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1 ya
1 relative pronoun "which, what" attested in VT43:28, 34 and in the Arctic sentence, with locative suffix in Namárië: see \#yassë. According to VT47:21, ya is impersonal, "which" rather than "whom" compare the personal form ye. The dative form yan q.v. is however used for "to whom" rather than to which in one text, indicating that Tolkien did not always distinguish between personal and impersonal forms. In the phrase lúmessë uya/u variant: uyá/u firuvammë, *"in the hour uthat/u we shall die", the relative pronoun is not explicitly marked for case and is evidently understood to share the case of the preceding noun hence not *lúmessë uyassë/u... "in the hour uin which/u"... VT43:27-28 Presumably, ya has the plural form *yar e.g. *i nati yar hirnen the things that/which I found. 2 or yan, prep. "as" VT43:16, probably abandoned in favour of sívë -
2 -o
1 genitive ending, as in Altariello, Oromëo, Elenna-nórëo, Rithil-Anamo, Rúmilo, Lestanórëo, neldëo, omentielvo, sindiëo, Valinórëo, veryanwesto, q.v. In words ending in -a, the genitive ending replaces this final vowel, hence atto, Ráno, Vardo, vorondo as the genitive forms of atta, Rána, Varda, voronda q.v. Following a noun in -ië, the ending can have the longer form -no, e.g. *máriéno of goodness PE17:59, but contrast sindiëo of greyness in PE17:72.Where the word ends in -o already, the genitive is not distinct in form, e.g. ciryamo q.v. = mariner or mariners. Pl. -ion and -ron, q.v.; dual -to but possibly -uo in the case of nouns that have nominative dual forms in -u rather than -t. The Quenya genitive describes source, origin or former ownership rather than current ownership which is rather covered by the possessive-adjectival case in -va. The ending -o may also take on an ablativic sense, from, as in Oiolossëo from Mount Oiolossë Nam, sio hence VT49:18. In some of Tolkiens earlier material, the genitive ending was -n rather than -o, cf. such a revision as Yénië Valinóren Annals of Valinor becoming Yénië Valinórëo MR:200. 2, also -ó, "a person, somebody", pronominal suffix PM:340 -
3 ala
1 imperative particle á, a combined with the negation lá, -la "not" to express a prohibition VT43:22; see lá \#1. Also with 1st person suffix -lyë alalyë and álalyë, VT43:10, 22, VT44:8 and 1st person pl. object suffix -më alamë and álamë, "do not do something to us", as in álaumë/u tulya, "do not lead uus/u", VT43:12, 22. In the essay Quendi and Eldar, negative imperatives are rather indicated by áva, q.v., but this form can well coexist with ala, \#ála. 5 prep. "after, beyond" MC:221, 214; however, LotR-style Quenya has han and pella "beyond" and apa "after" 6 also alar! or alla! interjection "hail, blessed be thou". VT45:5,14 7 noun "day", also alan "daytime". The forms allen, alanen listed after these words could be inflected forms of them, genitive "of daytime", constracted allen = al'nen and uncontracted. However, Tolkien struck out all of this VT45:13. -
4 ála
1 imperative particle á, a combined with the negation lá, -la "not" to express a prohibition VT43:22; see lá \#1. Also with 1st person suffix -lyë alalyë and álalyë, VT43:10, 22, VT44:8 and 1st person pl. object suffix -më alamë and álamë, "do not do something to us", as in álaumë/u tulya, "do not lead uus/u", VT43:12, 22. In the essay Quendi and Eldar, negative imperatives are rather indicated by áva, q.v., but this form can well coexist with ala, \#ála. -
5 airë
1 adj. "holy", \#Airefëa "the Holy Spirit" VT43:37, dative airefëan on the previous page, airetári or Airë Tári "holy queen" a title of Varda, PM:363, genitive aire-tário "holy-queen's" Nam, RGEO:67. However, according to PM:363, airë is the noun "sanctity", while aira is the adjective "holy". VT43:14 refers to an etymological note of "Sept.-Oct. 1957" where airë is said to be a noun "sanctity, holiness", and the adjective "holy" is given as airëa. However, the verb \#airita- "hallow" seems to be formed from an adjective airë, airi- "holy". Evidently airë can function as both adjective "holy" and noun "holiness"; if so airë as adj. could represent a primitive adjective *gaisi, whereas airë as noun may descend from*gaisē. The former but not the latter would have the stem airi- as observed in the derived verb \#airita-, and compounds like airetári rather than *airitári would seem to contain properly the noun "holiness". 2 noun "sea" the form airen is given, intended as a genitive singular when Tolkien wrote this; in LotR-style Quenya it would rather be a dative sg. AYAR/AIR; cf. airon 3 noun "eternity" EY, VT45:13 -
