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1 Hurter Driffield
Mathematics: HD -
2 Hurter, Ferdinand
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 15 March 1844 Schaffhausen, Switzerlandd. 5 March 1898[br]Swiss chemist who, with Vero Charles Driffield, established the basis of modern sensitometry in England.[br]Ferdinand Hurter worked for three years as a dyer's apprentice before entering the Polytechnic in Zurich; he transferred to Heidelberg, where he graduated in 1866. A year later he secured an appointment as a chemist for the British alkali manufacturing company, Gaskell, Deacon \& Co. of Widnes, Cheshire. In 1871 he was joined at the company by the young engineer Vero Charles Driffield, who was to become his co-worker. Driffield had worked for a professional photographer before beginning his engineering apprenticeship and it was in 1876, when Hurter sought to draw on this experience, that the partnership began. At this time the speed of the new gelatine halide dry plates was expressed in terms of the speed of a wet-collodion plate, an almost worthless concept as the speed of a collodion plate was itself variable. Hurter and Driffield sought to place the study of photographic emulsions on a more scientific basis. They constructed an actinometer to measure the intensity of sunlight and in 1890 published the first of a series of papers on the sensitivity of photographic plates. They suggested methods of exposing a plate to lights of known intensities and measuring the densities obtained on development. They were able to plot curves based on density and exposure which became known as the H \& D curve. Hurter and Driffield's work allowed them to express the characteristics of an emulsion with a nomenclature which was soon adopted by British plate manufacturers. From the 1890s onwards most British-made plates were identified with H \& D ratings. Hurter and Driffield's partnership was ended by the former's death in 1898.[br]Further ReadingW.B.Ferguson (ed.), 1920, The Photographic Researches of Ferdinand Hurter \& Vero C. Driffield, London: Royal Photographic Society reprinted in facsimile, with a new introd. by W.Clark, 1974, New York (a memorial volume; the most complete account of Hurter and Driffield's work, includes a reprint of all their published papers).JW -
3 Hurter And Driffield
Trademark term: HDУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Hurter And Driffield
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4 karakteristika fotoemulzije
• hurter and driffield curve -
5 характеристическая кривая
1) Engineering: characteristic curve, sensitometric curve2) Railway term: diagram of performance3) Mining: family curve4) Cinema: D-log E curve5) Polygraphy: H&D curve, characteristic curve (светочувствительного материала)6) Information technology: curve7) Astronautics: performance curve8) Automation: characteristic, performance diagram, response curve9) Makarov: D-log E curve (фотографической эмульсии), H and D curve (Hurter and Driffield curve) (фотографической эмульсии), Hurter and Driffield curve (H and D curve) (фотографической эмульсии)10) Combustion gas turbines: characteristic length11) Sensitometry: H and D curve (кривая, выражающая в графической форме зависимость между оптическими плотностями проявленного фотографического слоя и логарифмами экспозиций, действовавших на слой), Hunter and Driffield curve (кривая, выражающая в графической форме зависимость между оптическими плотностями проявленного фотографического слоя и логарифмами экспозиций, действовавших на слой)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > характеристическая кривая
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6 характеристическая кривая
characteristic curve, D-log E curve, Hurter and Driffield curve кфт., sensitometric curve, curve* * *Русско-английский политехнический словарь > характеристическая кривая
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7 характеристическая кривая
D-log E curve, ( фотографической эмульсии) Hurter and Driffield curveРусско-английский словарь по электронике > характеристическая кривая
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8 характеристическая кривая
D-log E curve, ( фотографической эмульсии) Hurter and Driffield curveРусско-английский словарь по радиоэлектронике > характеристическая кривая
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9 Mees, Charles Edward Kenneth
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 1882 Wellingborough, Englandd. 1960 USA[br]Anglo-American photographic scientist and Director of Research at the Kodak Research Laboratory.