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101 hold one's head above water
"удержаться на поверхности", бороться с трудностями; бороться за существование; не влезать в долги; избежать банкротстваHe had been grappling with them ever since he married and begot a family; had been bobbing about on tempestuous financial seas, venting now a little profanity, now a little philosophy, but keeping his head above water... (R. Greenwood, ‘Mr. Bunting’, ch. I) — Он воевал со всем этим с тех пор, как женился и обзавелся семьей; он плавал по бурным волнам финансовых неурядиц, отводя душу то крепким словечком, то философскими размышлениями, и все-таки ни разу не ушел с головой под воду...
‘Well, I'm blessed!’ he exclaimed. ‘Here I've been struggling to keep our heads above water, and before we're out of the wood you go and bring home a motorcar on tick. We ain't lords and millionaires, Chris, we're ordinary people.’ (R. Greenwood, ‘Mr. Bunting’, ch. XIV) — - Ну что ты тут поделаешь! - воскликнул он. - я бьюсь как рыба об лед, чтобы сводить концы с концами. Мы еще не выбрались из нужды, а он, смотри пожалуйста, пошел и купил машину в кредит. Мы не лорды и не миллионеры, Крис. Мы обыкновенные люди.
Certainly, the Bank of America makes profits out of the "small people" it claims to serve. But under capitalism people are willing to pay such a tribute for financial services which may help them keep their heads above water for the moment - even though the price paid may leave them still less secure, still more vulnerable to economic vicissitudes, in the future. (V. Perlo, ‘The Empire of High Finance’, ch. XIII) — Разумеется, "Бэнк оф Америка" получает прибыли за счет "маленьких людей", которым он якобы служит. Но при капитализме люди готовы платить подобную дань за финансовую помощь, дающую им возможность хотя бы на время удержаться на поверхности, пусть даже ценой своей будущей обеспеченности и неуязвимости перед лицом экономических превратностей.
Large English-Russian phrasebook > hold one's head above water
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102 keep a tab on smb.
разг.(keep a tab on smb. (или smth.))следить за кем-л. (или чем-л.); проверять кого-л. (или что-л.) [первонач. амер.]‘So you'll be keeping tabs on me?’ ‘Of course.’ ‘How?..’ ‘I can't tell you that...’ (A. Christie, ‘So Many Steps to Death’, ch. 4) — - Итак, вы собираетесь вести за мной наблюдение? - Конечно. - Каким образом?.. - Этого я вам сказать не могу...
‘Well, you talk about it to me,’ she said fiercely. ‘Ah'm [= I'm] not goin' to keep tabs on ye, but it'll be somethin' if Ah get to know what happens.’ (S. Chaplin, ‘The Watchers and the Watched’, ch. 14) — - А мне расскажи обо всем, - сказала Джин сердито. - Я не собираюсь заводить на тебя кондуит, но должна же я знать, что происходит.
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103 keep house
хозяйничать, вести домашнее хозяйство, заниматься домашним хозяйством (отсюда housekeeper экономка, домоправительница; housekeeping домашнее хозяйство)She kept house well, was a good cook and punctual, but neither did nor said anything out of the ordinary. (W. Du Bois, ‘Worlds of Color’, ch. XV) — Дом миссис Джейкобс содержала в образцовом порядке, умела хорошо и вкусно готовить, но никогда в жизни она не высказала ни одной яркой мысли и вообще не сделала ничего замечательного.
‘Look here, Mister! I told you three times it's forbidden to talk to the witnesses!..’ ‘But she's my mother-in-law! She keeps house for me.’ (S. Heym, ‘Goldsborough’, ch. 2) — - Слушайте, мистер! я вам в третий раз повторяю: со свидетелями разговаривать воспрещается!.. - Да она же моя теща! Она у меня хозяйство ведет.
Why don't you leave town and get a job keeping house for somebody out in the county? Nobody in Agricola is going to give you work. (E. Caldwell, ‘The Sure Hand of God’, ch. 2) — Почему бы вам не уехать из города и не устроиться экономкой? В Агриколе вам работы не дадут.
