!, that’s the first I’ve heard about it!- pierwsze słyszę, że się pobrali I didn’t know they’d got married- na pierwszy rzut oka at first glance a. sight- na pierwszy rzut oka wszystko było w porządku at first glance everything was in order a. O.K.- od pierwszego wejrzenia a. spojrzenia at first glance a. sight- miłość od pierwszego wejrzenia love at first sight- poznać się na kimś od pierwszego wejrzenia (docenić) to see sb’s worth the moment one sets eyes on sb; (przejrzeć) to see through sb the moment one sets eyes on sb- po pierwsze first (of all), firstly; in the first place pot.- po pierwsze musisz skończyć studia first a. first of all, you must graduate- są dwa powody: po pierwsze…, a po drugie… there are two reasons: first(ly), …, and second(ly), …- kto pierwszy, ten lepszy przysł. first come, first served; the early bird catches the worm przysł.The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > pierwsz|y
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23 ce
ce [sə]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. <━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► L'anglais distingue plus nettement que le français les objets ou personnes qui sont proches de ceux qui sont moins proches (dans l'espace ou dans le temps, ou subjectivement). Pour les objets et personnes qui sont proches, on choisira this, pour les moins proches, on préférera that.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• j'aime beaucoup ces boucles d'oreille (que je porte) I really like these earrings ; (que tu portes) I really like those earrings• ce Paul Durat est un drôle de personnage ! that Paul Durat is quite a character!• cette idée ! what an idea!• le 8 de ce mois ( = ce mois-là) the 8th of that month2. <━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► ce becomes c' before en and forms of the verb être that begin with a vowel.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• ce qui est important, c'est... what really matters is...• nous n'avons pas de jardin, ce qui est dommage we haven't got a garden, which is a pity► ce que what ; (reprenant une proposition) which• ce qu'elle m'a dit, c'est qu'elle n'a pas le temps what she told me was that she hasn't got time• il pleut beaucoup, ce que j'aime bien it rains a lot, which I like• ce que les gens sont bêtes ! people are so stupid!• ce qu'elle joue bien ! she's such a good player!• ce qu'il m'agace ! he's so annoying!━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► ce dont━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Notez la place de la préposition en anglais.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━* * *seə* * *seə1. nf2) COMMERCESee:2. nm1) INDUSTRIESee:2) ÉDUCATIONSee:* * *A adj dém1 ○( avec un sujet redondant) alors, ce bébé, ça pousse? how's the baby doing?; et ces travaux, ça avance? how's the work progressing?; cet entretien, ça s'est bien passé? how did the interview go?; et cette grippe? how's your flu?;2 ( de politesse) et pour ces dames? what are the ladies having?; si ces messieurs veulent bien me suivre if the gentlemen would care to follow me;3 ( suivi d'une précision) il a commis cette erreur que commettent beaucoup de gens he made the mistake so many people make; il n'est pas de ces hommes qui manquent de parole he's not the kind of man ou the sort to break his word; je lui rends cette justice qu'il m'a tenu au courant I must say in all fairness to him that he kept me informed; elle a eu cette chance que la corde a tenu she was lucky in that the rope held;4 ( marquant le degré) cette arrogance! what arrogance!; cette idée! what an idea!; ah, ce repas! what a meal!; quand on a ce talent when you are as talented as that; j'ai un de ces rhumes! I've got an awful cold, I've got such a cold!; je ne pensais pas qu'il aurait cette chance/audace I never thought he would be so lucky/cheeky; tu as de ces idées! you've got some funny ideas!B pron dém ce disant so saying; ce faisant in so doing; ce que voyant (and) seeing this; pour ce faire, je devrais déménager in order to do that, I would have to move; il a refusé, et ce, parce que… he refused, and all because…; tout s'est bien passé, et ce, grâce à vos efforts everything went well, and that was all thanks to you; c'est un peu trop, ce me semble it's a bit much, it seems to me; vous êtes, ce dit-on/ce m'a-t-on dit you are, so they say/so I have been told; sur ce, je vous quitte with