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41 oligopoly
сущ.эк. олигополия (рыночная структура, характеризующаяся существованием на рынке незначительного числа продавцов при наличии большого числа покупателей; важнейшим свойством этой рыночной структуры является сильная взаимозависимость фирм, откуда вытекает необходимость для отдельной фирмы учитывать при принятии любого решения вероятные ответные действия других фирм; для анализа олигополистического поведения часто используют теорию игр; различают ситуации кооперативного и некооперативного поведения фирм)See:market structure, reaction function, non-collusive oligopoly, collusive oligopoly, collusion, binding commitment, homogeneous oligopoly, differentiated oligopoly, bilateral oligopoly, quantity oligopoly, price oligopoly, oligopsony, duopoly, Nash equilibrium, Stackelberg model, Bertrand model, Edgeworth model, Cournot model, Chamberlin model, one-shot game, dynamic game
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олигополия: ситуация на рынке, характеризующаяся наличием незначительного числа продавцов (компаний), которые контролируют предложение данного товара или услуг.* * *. . Словарь экономических терминов .* * *тип рыночной структуры в хозяйстве развитых стран, при которой несколько крупных фирм монополизируют производство и сбыт основной массы продукции и ведут между собой преимущественно неценовую конкуренцию-----рынок, контролируемый небольшим числом производителей; тип рыночной структуры отрасли хозяйства в различных странах, при которой несколько крупных фирм монополизируют производство и сбыт основной массы продукции и ведут между собой преимущественно неценовую конкуренцию -
42 product
сущ.1)а) эк. продукт, изделие, товар (предмет, созданный человеком, машиной или природой; чаще всего имеются в виду предметы, созданные с целью продажи); мн. продукцияfood products — продукты, продовольственные товары
high-quality product — товар высокого качества, высококачественный [первоклассный\] товар
premium quality [premium grade\] product — товар высшего сорта [качества\], товар класса премиум-класса
undiscounted products — товары, продаваемые без скидки
fairly-priced product — товар по приемлемой [справедливой\] цене
See:acceptable product, accessory product, actual product, adulterated product, advanced technology products, ageing product, agricultural product, alimentary products, allied products, all-meat product, alternative products, ancillary product, anonymous product, augmented product, bakery products 1), basic product, beauty product, best-selling product, business products, by-product 1), &3, capitalized product, captive product, characteristic product, 2), co-product, commercialized product, commodity product, common product, comparable products, competing products, competiting products, competitive product, competitive products, complementary products, complete product, complicated product, conforming product, consumer products, consumer durable product, convenience products, core product, crop products, custom-designed product, customized product, custom-made product, declining product, deficient product, dehydrated product, differentiated product, diminishing marginal product, disposable product, diversified products, DIY product, do-it-yourself product, domestic product, durable products, egg product, electronics products, end product 2), &3, energy-saving product, entrenched product, essential product, established product, ethical product, ethnic product, everyday product, exclusive product, export products, fair trade product, fairly traded product, fairtrade product, fighting product, final product 1), а&2, financial product, food products, foreign products, formal product, functional product, generic product, global product, green products, grooming product, hair-care product, half-finished product, harmful product, health product, hedonic product, heterogeneous product, high performance product, high quality product, high-interest product 1), high-involvement products, high-margin product, high-reliability product, high-risk product, high-tech product, high-turnover product, high-value product, home-grown product, home-produced product, homogeneous product, hot product, household cleaning product, household maintenance products, household product, hygiene product, imitative product, imperfect product, import products, import-sensitive products, impulse product, industrial product, inferior product, information product, innovative product, in-process product, intangible product, interlocking products, intermediate product, investigated product, joint product, key product, knowledge-intensive product, known product, laundry products, lead product, leading edge product, leisure products, leisure-time products, licensed product, line extension product, livestock product, low-interest product 1), low-involvement products, low-value product, luxury product, main product 2), &3, manufactured products, marginal physical product, marginal product, mature product, me-too product, metal product, misbranded product, multinational product, multiple-use product 2), mundane product, national product, necessary product, necessity product, new product, no-name product, nonconforming product, non-conforming product, non-durable products, nonfood products, non-standard product, novel product, office products, off-price