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104 keep smb. in the air
держать кого-л. в состоянии неуверенности, неизвестности, ожиданияCokeson: "Was that young Richards coming here to-day after the clerk's place?" Sweedle: "Yes." Cokeson: "Well, keep him in the air; I don't want to see him yet." (J. Galsworthy, ‘Justice’, act IV) — Коксон: "Не молодой ли Ричардс приходил сюда сегодня, просил места клерка?" Суидл: "Да, он." Коксон: "Так вот, не давайте ему пока определенного ответа. Я пока еще не хочу его видеть."
Keeping Sir Alexander MacGown and Francis Wilmot in the air... Marjorie Ferrar had almost forgotten the action... (J. Galsworthy, ‘The Silver Spoon’ part II, ch. IX) — Не желая упустить ни сэра Александра Мак-Гауна, ни Фрэнсиса Уилмота и стараясь поддержать надежду в каждом, Марджори Феррар почти не думала о предстоящем процессе...
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105 put that in your pipe and smoke it
разг.запомните это раз и навсегда; ≈ намотайте это себе на ус, зарубите это себе на носуIt don't do to let them get the whiphand of you, according to my experience. Put that in your pipe and smoke it, Master Charley. (W. Norris, ‘Thirlby Hall’, ch. XXV) — Мой опыт подсказывает мне, что нельзя допустить, чтобы вы были у них в полном подчинении. Запомните это раз и навсегда, Чарли.
‘He's keeping you waiting, isn't he?’ ‘Well, I'd rather wait for him than have you wait for me. Put that in your pipe and smoke it.’ (W. S. Maugham, ‘Of Human Bondage’, ch. 58) — - Он, кажется, заставляет себя ждать? - А мне приятнее ждать его, чем позволять вам ждать меня. Зарубите это себе на носу.
His voice rose gloatingly, almost to hysteria. ‘Put that in your pipe and smoke it, you gurly, big bully!’ he yelled. ‘Smoke it till it sickens ye. That'll learn ye to mishandle folks weaker than yourself.’ (A. J. Cronin, ‘Hatter's Castle’, book II, ch. 1) — Он уже вопил, как в истерике. - Что, нравится? Кушайте на здоровье, пока вас не вырвет, вы, здоровенный, бешеный бык! Это вас научит, как обижать людей, которые слабее вас.
Large English-Russian phrasebook > put that in your pipe and smoke it
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106 care
1. n забота, попечение2. n наблюдение; обслуживание; уход3. n внимательность, тщательность; осторожностьtake care! — осторожно!, берегись!
4. n тж. заботы, забота; тревога; треволненияbeauty saddened with care — красота, поблёкшая от забот
an overweight of care — груз забот, бремя обязанностей
freedom from care — свобода от забот, беззаботность
5. n пристрастие, любовь, склонность6. n как компонент сложных слов со значением уход, присмотр7. v заботиться; ухаживать8. v беспокоиться, тревожиться, волноватьсяwhat do I care?, who cares ?, as if I cared! — а мне всё равно!, а мне-то что!, меня это не интересует!