[br]The son of a Wesleyan minister, Mees was interested in chemistry from an early age and studied at St Dunstan's College in Catford, where he met Samuel E.Sheppard, with whom he went on to University College London in 1900. They worked together on a thesis for BSc degrees in 1903, developing the work begun by Hurter and Driffield on photographic sensitometry. This and other research papers were published in 1907 in the book Investigations on the Theory of the Photographic Process, which became a standard reference work. After obtaining a doctorate in 1906, Mees joined the firm of Wratten \& Wainwright (see F.C.L.Wratten), manufacturers of dry plates in Croydon; he started work on 1 April 1906, first tackling the problem of manufacturing colour-sensitive emulsions and enabling the company to market the first fully panchromatic plates from the end of that year.During the next few years Mees ran the commercial operation of the company as Managing Director and carried out research into new products, including filters for use with the new emulsions. In January 1912 he was visited by George Eastman, the American photographic manufacturer, who asked him to go to Rochester, New York, and set up a photographic research laboratory in the Kodak factory there. Wratten was prepared to release Mees on condition that Eastman bought the company; thus, Wratten and Wainwright became part of Kodak Ltd, and Mees left for America. He supervised the construction of a building in the heart of Kodak Park, and the building was fully equipped not only as a research laboratory, but also with facilities for coating and packing sensitized materials. It also had the most comprehensive library of photographic books in the world. Work at the laboratory started at the beginning of 1913, with a staff of twenty recruited from America and England, including Mees's collaborator of earlier years, Sheppard. Under Mees's direction there flowed from the Kodak research Laboratory a constant stream of discoveries, many of them leading to new products. Among these were the 16 mm amateur film-making system launched in 1923; the first amateur colour-movie system, Kodacolor, in 1928; and 8 mm home movies, in 1932. His support for the young experimenters Mannes and Godowsky, who were working on colour photography, led to their joining the Research Laboratory and to the introduction of the first multi-layer colour film, Kodachrome, in 1935. Eastman had agreed from the beginning that as much of the laboratory's work as possible should be published, and Mees himself wrote prolifically, publishing over 200 articles and ten books. While he made significant contributions to the understanding of the photographic process, particularly through his early research, it is his creation and organization of the Kodak Research Laboratory that is his lasting memorial. His interests were many and varied, including Egyptology, astronomy, marine biology and history. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS.Bibliography1961, From Dry Plates to Ektachrome Film, New York (partly autobiographical).BCBiographical history of technology > Mees, Charles Edward Kenneth
См. также в других словарях:
Hurter & Driffield — H D Kurve in der Sensitometrie Ferdinand Hurter (1844 1898) und Vero Charles Driffield (1848–1915) waren Wissenschaftler des 19. Jahrhunderts auf dem Gebiet der Fotografie. Sie untersuchten die Fotografie quantitativ und verwendeten Methoden der… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Hurter & Driffield — Ferdinand Hurter (* 16. März 1844 in Schaffhausen; † 5. März 1898 in Widnes[1]) und Vero Charles Driffield (1848–1915) waren Wissenschaftler des 19. Jahrhunderts auf dem Gebiet der Photographie. Sie untersuchten die Fotografie quantitativ und… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Driffield — For the units of optical density, see Hurter and Driffield. Coordinates: 54°00′18″N 0°26′17″W / 54.005°N 0.438°W / … Wikipedia
Hurter and Driffield — Ferdinand Hurter (1844–1898) and Vero Charles Driffield (1848–1915) were nineteenth century photographic scientists who brought quantitative scientific practice to photography through the methods of sensitometry and densitometry. Among their… … Wikipedia
Ferdinand Hurter — (* 16. März 1844 in Schaffhausen; † 5. März 1898 in Widnes[1]) war ein Schweizer Chemiker und Fotografietheoretiker. Leben Hurters Elte … Deutsch Wikipedia
Vero Charles Driffield — (1848–1915) was a chemical engineer who also became involved in photographic research.Driffield was educated at Liverpool Collegiate and Sandbach Grammar School. He also attended a private school in Southport where he came into contact with a… … Wikipedia
Ferdinand Hurter — Infobox Scientist name = Ferdinand Hurter image width = caption = Ferdinand Hurter. Photograph taken by his colleague in photographic research, Vero Charles Driffield birth date = 15 March 1844 birth place = Schaffhausen, Switzerland death date … Wikipedia
Ferdinand Hurter — Ferdinand Hurter. Photographie prise par son collègue de recherche, Vero Charles Driffield Naissance 15 mars 1844 Schaffhouse (Suisse) Décès 1 … Wikipédia en Français
Film speed — is the measure of a photographic film s sensitivity to light, determined by sensitometry and measured on various numerical scales, the most recent being the ISO system. A closely related ISO system is used to measure the sensitivity of digital… … Wikipedia
Sensitometry — is the scientific study of light sensitive materials, especially photographic film. The study has its origins in the work by Ferdinand Hurter and Vero Charles Driffield (circa 1876) with early black and white emulsions. [Hurter, Ferdinand… … Wikipedia
Filmempfindlichkeit — Als Filmempfindlichkeit (engl. film speed) bezeichnet man die Lichtempfindlichkeit von fotografischen Platten und Filmen. Die Filmempfindlichkeit wird heute in ISO und teilweise zu Vergleichszwecken auch noch in DIN, ASA oder GOST angegeben;… … Deutsch Wikipedia
