-
1 -l
or -lyë VT49:48, 51, pronominal endings for 2nd person sg. polite/formal you, thou: caril or carilyë *you do VT49:16, hamil you judge VT42:33, anel you were see ná \#1; see -lyë for further examples. These endings may also be added to pronouns etel/etelyë or mil, milyë; see et, mi. In one source, -l is rather used as a reduced affix denoting plural you; see heca! WJ:364 -
2 ná
1 vb. "is" am. Nam, RGEO:67. This is the copula used to join adjectives, nouns or pronouns in statements or wishes asserting or desiring a thing to have certain quality, or to be the same as another VT49:28. Also in impersonal constructions: ringa ná it is cold VT49:23. The copula may however be omitted where the meaning is clear without it VT49:9. Ná is also used as an interjection yes or it is so VT49:28. Short na in airë na, " is holy" VT43:14; some subject can evidently be inserted in the place of. Short na also functions as imperative: alcar mi tarmenel una/u Erun "glory in high heaven ube/u to God" VT44:32/34, also na airë "be holy" VT43:14; also cf. nai be it that see nai \#1. The imperative participle á may be prefixed á na, PE17:58. However, VT49:28 cites ná as the imperative form. Pl. nar or nár are" PE15:36, VT49:27, 9, 30; dual nát VT49:30. With pronominal endings: nányë/nanyë I am, nalyë or natyë you sg. are polite and familiar, respectively, nás it is, násë she is, nalmë we are VT49:27, 30. Some forms listed in VT49:27 are perhaps to be taken as representing the aorist: nain, naityë, nailyë 1st person sg, and 2nd person familiar/polite, respectively; does a followingna represent the aorist with no pronominal ending? However, the forms nanyë, nalyë, ná, nassë, nalme, nar changed from nár are elsewhere said to be aorist, without the extra vowel i e.g. nalyë rather than nailyë; also notice that *she is is here nassë rather than násë VT49:30.Pa.t. nánë or né was, pl. náner/nér and dual nét were VT49:6, 9, 10, 27, 28, 30, 36. According to VT49:31, né was cannot receive pronominal endings though nésë he was is attested elsewhere, VT49:28-29, and such endings are rather added to the form ane-, e.g. anen I was, anel you were, anes she/it was VT49:28-29. Future tense nauva "will be" VT42:34, VT49:19, 27; another version however gives the future tense as uva, VT49:30. Nauva with a pronominal ending occurs in tanomë nauvan I will be there VT49:19, this example indicating that forms of the verb ná may also be used to indicate position. Perfect anaië has been VT49:27, first written as anáyë. Infinitive or gerund návë being, PE17:68. See also nai \#1. 2, also nán, conj. "but, on the contrary, on the other hand" NDAN; the form nan, q.v., is probably to be preferred to avoid confusion with ná "is", *nán "I am". -
3 ara
prep.and adv.? "outside, beside, besides" ARsup2/sup, VT49:57. According to VT45:6, the original glosses were "without, outside, beside", but Tolkien emended this. Arsë he is out, VT49:23, 35, 36. As for ara, see ar \#1. VT49:25 lists what seems to be ara combined with various pronominal suffixes: Singular anni arni *beside me, astyë *beside you informal, allë *besides you formal, arsë *beside him/her, plural anwë armë *beside us exclusive, arwë *beside us inclusive, astë ardë *beside you plural, astë artë *beside them; dual anwet armet *beside us two. Here Tolkien presupposes that ara represents original ada-. The same source lists the unglossed forms ari, arin that may combine the preposition with the article, hence *beside the VT49:24-25 -
4 -lyë
pronominal ending thou, you VT49:48, 2nd person sg. formal/polite:hiruvalyë "thou shalt find" Nam, RGEO:67, carilyë *you do VT49:16. Long form of -l, q.v. The ending also occurs in alyë, the imperative particle a with a pronominal suffix VT43:17; see a \#3. The intimate/familiar ending corresponding to polite/formal -lyë is -tyë, q.v cf. PE17:135 where Tolkien states that hiruvalyë thou shalt find from Namárië would be hiruvatyë if the polite pronoun were replaced by the familiar one. Compare the independent pronoun tye. In VT49:51, Tolkien denies that the ending -tyë has any short form see, however, -t \# 3. Cf. natyë you are; see ná \#1. Compare tye, -tya. -
5 l
cf. PE17:135 where Tolkien states that hiruvalyë thou shalt find from Namárië would be hiruvatyë if the polite pronoun were replaced by the familiar one. Compare the independent pronoun tye. In VT49:51, Tolkien denies that the ending -tyë has any short form see, however, -t \# 3. Cf. natyë you are; see ná \#1. Compare tye, -tya. -
6 né
vb. was; see ná \#1. Also used as interjection yes when the meaning is it was so, it was as you say/ask VT49:31. Pl. nér were, dual nét VT49:30. Nésë he was VT49:29, though Tolkien elsewhere stated that né did not take any inflection of person VT49:31, pronominal endings rather being added to ane- the form anes *he was is attested. Anda né long ago VT49:31. vb. in pa.t. was; see ná \#1. -
7 ane-
form of copula was when pronominal endings follow: anen I was, anel you were, anes she/it was VT49:28, 29; see ná \#1. -
8 u-
vb. "not do, not be" 1st pers. aorist uin "I do not, am not", pa.t. úmë UGU/UMU. A late ca. 1968 source gives the forms uin, uinyë I am not, uilyë *you are not, uis it is not, uilmë *we are not, uir are not and endingless ui *is not VT49:29, 36; these forms were however struck out. The example uin carë I dont PE17:68 combines this negative verb with a following verb in the simplest aorist infinitive. Compare ua in another late source. See also ui, which despite its use as an interjection no seems to be the endingless 3rd person aorist.
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