9. v любить; питать интерес к10. v иметь желание, хотетьСинонимический ряд:1. anxiety (noun) angst; anxiety; concernment; disquiet; disquietude; distress; perturbation; pressure; problem; stress; trial; trouble; unease; uneasiness; worry2. carefulness (noun) alertness; attention; carefulness; caution; circumspection; concern; consciousness; heed; heedfulness; prudence3. consideration (noun) consideration; regard; solicitude4. oversight (noun) conduct; handling; intendance; management; oversight; running; superintendence; superintendency5. pains (noun) meticulousness; pains; scrupulousness; thoroughness6. responsibility (noun) burden; charge; custody; guardianship; keeping; responsibility; safekeeping; supervision; trust; ward7. sorrow (noun) affliction; anguish; grief; heartache; heartbreak; regret; rue; sorrow; woe8. treatment (noun) regimen; therapy; treatment9. be anxious (verb) be anxious; be solicitous; be troubled; have concern; have regard; heed; watch out; worry about10. be concerned (verb) be concerned; be interested; worry11. care for (verb) attend; care for; nurse; tend; wait on12. desire (verb) desire; want; wish13. disapprove (verb) disapprove; mind; object14. like (verb) be disposed; be fond of; be inclined; be willing; like; loveАнтонимический ряд:carelessness; disregard; inattention; indifference; neglect; negligence; omission; oversight; peace; pleasure -
107 fresh
1. n прохлада; прохладное время2. n шквал, порыв3. n шотл. оттепель4. a свежий, только что полученный или появившийсяfresh information — новая информация; свежая информация
5. a натуральный; свежий; неконсервированный6. a неиспорченный, свежий7. a новый, дополнительный, ещё одинfresh supplies — новые поступления; новые поставки
8. a оригинальный, новый; неожиданный9. a новый, незнакомыйa considerable number of fresh Lincoln letters were turned up — было обнаружено много неизвестных ранее писем Линкольна
10. a свежий, цветущий11. a яркий, невыцветший; свежий12. a чистый, свежий13. a чистый, незаношенный14. a бодрый, неуставший, полный сил15. a неопытный, необученный16. a разг. новенький17. a прохладный, освежающий18. a свежий, крепкий19. a амер. разг. нахальный; дерзкий20. a разг. слегка выпивший, «тёпленький»21. a шотл. трезвый22. v редк. освежать23. v редк. свежетьСинонимический ряд:1. additional (adj.) added; additional; another; else; extra; farther; further; more; other2. different (adj.) brand-new; different3. drinkable (adj.) clean; clear; drinkable; potable; safe; sweet4. glowing (adj.) blooming; creamy; glowing; peaches-and-cream5. healthy (adj.) hardy; healthy; hearty; robust; strong; vigourous; well; youthful6. inexperienced (adj.) artless; callow; inexperienced; inexpert; unconversant; uncultivated; unexperienced; unfleshed; unpracticed; unseasoned; unskilled; untrained; untried; unversed; young7. new (adj.) innovative; inventive; modern; modernistic; neoteric; new; newfangled; new-fashioned; new-sprung; novel; unfamiliar; unprecedented8. pure (adj.) pure; untouched; virgin9. recent (adj.) contemporary; creative; crisp; current; farm-fresh; green; late; newborn; original; raw; recent; unique10. refreshed (adj.) freshened; refreshed; rehabilitated; relayed; relieved; rested; restored; revived; stimulated11. refreshing (adj.) bracing; cool; invigorating; quickening; refreshing; steady; stimulating12. spry (adj.) active; alert; energetic; sprightly; spry; vigorous13. vivid (adj.) bright; colourful; definite; sharp; vivid14. wise (adj.) bold; bold-faced; cheeky; forward; impertinent; impudent; nervy; pert; procacious; rude; sassy; saucy; smart; smart-alecky; wiseАнтонимический ряд:courteous; decayed; deferential; experienced; faded; former; fusty; hackneyed; impaired; impure; jaded; musty; obsolete; old; ordinary; polite; stale; trite; used; weary -
108 line
1. n иск. линия; линии, контур2. n черта, штрихline style — тип линии; тип штриха литеры
draw a line — подвести черту; положить предел