6 ló
1 noun "night, a night" DO3/DŌ, VT45:28 lo 2 prep. from, also used = by introducing the agent after a passive construction: nahtana ló Turin *slain by Túrin VT49:24. A similar and possibly identical form is mentioned in the Etymologies as being somehow related to the ablative ending -llo, but is not there clearly defined VT45:28. At one point, Tolkien suggested that lo rather than the ending -llo was used with proper names lo Manwë rather than Manwello for from Manwë, but this seems to have been a short-lived idea VT49:24. -
7 an-
2 intensive or superlative prefix carrying the idea of "very" or "most", seen in ancalima "most bright" cf. calima "bright", antara "very high, very lofty" and \#anyára *"very old" or *"oldest" the latter form occurring in the so-called Elaine inscription VT49:40, there with the dative ending -n. Assimilated to am- before p-, as in amparca "k" "very dry", and to al-, ar-, as- before words in l-, r-, s- though Tolkien seems to indicate that before words in l- derived from earlier d, the original quality of the consonant would be preserved so that forms in and- rather than all- would result. See also un-. Letters:279, VT45:5, 36 Regarding the form of the superlative prefix before certain consonants, another, partially discrepant system was also set down in the Etymologies and first published in VT45:36. The prefix was to appear as um- or un- before labialized consonants like p-, qu-, v- the consonant v preserving its ancient pronunciation b- following the prefix, thus producing a word in umb-, as in- technically iñ- before c- and g- the latter presumably referring to words that originally had initial g-, later lost in Quenya but evidently preserved following this prefix, and as an- otherwise. However, this system would contradict the canonical example ancalima, which would have been *incalima if Tolkien had maintained this idea. In a post-LotR source, the basic form of the prefix is given as am- instead see am- \#2. In this late conception, the prefix still appears as an- before most consonants, but as ama- before r, l, and the form an- is used even before s- whether original or from þ, not the assimilated variant as- described above. General principles would suggest that the form am- should also appear before y- so the form \#anyára probably presupposes an- rather than am- as the basic form of the prefix, Tolkien revisiting the earlier concept in the Elaine inscription. PE17:92 3 prefix "re" in antúlien, q.v. LotR-style Quenya shows en- instead. -
8 holwë
noun "stink" or *"stench", *holwëa adj. "stinking". PE13:162 gives holwë "stink", derived from 3olwē; PM13:145 however gives the Q word as olwë and the adj. "stinking" as olwëa, though primitive forms with initial 3- the spirant gh are presupposed also there. Tolkien later used a system where primitive words in 3- yield Quenya forms in h-, as demonstrated by relevant entries in the Etymologies, so we prefer holwë to olwë which would also clash with the later personal name Olwë, unlikely to mean "stink", and we similarly read *holwëa rather than olwëa as the adj. "stinking". In Etym, the root ÑOL seems to represent a later experiment with similar words having to do with smell, and once again we observe shifting conceptions as to whether the Quenya words should show initial h- or not; in this conception the initial consonant in Primitive Elvish was ñ- rather than 3-. -
9 me
1 1st person pl. exclusive pronoun "we, us" VT49:51; VT43:23, VT44:9. This pronoun preserves the original stem-form VT49:50. Stressed mé VT49:51. Cf. also mel-lumna "us-is-heavy", sc. *"is heavy for us" LR:47, mel- is evidently an assimilated form of men "for us", dative of me; the form men is attested by itself, VT43:21. For me as object, cf. álaumë/u "do not do something to uus/u", negative imperative particle with object pronoun suffixed VT43:19: álamë tulya, "do not lead us", áumen/u "do something ufor us/u", imperative particle with dative pronoun suffixed ámen apsenë "forgive us", VT43:12, 18. Dual exclusive met "we/us two" Nam, VT49:51, "you and me" VT47:11; the latter translation would make met an inclusive pronoun, though it is elsewhere suggested that it is rather exclusive: "him/her and me", corresponding to wet q.v. as the true inclusive dual form. Rá men or rámen "for us/on our behalf", see rá. Locative messë "on us", VT44:12 also with prefix o, ó- ?"with" in the same source. See also ménë, ómë. -