product, off-standard product, oil products, one-shot product, optional product, over-engineered product, paper products, parity products, patentable product, patented product, patent-protected product, payment product, pension product, pharmaceutical product, physical product, plant products, potential product, premium product, prestige products, price-sensitive product, primary products, prime product, printed products, private brand products, private label products, processed product, qualified product, quality products, ready-made product, rejected product, related product, replacement product, representative product, retirement product, revenue product, revised product, safe product, saleable product, salutary product, satisfactory product, scarce product, second generation product, secondary product, semi-finished products, shoddy product, sideline product, single-use product, skill-intensive product, slow-moving product, social product, sophisticated product, standardized products, sugared product, superior product, supplementary products, surplus product, synthetic product, tainted products, tangible product, tied product, tied products, tinned products, tobacco products 1), tying products, unacceptable product, unbranded product, unidentified product, unpatented product, unsafe product, unsaleable product, unsatisfactory product, utilitarian product, vendible product, viable product, wanted product, well-designed product, worthwhile product, product acceptability, product acceptance, product adaptability, product adaptation, product addition, product advertising, product analysis, product announcement, product application, product area, product arsenal, product assessment, product association, product assortment, product assurance, product augmentation, product availability, product awareness, product benefit, product billing, product brand, product branding, product bundling, product capabilities, product category, product choice, product claim, product class, product classification, product company, product compatibility, product competition, product comprehension, product concept, product conception, product control, product copy, product cost, product costing, product coverage, product cycle, product decision, product deletion, product demand, product demonstration, product departmentalization, product design, product development, product differences, product differentiation, product display, product distribution network, product diversification, product division, product element, product elimination, product engineering, product enhancement, product evaluation, product evolution, product exchange, product exhaustion, product expansion, product extension, product failure, product family, product field, product flows, product form, product graduation, product group, product homogeneity, product idea, product image, product improvement, product inflation, product innovation, product inspection, product integrity, product introduction, product invention, product item, product knowledge, product label, product labelling, product layout, product leveraging, product liability, product life, product life cycle, product line, product lineup, product literature, product management, product manager, product manual, product market, product marketing, product matching, product message, product mix, product modification, product name, product nameplate, product offering, product opportunity, product organization, product orientation, product origin, product patent, product perception, product performance, product personality, product placement, product plan, product planner, product planning, product policy, product portfolio, product position, product positioning, product preference, product presentation, product price, product pricing, product profile, product proliferation, product promotion, product proof, product protection, product publicity, product puffery, product quality, product quantity, product range, product rationalization, product recall, product release, product requirements, product research, product research and development, product retailer, product revision, product revolution, product safety, product sales, product sample, product sampling, product satisfaction, product segment, product segmentation, product shortage, product specialization, product specifications, product standard, product statement, product strategy, product structure, product style, product styling, product subline, product superiority, product survey, product tangibility, product team, product technology, product test, product testimony, product testing, product trial, product type, product uniformity, product usage, product validation, product variation, product variety, product warranty, endorse a product, Central Product Classification, Certificate of Pharmaceutical Product, Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers, Clay Product and Refractory Manufacturing, debt-for-products swapб) эк. продукт, объем продукции ( количество произведенных товаров или услуг)company's product — продукция компании, товары компании
See:2) общ. результат, продукт (итог какой-л. деятельности)History is the product of social and economic forces. — История — это результат взаимодействия общественных и экономических факторов.
the product of this activity is radiation — в результате этой деятельности появляется радиация.