3. n муз. линейка4. n черта, особенность, штрих5. n верёвка, бечёвка6. n проводline communication, line transmission — проводная связь; передача сообщений по проводам
7. n лесаto be clever with rod and line, to throw a good line — быть хорошим рыболовом
fishing line — леса, леска
8. n мор. линь9. n поэт. нитьrubber band line — отрезок типа "резиновая нить"
10. n граница, пограничная линия; предел11. n морщина, складкаface covered with deep lines — лицо, изборождённое глубокими морщинами
12. n линия ладони13. n l14. n контур, очертания; обводыwave line — линия волн; волнообразный обвод
15. n план, теоретический чертёжline plan — контурный план; ситуационный план
16. n ряд, линияsingle-wire line — однопроводная линия; несимметричная линия
17. n строй, ряд18. n воен. развёрнутый строй19. n мор. строй фронтаto go up the line — идти, уходить на фронт
20. n очередь, хвост21. n тех. конвейер, поточная линия22. n тех. трубопровод23. n тех. линия связиparty line — спаренные телефоны; общий провод у нескольких абонентов
24. n тех. линия сообщения25. n тех. линия электросетиline bar — контактный рельс; собирательная шина
in line — входящая линия; входная шина
26. n тех. ж. -д. рельсовый путь27. n тех. экватор28. n тех. редк. меридиан или параллель29. n тех. направление; курс, путьline of march — маршрут, путь следования
party line — политический курс; линия партии
30. n тех. направление, ходline of argument — последовательность доводов; ход доказательства
31. n тех. образ действий; линия поведения32. n тех. полит. линия; курс33. n тех. происхождение, родословная, линия; генеалогия, семья34. n тех. очерёдность; перспектива35. n тех. с. -х. генеалогическая линия36. n тех. короткая запискаjust a line to say that all goes well — несколько слов, чтобы только сказать, что всё благополучно
37. n тех. стих, строчка стиха38. n тех. стихи, стихотворение39. n тех. школ. «строчки», дополнительное задание40. n тех. театр. роль, слова роли41. n тех. разг. свидетельство о браке42. n тех. медицинское свидетельство43. n тех. род занятий, род деятельности; специальность; область интересовin line of duty — при исполнении служебных обязанностей; на посту
line of profession — профессия; специальность
44. n тех. ком. ассортимент; партия товаров; серия изделийline cologne — одеколон, входящий в парфюмерную серию
45. n тех. судьба46. n воен. линия фронта; оборонительный рубежlp/mm line pairs per millimetre — количество пар линий на мм
47. n воен. укреплённая линия48. n воен. сведения, информация49. n воен. нападающие50. n воен. пехотные части51. n воен. амер. строевые войска52. n воен. тлв. строкаin line with — в согласии, в соответствии с
to act out of line — грубить; скандалить; вести себя вызывающе
by line and level, by rule and line — очень точно; аккуратно, методично
all along the line — во всём, во всех отношениях
to draw a line — подвести черту, положить предел ;
line advance — перевод строки; переход на следующую строку
continuation line — строка продолжения; строка-продолжение
line overset — излишек букв в строке, переполнение строки
53. v проводить линии; линоватьcolumn line — линия столбца; линия графы; вертикальная шина
54. v строить, выстраивать в ряд, в линию; устанавливать в ряд55. v стоять, тянуться вдольline wells — скважины, расположенные вдоль границ участка
56. v тех. центрировать, выравнивать, правильно устанавливать57. v редк. завязывать, обвязывать бечёвкой, проволокой58. v амер. редк. удить59. v класть на подкладку, подбивать60. v служить подкладкой61. v обивать, обшивать изнутри; выстилать62. v покрывать; служить обивкойtapestries lined the walls — гобелены покрывали все стены; стены были обиты гобеленами