that, I must take my leave; c'est te dire s'il faisait chaud! which just goes to show how hot it was; c'est tout dire that says it all; fais ce que tu veux do what you like; ne te fie pas à ce qu'il dit don't rely on what he says; dis-moi ce qui s'est passé tell me what happened; voilà ce dont tu as besoin that's what you need; ce que je veux savoir, c'est qui l'a cassé what I want to know is who broke it; c'est ce à quoi il a fait allusion that's what he was alluding to; il faut être riche, ce que je ne suis pas you need to be rich, which I am not; il a fait faillite, ce qui n'est pas surprenant he's gone bankrupt, which is hardly surprising; il a accepté, ce à quoi je ne m'attendais pas he accepted, which is something I didn't expect; ce qui m'étonne, c'est qu'il ait accepté what surprises me is that he accepted; je ne m'attendais pas à ce qu'il écrive I wasn't expecting him to write; il n'y a pas de mal à ce que tu fasses cela there's no harm in your doing that; il s'étonne de ce que tu ne le saches pas he's surprised (that) you don't know; il tient à ce que vous veniez he's very keen that you should come ou for you to come; il se plaint de ce que tu ne l'aies pas consulté he complains (that) you didn't consult him; ce que c'est grand/laid! it's so big/ugly!; c'est étonnant ce qu'il te ressemble! it's amazing how much he looks like you!; ce qu'il a mangé de or comme bonbons! what a lot of sweets GB ou candy US he ate!; ce que c'est que d'être vieux/d'avoir étudié! what it is to be old/to be educated!; ce que c'est que les enfants! that's children for you!; voilà ce que c'est de se vanter/ne pas écouter! that's what comes of boasting/not listening!; ce qu'il ne faut pas accepter/faire! the things one has to put up with/to do!; ce que or qu'est-ce que○ j'ai faim! I'm so hungry!, I'm starving!; ce qu'il○ pleut/fait froid! it's pouring down/freezing!I[sə] (devant 'e' c' [s], devant 'a' ç' [s]) pronom démonstratif1. [sujet du verbe 'être']dire oui, c'est renoncer à sa liberté saying yes means ou amounts to giving up one's freedomc'est encore loin, la mer? is the sea still far away?, is it still a long way to the sea?c'est à toi? is this ou is it yours?serait-ce que tu as oublié? have you forgotten, by any chance?2. [pour insister]c'est l'auteur que je préfère he's/she's my favourite writerc'est à vous, monsieur, que je voudrais parler it was you I wanted to speak to, sirc'est à lui/à toi de décider it's up to him/up to you to decide3. ['c'est que' introduisant une explication]s'il ne parle pas beaucoup, c'est qu'il est timide if he doesn't say much, it's because he's shy4. [comme antécédent du pronom relatif]ce qui, ce que whatce qui m'étonne, c'est que... what surprises me is that...[reprenant la proposition] whichil dit en avoir les moyens, ce que je crois volontiers he says he can afford it, which I'm quite prepared to believe[introduisant une complétive]de ce que: je m'étonne de ce qu'il n'ait rien dit I'm surprised (by the fact that) he didn't say anythingsur ce que: il insiste sur ce que le travail doit être fait en temps voulu he insists that the work must be done in the specified time5. [emploi exclamatif]ce que tu es naïf! you're so naive!, how naive you are!tu vois ce que c'est que de mentir! you see what happens when you lie!, you see where lying gets you!ce que c'est (que) d'être instruit, tout de même! it must be wonderful to be educated!6. (locution)ce disant so saying, with these wordset ce: il n'a rien dit, et ce malgré toutes les menaces he said nothing, (and this) in spite of all the threatssur ce, je vous salue and now, I take my leavesur ce, elle se leva with that, she got upII[sə] (devant nom masculin commençant par voyelle ou h muet cet [sɛt]) ( féminin cette [sɛt], pluriel ces [sɛ]) déterminant (adjectif démonstratif)cette semaine je n'ai rien fait I haven't done a thing this ou this past ou this last week3. [désignant - ce dont on a parlé] this, these pluriel, that, those pluriel ; [ - ce dont on va parler] this, these pluriel4. [suivi d'une proposition relative]voici ce pont dont je t'ai parlé here's the ou that bridge I told you aboutil était de ces comédiens qui... he was one of those actors who...5. [emploi expressif]cet enfant est un modèle de sagesse! this ou that child is so well behaved!et pour ces messieurs, ce sera? now what will the ou you gentlemen have?
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