See:3) мат. произведение ( результат умножения двух чисел)
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продукт, товар: что-либо производимое для продажи.* * ** * *. . Словарь экономических терминов .* * * -
43 HCS
1) Биология: human chorionic somatomammotrophin2) Медицина: Hajdu-Cheney syndrome3) Военный термин: Helicopter Combat/Search and Rescue, helicopter carrier squadron, helicopter computer system, helicopter coordination section, helicopter, combat support, hollow charge shell4) Техника: high cetene standard, homogeneous computer system, hundred call seconds, hydrazine control system, hydrogen control system, hyperaltitude cryogenic simulator5) Грубое выражение: Hard Cock Sucker6) Оптика: hard-clad silica7) Телекоммуникации: Header Check Sequence, кварцевое волокно в жёсткой оболочке (Hard Clad Silica), hierarchical cell structure8) Сокращение: Helicopter Combat Support, Helicopter Control Ship, High Carbon Steel, high-carbon-steel9) Электроника: Hot- Carrier Suppressed10) Вычислительная техника: header check sum11) Нефть: эталонное дизельное топливо с высоким цетеновым числом (high cetene standard), Hazard Communication Standard (OSHA standard cited in 29 CFR 1910.1200 requiring communication of risks from hazardous substances to workers in regulated facilities.)12) Иммунология: Human chorionic somatomammotropin13) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Hazard Communication Standard of 198914) Сетевые технологии: Hierarchical Storage Controller15) Химическое оружие: Hazardous Communication Standard17) Нефть и газ: hydrocarbon system, УВС18) Оргтехника: High Capacity Stacker -
44 hcs
1) Биология: human chorionic somatomammotrophin2) Медицина: Hajdu-Cheney syndrome3) Военный термин: Helicopter Combat/Search and Rescue, helicopter carrier squadron, helicopter computer system, helicopter coordination section, helicopter, combat support, hollow charge shell4) Техника: high cetene standard, homogeneous computer system, hundred call seconds, hydrazine control system, hydrogen control system, hyperaltitude cryogenic simulator5) Грубое выражение: Hard Cock Sucker6) Оптика: hard-clad silica7) Телекоммуникации: Header Check Sequence, кварцевое волокно в жёсткой оболочке (Hard Clad Silica), hierarchical cell structure8) Сокращение: Helicopter Combat Support, Helicopter Control Ship, High Carbon Steel, high-carbon-steel9) Электроника: Hot- Carrier Suppressed10) Вычислительная техника: header check sum11) Нефть: эталонное дизельное топливо с высоким цетеновым числом (high cetene standard), Hazard Communication Standard (OSHA standard cited in 29 CFR 1910.1200 requiring communication of risks from hazardous substances to workers in regulated facilities.)12) Иммунология: Human chorionic somatomammotropin13) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: Hazard Communication Standard of 198914) Сетевые технологии: Hierarchical Storage Controller15) Химическое оружие: Hazardous Communication Standard17) Нефть и газ: hydrocarbon system, УВС18) Оргтехника: High Capacity Stacker -
45 PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION
Дифференциация продукции
Способ поведения фирмы в условиях рыночной конкуренции, выражающийся в ее стремлении придать своей продукции такой вид, который выделял бы ее из общей массы аналогичной продукции других производителей. Дифференциация продукции есть форма неценовой конкуренции, т.е. конкурентная борьба на рынке сосредоточена не на цене, а на таких факторах, как качество, эксплуатационные характеристики, новизна, дизайн, упаковка, стимулирование сбыта. Целью деятельности фирмы в области дифференциации продукции является обеспечение спроса на нее, выработка у потребителей приверженности своей марке и гарантирование увеличения или по крайней мере сохранения уровня продаж. Дифференциация продукции является важным средством достижения конкурентного преимущества (см. Competitive advantage), а в условиях некоторых рыночных структур, например олигополии, она рассматривается как более эффективная стратегия по сравнению с ценовой конкуренцией. Ее привлекательность заключается в том, что если конкуренты могут быстро реагировать на снижение цены, провести успешную рекламную компанию или внедрить новый продукт, как это сделал конкурент, непросто. Более того, если в некоторых случаях ценовая конкуренция приводит к снижению рентабельности фирмы, дифференциация продукции способствует сохранению и даже увеличению прибыли. Наконец, дифференциация может служить в качестве ограничения для вступления в рынок, защищая действующие на рынке фирмы от новых конкурентов. Хотя дифференциацию продукции часто называют «несовершенством рынка» (market imperfection), это не означает, что неоднородность плоха. Выпуск разновидностей одного продукта под разумевает большее разнообразие ассортимента и, следовательно, более широкий выбор для потребителя. См. также Product mix, Product characteristics model, Monopolistic competition, Oligopoly, Homogeneous products, Market structure, Product development.Новый англо-русский словарь-справочник. Экономика. > PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION
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46 THEORY OF MARKETS
Теория рынков
Теория, изучающая принципы распределения ограниченных ресурсов между рынками продуктов. В частности, в теории исследуется, как устанавливаются рыночные цены и определяются объемы производства товаров и услуг, а также как используются факторы производства. В теории рынков рынки разделяются в зависимости от их рыночной структуры. Основным принципом разделения является степень концентрации продавцов (см. Seller concentration), т.е. количество производителей и их относительный размер. Другой принцип разделения основан на особенностях производимого продукта - на его однородности или дифференциации (см. Homogeneous product, Product differentiation). Рынки могут также разделяться по принципу условий вступления в отрасль (см. Condition of entry). Учитывая эти различия, теория изучает, каким образом рыночная структура взаимодействует с поведением фирм на рынке, образуя особую модель функционирования рынка. См. Perfect competition, Monopolistic competition, Oligopoly, Monopoly, Resource allocation, Market structure-conduct-performance schema, Factor markets, Price system, Pareto optimum.Новый англо-русский словарь-справочник. Экономика. > THEORY OF MARKETS
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47 game
1) игра || играть•game in an extensive form — игра в развёрнутой форме, позиционная игра
game in a reduced form — игра в приведённой форме, приведённая игра
- almost unanimity game - coin matching game - coin tossing game - completely reduced game - constraint gamegame without constraints — игра без ограничений, свободная игра
- end game- fixed sample-size game - game of harmstrung squad car - game of heads or tails - game of odd man out - game of pure chance - game of pursuit and evasion - identification of friend and foe game - inherently unstable game - locally bounded game - locally finite game - machine played game - nonstrictly determined game - one-player game - strictly solvable game - termination game - two-person game - two-player game- war game- weighted majority game - zero-sum two-person game -
48 group
1) группа, ансамбль || групповой- roughing mill group2) совокупность; комплект3) группировка || группировать(ся)5) класс; категория || классифицировать; категоризировать6) хим. остаток7) сгусток; скопление8) узел9) матем. группа- absolute free group - absolute homotopy group - absolutely irreducible group - absolutely simple group - additively written group - adele group - adelic group - algebraically compact group - algebraically simple group - almost connected group - almost cyclic group - almost ordered group - almost periodic group - almost simple group - alternating form group - cancellative group - cellular homology group - characteristically simple group - complementing group - completely anisotropic group - completely discontinuous group - completely divisible group - completely indecomposable group - completely integrally closed group - deficient group - direct homology group - direct indecomposable group - doubly transitive group - finitely defined group - finitely generated group - finitely presented group - finitely related group - first homology group - first homotopy group - freely generated group - full linear group - full orthogonal group - full rotation group - full symmetric group - full unimodular group - group of classes of algebras - group of covering transformations - group of finite rank - group of infinite order - group of infinite rank - group of inner automorphisms - group of linear equivalence - group of linear forms - group of linear manifold - group of principal ideles - group of real line - group of recursive permutations - group of right quotients - idele class group - linearly ordered group - linearly transitive group - locally bicompact group - locally closed group - locally compact group - locally connected group - locally cyclic group - locally defined group - locally embeddable group - locally finite group - locally free group - locally infinite group - locally nilpotent group - locally normal group - locally solvable group - multiply primitive group - multiply transitive group - nonsolvable group - n-th homotopy group - ordered pair group - principal congruence group - properly orthogonal group - properly unimodular group - pure projective group - pure rotation group - pure simple group - quasipure projective group - quotient divisible group - residually nilpotent group - restricted holonomy group - sharply transitive group - simply ordered group - simply reducible group - simply transitive group - singular cogomology group - singular homology group - solvable group - stable group - strictly transitive group - strongly polycyclic group - subsolvable group - supersolvable group - totally ordered group - totally projective group - totally reducible group - triply transitive group - unitary symmetry group - unitary transformation group - value group - weak homology group - weakly mixing groupgroup with multiple operators — группа с многоместными операторами, мультиоператорная группа
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49 lattice
1) плетение2) решётка, сетка || решетчатый3) пространственная решётка, структура•- almost contact lattice - almost tangent lattice - completely regular lattice - locally convex lattice - locally distributive lattice - locally modular lattice - lower semimodular lattice - metrically simple lattice - relatively pseudocomplemented lattice - structurally regular lattice - topologically dense lattice -
50 homogēna kristālstruktūra
▪ Terminilv ģeol.ru структура кристалла гомогеннаяZin93
См. также в других словарях:
homogeneous structure — vienalytė sandara statusas T sritis fizika atitikmenys: angl. homogeneous structure vok. homogene Struktur, f rus. однородная структура, f pranc. structure homogène, f … Fizikos terminų žodynas
homogeneous structure — homogeninė struktūra statusas T sritis chemija apibrėžtis Medžiagos struktūra, kurioje nėra tarpfazinių ribų. atitikmenys: angl. homogeneous structure rus. гомогенная структура … Chemijos terminų aiškinamasis žodynas
structure homogène — vienalytė sandara statusas T sritis fizika atitikmenys: angl. homogeneous structure vok. homogene Struktur, f rus. однородная структура, f pranc. structure homogène, f … Fizikos terminų žodynas
Structure formation — refers to a fundamental problem in physical cosmology. The universe, as is now known from observations of the cosmic microwave background radiation, began in a hot, dense, nearly uniform state approximately 13.7 Gyr ago. [cite journal |author=D.… … Wikipedia
homogeneous — [hō΄mō jē′nē əs, hō΄məjē nē əs; häm΄ōjē′nē əs, häm΄əjē′nē əs] adj. [ML homogeneus < Gr homogenēs, of the same race or kind: see HOMO & GENUS] 1. the same in structure, quality, etc.; similar or identical 2. composed of similar or identical… … English World dictionary
Homogeneous space — In mathematics, particularly in the theories of Lie groups, algebraic groups and topological groups, a homogeneous space for a group G is a non empty manifold or topological space X on which G acts continuously by symmetry in a transitive way. A… … Wikipedia
Homogeneous coordinate ring — In algebraic geometry, the homogeneous coordinate ring R of an algebraic variety V given as a subvariety of projective space of a given dimension N is by definition the quotient ring R = K[X0, X1, X2, ..., XN]/I where I is the homogeneous ideal… … Wikipedia
homogeneous — adjective Etymology: Medieval Latin homogeneus, homogenus, from Greek homogenēs, from hom + genos kind more at kin Date: 1641 1. of the same or a similar kind or nature 2. of uniform structure or composition throughout < a culturally homogeneous… … New Collegiate Dictionary
Homogeneous charge compression ignition — Moteur HCCI Pour les articles homonymes, voir HCCI. Le moteur Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition, ou HCCI, est un type de moteur à combustion interne dans lequel le mélange air carburant est mélangé de la manière la plus homogène possible… … Wikipédia en Français
homogeneous — Of uniform structure or composition throughout. [homo + G. genos, race] * * * ho·mo·ge·neous jē nē əs, nyəs adj of uniform structure or composition throughout ho·mo·ge·neous·ly adv ho·mo·ge·neous·ness n * * * ho·mo·ge·ne·ous (ho″mo je … Medical dictionary
homogeneous system — a system or structure made up of parts that cannot be mechanically separated, as a solution … Medical dictionary