63. v тех. обкладывать, облицовывать64. v тех. прокладывать65. v метал. футеровать66. v разг. наполнять, набиватьСинонимический ряд:1. border (noun) border; edge; margin2. cord (noun) cord; rope; twine; wire3. course (noun) approach; attack; course; method; passage; path; plan; policy; polity; procedure; program; road; route; tack; technique; way4. dash (noun) band; dash; streak; stripe; stroke5. family (noun) ancestry; birth; blood; bloodline; descent; extraction; family; genealogy; lineage; origin; parentage; pedigree; relative; seed6. furrow (noun) crease; crinkle; furrow; wrinkle7. lie (noun) lie; story8. merchandise (noun) commodities; goods; merchandise; produce; stock; vendibles; wares9. occupation (noun) business; calling; discipline; employment; job; occupation; pursuit; racket; trade; vocation; work10. outline (noun) contour; delineation; figuration; lineament; lineation; outline; profile; silhouette11. programme (noun) policy; procedure; programme12. row (noun) column; echelon; file; queue; rank; row; sequence; string; tier13. adjoin (verb) abut; adjoin; border; butt against; butt on; communicate; join; march; neighbor; touch; verge14. line up (verb) align; allineate; arrange; line up; marshal; order; range15. outline (verb) outline; rule; trace16. pad (verb) embroider; face; pad; panel; paper; quiltАнтонимический ряд:contents; deviation; disarrange; discontinuance; interruption; solution; space; strip; variation -
109 managing
1. a руководящий, ведущийmanaging director — директор-распорядитель; управляющий
2. a энергичный; властный3. a экономный, бережливыйСинонимический ряд:1. administering (adj.) administering; controlling; directing; leading; organizing; overseeing; superintending; supervising2. handling (adj.) guiding; handling; operating; regulating; running; using3. directing (verb) carry on; carrying on; conducting; directing; keeping; operating; ordaining; steering; supervising4. governing (verb) controlling; dominating; governing; handling5. running (verb) administering; administrating; heading; running; superintending6. shifting (verb) doing; faring; fending; get along; get by; getting along; getting by; getting on; muddling through; shifting; staggering along; staggering on -
110 stable
I ['steibl] adjective1) (firm and steady or well-balanced: This chair isn't very stable.) stable2) (firmly established and likely to last: a stable government.) solide, stable3) ((of a person or his character) unlikely to become unreasonably upset or hysterical: She's the only stable person in the whole family.) équilibré4) ((of a substance) not easily decomposed.) stable•- stabilize - stabilise - stabilization - stabilisation II ['steibl] noun1) (a building in which horses are kept.) écurie2) ((in plural) a horse-keeping establishment: He runs the riding stables.) manège -
111 stable
I ['steibl] adjective1) (firm and steady or well-balanced: This chair isn't very stable.) firme2) (firmly established and likely to last: a stable government.) estável3) ((of a person or his character) unlikely to become unreasonably upset or hysterical: She's the only stable person in the whole family.) estável, equilibrado4) ((of a substance) not easily decomposed.) estável•- stabilize - stabilise - stabilization - stabilisation II ['steibl] noun1) (a building in which horses are kept.) estábulo2) ((in plural) a horse-keeping establishment: He runs the riding stables.) cavalariça -
112 Time
subs.Time of day: P. and V. ὥρα, ἡ; hour.What time is it? Ar. and P. πηνίκα ἐστί;About what time died he? Ar. πηνίκʼ ἄττʼ ἀπώλετο; (Av. 1514).Time of life: Ar. and P. ἡλικία, ἡ, V. αἰών, ὁ.Occasion: P. and V. καιρός, ὁ.Time for: P. and V. ὥρα, ἡ (gen. or infin.), καιρός, ὁ (gen. or infin.), ἀκμή, ἡ (gen. or infin.).Leisure: P. and V. σχολή, ἡ.Want of time: P. ἀσχολία, ἡ.There is time, opportunity, v.: P. ἐγχωρεῖ.After a time, after an interval: P. and V. διὰ χρόνου.Eventually: P. and V. χρόνῳ, V. χρόνῳ ποτέ, σὺν χρόνῳ, ἐν χρόνῳ. Seeing my friend after a long time: V. χρόνιον εἰσιδὼν φίλον (Eur., Cr. 475).As time went on: P. χρόνου ἐπιγιγνομένου (Thuc. 1, 126).At another time: P. and V. ἄλλοτε.At times, sometimes: P. and V. ἐνίοτε (Eur., Hel. 1213), V. ἔσθʼ ὅτε, P. ἔστιν ὅτε.At one time: see Once.At one time... at another: P. and V. τότε... ἄλλοτε, Ar. and P. τότε μέν... τότε δέ, ποτὲ μεν... ποτὲ δέ.At times I would have ( food) for the day, at others not: V. ποτὲ μὲν ἐπʼ ἦμαρ εἶχον, εἶτʼ οὐκ εἶχον ἄν (Eur., Phoen. 