10 ta
1 pron. "that, it" TA; compare antaróuta/u "he gave it" FS; see anta-. The forms tar/tara/tanna thither, talo/tó thence and tás/tassë there are originally inflected forms of this pronoun: *to that, *from that and *in that place, respectively. Compare there as one gloss of ta see \#4. 2 adv. so, like that, also, e.g. ta mára so good VT49:12 3 pron. "they, them", an "impersonal" 3rd person pl. stem, referring "only to 'abstracts' or to things such as inanimates not by the Eldar regarded as persons" VT43:20, cf. ta as an inanimate Common Eldarin plural pronoun, VT49:52. Compare te, q.v. The word ta occurring in some versions of Tolkien's Quenya Lord's Prayer may exemplify this use of ta as an "impersonal" plural pronoun: emmë avatyarir uta/u "we forgive uthem/u" VT43:8, 9; this refers to trespasses, not the trespassers. However, since Tolkien also wanted ta to mean that see \#1 above, he may seem to be somewhat dissatisfied with ta they, them, introducing variant forms like tai VT49:32 to free up ta as a sg. pronoun. In one document, tai was in turn altered to te VT49:33, which could suggest that the distinction between animate and inanimate they, them was abandoned and the form te q.v. could be used for both. In some documents, Tolkien seems to use tar as the plural form VT49:56 mentions this as an uncertain reading in a source where the word was struck out; compare ótar under ó-. 4 conj., said to be a reducted form of tá then, used before each new item in a series or list; if as often in English the equivalent of and was omitted, and placed only before a final item e.g. Tom, Dick, and Harriet, this would in Quenya represent a discontinuity, and what followed after ta would be an addition of something overlooked or less important. PE17:70 Hence the use of arta ar ta, and ta for et cetera; in older language ta ta or just ta. 5 adv. there VT49:33; this may be an Elvish root or element rather than a Quenya word; see tanomë; see however also tar, tara, tanna under ta \#1. -
11 ehtyar
noun "spearman" EK/EKTE. According to VT45:12, Tolkien at one point also meant ehtyar to be the name of Tengwa \#15 with overposed dots to indicate a palatal sound; the letter would thus have the value hty. However, according to the classical Tengwar spelling of Quenya as outlined in LotR Appendix E, such a letter would rather have the value **ncy since \#15 is there assigned the value nc in Quenya, but since **ncy is not a possible Quenya combination, a palatal variant of \#15 would not occur in the classical Quenya mode. -
12 lár
1 noun "league", a linear measure, 5000 rangar q.v.. A ranga was approximately 38 inches, so a lár was "5277 yards, two feet and four inches ca. 4826 m, supposing the equivalence to be exact" - close enough to our league of 5280 yards to justify this translation. The basic meaning of lár is "pause";in marches a brief halt was made for each league. UT:285 2 noun "ear" ?. Tolkien's wording is not clear, but ¤lasū is given as an ancient dual form "pair of ears"; Quenya lár could represent the old singular las- LASsup2/sup. In a post-LotR source, Tolkien derives hlas ear dual hlaru from a stem SLAS PE17:62. Initial hl- rather than l- reflects the revised form of the stem LAS becoming SLAS, and in the later version of the phonology, postvocalic -s does not become -r when final. Compare the noun dream, given as olor in the Etymologies LOS, but as olos pl. olori in a later source UT:396 -
13 caita-
vb. "lie" = lie down, not "tell something untrue", aorist tense "lies" in the sentences sindanóriello caita mornië "out of a grey land darkness lies" Nam, RGEO:67, caitas lá/palla i sír it is lit. lies far beyond the river PE17:65; the latter example demonstrates that caita can also be used of a geographical feature that lies in a certain place. According to PE17:72 and VT48:12-13, the pa.t. is cainë or cëantë rather than **caitanë. The "Qenya" form kakainen, translated "were lying", may seem to be related VT27:7, 21 -
14 hanuvoitë
adj.? "male" prob. adj. rather than noun; the word as such is not clearly glossed, but connects with hanu "a male" INI -