401).At the time of: P. παρά (acc.).To enforce the punishment due by law at the time of the commission of the offences: P. ταῖς ἐκ τῶν νόμων τιμωρίαις παρʼ αὐτὰ τἀδικήματα χρῆσθαι (Dem. 229).At that time: see Then.At what time? P. and V. πότε;For a time: P. and V. τέως.For the third time: P. and V. τρίτον, P. τὸ τρίτον.From time immemorial: P. ἐκ παλαιτάτου.From time to time: P. and V. ἀεί.In time, after a time: P. and V. διὰ χρόνου, χρόνῳ, V. χρόνῳ ποτέ, σὺν χρόνῳ, ἐν χρόνῳ.At the right moment: P. and V. καιρῷ, ἐν καιρῷ, εἰς καιρὸν, καιρίως (Xen.), εἰς δέον, ἐν τῷ δέοντι, ἐν καλῷ, εἰς καλόν, V. πρὸς καιρόν, πρὸς τὸ καίριον, ἐν δέοντι; see Seasonably.They wanted to get the work done in time: P. ἐβούλοντο φθῆναι ἐξεργασάμενοι (Thuc. 8, 92).In the time of: Ar. and P. ἐπί (gen.).Lose time, v.: see waste time.Save time: use P. and V. θάσσων εἶναι ( be quicker).Take time, be long: P. and V. χρονίζειν, χρόνιος εἶναι,involve delay: use P. μέλλησιν ἔχειν.It will take time: P. χρόνος ἐνέσται.Waste time, v.: P. and V. μέλλειν, χρονίζειν,σχολάζειν,τρίβειν, βραδύνειν, Ar. and P. διατρίβειν: see Delay.Times, the present: P. and V. τὰ νῦν, P. τὰ νῦν καθεστῶτα.Many times: P. and V. πολλάκις.Three times: P. and V. τρίς.A thousand times wiser: V. μυρίῳ σοφώτερος (Eur., And. 701); see under thousand.How many times as much? adj.: P. ποσαπλάσιος; four times as much: P. τετραπλάσιος, τετράκις τοσοῦτος (Plat., Men. 83B).Four times four are sixteen: P. τεττάρων τετράκις ἐστὶν ἑκκαίδεκα (Plat., Men. 83C).How many feet are three times three? τρεῖς τρὶς πόσοι εἰσὶ πόδες; (Plat., Men. 83E).——————subs.Rhythm: P. and V. ῥυθμός, ὁ.Keeping time, adj.: Ar. and P. εὔρυθμος.Give the time ( to rowers), v.: P. κελεύειν (dat.).——————v. trans.Measure: P. and V. μετρεῖν.Well-timed, adj.: see Timely.Ill-timed: P. and V. ἄκαιρος.Woodhouse English-Greek dictionary. A vocabulary of the Attic language > Time
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113 store
store [stɔ:(r)]1 noun∎ American candy store confiserie f(b) (stock → of goods) stock m, réserve f, provision f; (→ of food) provision f; (→ of facts, jokes, patience, knowledge) réserve f; (→ of wisdom) fonds m;∎ we should get in or lay in a store of coal nous devrions faire provision de charbon;∎ I have my own private store of tea j'ai ma provision personnelle de thé(c) (place → warehouse) entrepôt m, dépôt m; (→ in office, home, shop) réserve f; (→ in factory) magasin m, réserve f;∎ British goods in store marchandises fpl en entrepôt;∎ furniture store garde-meubles m inv∎ to lay or to put or to set great store by sth faire grand cas de qch;∎ I don't set much store by his advice je ne fais pas grand cas de ses conseils∎ a store cake un gâteau acheté dans une pâtisserie(a) (put away, put in store → goods, food) emmagasiner, entreposer; (→ grain, crop) engranger; (→ heat) accumuler, emmagasiner; (→ electricity) accumuler; (→ files, documents) classer; (→ facts, ideas) engranger, enregistrer dans sa mémoire;∎ we stored our furniture at my mother's house nous avons laissé ou mis nos meubles chez ma mère;∎ they stored the ship with provisions for the voyage ils ont rempli le bateau de provisions pour le voyage∎ store in a cool place (on packaging) à conserver au frais(c) (fill with provisions) approvisionner;∎ he stored the larder with enough tinned goods to last the winter il a rempli le placard avec assez de boîtes de conserve pour passer l'hiver∎ (goods) these goods don't store well ces produits ne se conservent pas bien(provisions) provisions fpl;∎ the expedition's stores are running low l'expédition commence à manquer de provisions∎ they had a surprise in store for her ils lui avaient réservé une surprise;∎ who knows what the future has in store? qui sait ce que l'avenir nous réserve?;∎ if only we'd realised all the problems that were in store for us si seulement nous nous étions rendu compte de tous les problèmes qui nous attendaient►► Marketing store audit contrôle m des points de vente;Marketing store brand marque f de magasin;store card carte f de crédit (d'un grand magasin);store cupboard placard m de rangement;store detective vigile m (dans un magasin);store manager chef m de magasin;American store window vitrine f, devanture fgarder en réserve;∎ he stored away the joke for future use il a noté la blague en se disant qu'il la replacerait(goods, food) emmagasiner; (heat, electricity) accumuler; (memories, emotions) accumuler;∎ he's just storing up trouble for himself by keeping silent en ne disant rien, il ne fait que se préparer des ennuis -
114 Macintosh, Charles
[br]b. 29 December 1766 Glasgow, Scotlandd. 25 July 1843 Dunchattan, near Glasgow, Scotland[br]Scottish inventor of rubberized waterproof clothing.[br]As the son of the well-known and inventive dyer George Macintosh, Charles had an early interest in chemistry. At the age of 19 he gave up his work as a clerk with a Glasgow merchant to manufacture sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride) and developed new processes in dyeing. In 1797 he started the first Scottish alum works, finding the alum in waste shale from coal mines. His first works was at Hurlet, Renfrewshire, and was followed later by others. He then formed a partnership with Charles Tennant, the proprietor of a chemical works at St Rollox, near Glasgow, and sold "lime bleaching liquor" made with chlorine and milk of lime from their bleach works at Darnley. A year later the use of dry lime to make bleaching powder, a process worked out by Macintosh, was patented. Macintosh remained associated with Tennant's St Rollox chemical works until 1814. During this time, in 1809, he had set up a yeast factory, but it failed because of opposition from the London brewers.There was a steady demand for the ammonia that gas works produced, but the tar was often looked upon as an inconvenient waste product. Macintosh bought all the ammonia and tar that the Glasgow works produced, using the ammonia in his establishment to produce cudbear, a dyestuff extracted from various lichens. Cudbear could be used with appropriate mordants to make shades from pink to blue. The tar could be distilled to produce naphtha, which was used as a flare. Macintosh also became interested in ironmaking. In 1825 he took out a patent for converting malleable iron into steel by taking it to white heat in a current of gas with a carbon content, such as coal gas. However, the process was not commercially successful because of the difficulty keeping the furnace gas-tight. In 1828 he assisted J.B. Neilson in bringing hot blast into use in blast furnaces; Neilson assigned Macintosh a share in the patent, which was of dubious benefit as it involved him in the tortuous litigation that surrounded the patent until 1843.In June 1823, as a result of experiments into the possible uses of naphtha obtained as a by-product of the distillation of coal tar, Macintosh patented his process for waterproofing fabric. This comprised dissolving rubber in naphtha and applying the solution to two pieces of cloth which were afterwards pressed together to form an impermeable compound fabric. After an experimental period in Glasgow, Macintosh commenced manufacture in Manchester, where he formed a partnership with H.H.Birley, B.Kirk and R.W.Barton. Birley was a cotton spinner and weaver and was looking for ways to extend the output of his cloth. He was amongst the first to light his mills with gas, so he shared a common interest with Macintosh.New buildings were erected for the production of waterproof cloth in 1824–5, but there were considerable teething troubles with the process, particularly in the spreading of the rubber solution onto the cloth. Peter Ewart helped to install the machinery, including a steam engine supplied by Boulton \& Watt, and the naphtha was supplied from Macintosh's works in Glasgow. It seems that the process was still giving difficulties when Thomas Hancock, the foremost rubber technologist of that time, became involved in 1830 and was made a partner in 1834. By 1836 the waterproof coat was being called a "mackintosh" [sic] and was gaining such popularity that the Manchester business was expanded with additional premises. Macintosh's business was gradually enlarged to include many other kinds of indiarubber products, such as rubber shoes and cushions.