15 tai
1 pron. "that which, what", which fact VT42:34, VT49:12, 20. The word occurs in the sentence alasaila ná lá carë tai mo navë mára, translated "it is unwise not to do what one judges good". So tai = "what", but it means more literally "that which" VT49:12, ta + i cf. ta \#1 and the use of i as a relative pronoun. In one note, Tolkien emended tai to ita, reversing the elements VT49:12 and also eliminating the ambiguity involving the homophone tai \#2, see below. 2 pron. they, them, 3rd person pl., used with reference to inanimates rather than persons or living things VT49:32, see ta \#3 above. Perhaps to avoid the clash with tai that which, the pronoun tai they, them was altered to te in at least one manuscript VT49:33, so that it would merge with the pronoun used of living beings and the distinction between animate and inanimate would be abandoned see te. 3 adv. then, also tá which form may be preferred because tai has other meanings as well VT49:33 -
16 ar-
1 prefix "outside" ARsup2/sup, element meaning "beside" VT42:17, by PE17:169; in the same source the glosses near, by, beside were rejected. Cf. ara. 2, also ari-, prefix for superlative compare arya \#1, 2, hence arcalima brightest, arimelda *dearest PE17:56-57. In the grammar described in the source, this prefix was to express superlative as the highest degree in actual comparison, whereas the alternative prefix an- rather expressed very or exceedingly with a more purely augmentative or adverbial force, but these distinctions do not seem to have been clearly present at all stages of Tolkiens work. See an- \#2, am- \#2. a prefixed form of the stem Ara- "noble" PM:344. In the masc. names Aracáno "high chieftain", mothername amilessë, q.v. of Fingolfin PM:360, cf. 344, Arafinwë "Finarfin" MR:230 -
17 ambar
1 "a-mbar" noun "oikumenē Greek: the earth as the human habitation, Earth, world" MBAR, stem ambar- PE17:66, related to and associated with mar "home, dwelling" VT45:33; in VT46:13 the latter glosses are possibly also ascribed to the word ambar itself the wording is not clear. The form ambaren also listed in the Etymologies was presumably intended as the genitive singular at the time of writing in LotR-style Quenya it would rather be the dative singular; in the printed version in LR, the misreading "ambaron" appears see VT45:33. Ambar-metta noun "the end of the world" EO; spelt ambarmetta in VT44:36. The element \#umbar in Tarumbar "King of the World" q.v. would seem to be a variant of ambar, just like ambar \#2 "doom" also alternates with umbar see below. 2 noun "fate, doom" variant of umbar? in Turambar SA:amarth; stem ambart- PE17:66, instrumental ambartanen "by doom" Silm ch. 21, UT:138, PE17:66. The early "Qenya" lexicon has ambar "Fate", also amarto LT2:348 3 noun "breast chest, with stem in -s- or -r- QL:30. The form ambar, translated in bosom,occurs in MC:213 this is "Qenya". Note: if this word were to be adapted to LotR-style Quenya, we should probably have to read *ambas with stem ambar-; compare olos, olor- dream from a late source. However, the form ambos q.v. is less ambiguous and may be preferred. -
18 úvanimo
noun "monster creature of Melkor BAN, LT1:272; pl. úvanimor "monsters" is attested UGU/UMU, GŪ. According to VT45:7, 16 Tolkien did not capitalize the word úvanimo, though it was so printed in the entries BAN and GŪ in the Etymologies as printed in LR. The pl. form húvanimor was abandoned along with hú rather than ú- as a negative prefix, VT45:17. -
19 raust
noun "hunting, preying" LT1:260; in LotR-style Quenya rather roimë misreading "raime" in LR:384. Normally, LotR-style Quenya does not permit final consonant clusters. -
20 -rya
3rd person sg. pronominal ending "his, her" and probably its VT49:16, 38, 48, Nam, RGEO:67, attested in coivierya *his/her life, máryat "her hands", ómaryo "of her voice" genitive of *ómarya "her voice", súmaryassë "in her bosom" locative of súmarya "her bosom"; for the meaning "his" cf. coarya "his house" WJ:369. The ending is descended from primitive ¤-sjā via -zya VT49:17 and therefore connects with the 3rd person ending -s he, she, it. In colloquial Quenya the ending -rya could be used for their rather than his/her, because it was felt to be related to the plural ending -r,e.g. símaryassen in their not his/her imaginations VT49:16, 17. See -ya \#4.
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