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1823.Further ReadingG.Macintosh, 1847, Memoir of Charles Macintosh, London (the fullest account of Charles Macintosh's life).T.Hancock, 1957, Narrative of the Indiarubber Manufacture, London.H.Schurer, 1953, "The macintosh: the paternity of an invention", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 28:77–87 (an account of the invention of the mackintosh).RLH / LRD -
115 Whitehead, Robert
SUBJECT AREA: Weapons and armour[br]b. 3 January 1823 Bolton-le-Moors, Lancashire, Englandd. 19 November 1903 Shrivenham, Wiltshire, England[br]English inventor of the torpedo.[br]At the age of 14 Whitehead was apprenticed by his father, who ran a cotton-bleaching business, to an engineering firm in Manchester. He moved in 1847 to join his uncle, who was the Manager of another engineering firm, and three years later Whitehead set up on his own in Milan, where he made mechanical improvements to the silk-weaving industry and designed drainage machines for the Lombardy marshes.In 1848 he was forced to move from Italy because of the revolution and settled in Fiume, which was then part of Austria. There he concen-. trated on designing and building engines for warships, and in 1864 the Austrians invited him to participate in a project to develop a "floating torpedo". In those days the torpedo was synonymous with the underwater mine, and Whitehead believed that he could do better than this proposal and produce an explosive weapon that could propel itself through the water. He set to work with his son John and a mechanic, producing the first version of his torpedo in 1866. It had a range of only 700 yd (640 m) and a speed of just 7 knots (13 km/h), as well as depth-keeping problems, but even so, especially after he had reduced the last problem by the use of a "balance chamber", the Austrian authorities were sufficiently impressed to buy construction rights and to decorate him. Other navies quickly followed suit and within twenty years almost every navy in the world was equipped with the Whitehead torpedo, its main attraction being that no warship, however large, was safe from it. During this time Whitehead continued to improve on his design, introducing a servo-motor and gyroscope, thereby radically improving range, speed and accuracy.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsOrder of Max Joseph (Austria) 1868. Légion d'honneur 1884. Whitehead also received decorations from Prussia, Denmark, Portugal, Italy and Greece.Further ReadingDictionary of National Biography, 1912, Vol. 3, Suppl. 2, London: Smith, Elder.CM -
116 get an eye on smb.
(или smth.; тж. keep an или one's eye on smb. или smth.)1) глaз нe cпуcкaть, cлeдить, нaблюдaть зa кeм-л. (или чём-л.)She was frying bacon and at the same time keeping an eye on the younger children (W. S. Maugham). There is a Mr. Pinkerton - from Chicago. He is something called a detective and the War Department has given him a number of agents who keep an eye on dangerous ladies like me (G. Vidat)2) пpиcмaтpивaть кoгo-л. (или чтo-л.)- имeть виды нa кoгo-л. (или нa чтo-л.); зapитьcя, пoлo-жить глaз нa кoгo-л..(или нa чтo-л.)And now you are going to leave US) Mr. Middleton, we shall miss you very much.' It was usually said by the mothers who had their eye on rich young bachelors (A. Wilson), i'ye got my eye on a nice little- гpoш where a smart little brass- plate with Freddie Hampton M.B. [бaкaлaвp мeдицины] on It would look dashed well (A. J. Cronin). Mr. Baker is widely thought to have an eye on the presidency in 6 (The Economist)
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