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1 Illnesses, aches and pains
Where does it hurt?where does it hurt?= où est-ce que ça vous fait mal? or (more formally) où avez-vous mal?his leg hurts= sa jambe lui fait malhe has a pain in his leg= il a mal à la jambeNote that with avoir mal à French uses the definite article (la) with the part of the body, where English has a possessive (his), hence:his head was aching= il avait mal à la têteEnglish has other ways of expressing this idea, but avoir mal à fits them too:he had toothache= il avait mal aux dentshis ears hurt= il avait mal aux oreillesAccidentsshe broke her leg= elle s’est cassé la jambeElle s’est cassé la jambe means literally she broke to herself the leg ; because the se is an indirect object, the past participle cassé does not agree. This is true of all such constructions:she sprained her ankle= elle s’est foulé la chevillethey burned their hands= ils se sont brûlé les mainsChronic conditionsNote that the French often use fragile (weak) to express a chronic condition:he has a weak heart= il a le cœur fragilehe has kidney trouble= il a les reins fragileshe has a bad back= il a le dos fragileBeing illMostly French uses the definite article with the name of an illness:to have flu= avoir la grippeto have measles= avoir la rougeoleto have malaria= avoir la malariaThis applies to most infectious diseases, including childhood illnesses. However, note the exceptions ending in -ite (e.g. une hépatite, une méningite) below.When the illness affects a specific part of the body, French uses the indefinite article:to have cancer= avoir un cancerto have cancer of the liver= avoir un cancer du foieto have pneumonia= avoir une pneumonieto have cirrhosis= avoir une cirrhoseto have a stomach ulcer= avoir un ulcère à l’estomacMost words in -ite ( English -itis) work like this:to have bronchitis= avoir une bronchiteto have hepatitis= avoir une hépatiteWhen the illness is a generalized condition, French tends to use du, de l’, de la or des:to have rheumatism= avoir des rhumatismesto have emphysema= avoir de l’emphysèmeto have asthma= avoir de l’asthmeto have arthritis= avoir de l’arthriteOne exception here is:to have hay fever= avoir le rhume des foinsWhen there is an adjective for such conditions, this is often preferred in French:to have asthma= être asthmatiqueto have epilepsy= être épileptiqueSuch adjectives can be used as nouns to denote the person with the illness, e.g. un/une asthmatique and un/une épileptique etc.French has other specific words for people with certain illnesses:someone with cancer= un cancéreux/une cancéreuseIf in doubt check in the dictionary.English with is translated by qui a or qui ont, and this is always safe:someone with malaria= quelqu’un qui a la malariapeople with Aids= les gens qui ont le SidaFalling illThe above guidelines about the use of the definite and indefinite articles in French hold good for talking about the onset of illnesses.French has no general equivalent of to get. However, where English can use catch, French can use attraper:to catch mumps= attraper les oreillonsto catch malaria= attraper la malariato catch bronchitis= attraper une bronchiteto catch a cold= attraper un rhumeSimilarly where English uses contract, French uses contracter:to contract Aids= contracter le Sidato contract pneumonia= contracter une pneumonieto contract hepatitis= contracter une hépatiteFor attacks of chronic illnesses, French uses faire une crise de:to have a bout of malaria= faire une crise de malariato have an asthma attack= faire une crise d’asthmeto have an epileptic fit= faire une crise d’épilepsieTreatmentto be treated for polio= se faire soigner contre la polioto take something for hay fever= prendre quelque chose contre le rhume des foinshe’s taking something for his cough= il prend quelque chose contre la touxto prescribe something for a cough= prescrire un médicament contre la touxmalaria tablets= des cachets contre la malariato have a cholera vaccination= se faire vacciner contre le cholérato be vaccinated against smallpox= se faire vacciner contre la varioleto be immunized against smallpox= se faire immuniser contre la varioleto have a tetanus injection= se faire vacciner contre le tétanosto give sb a tetanus injection= vacciner qn contre le tétanosto be operated on for cancer= être opéré d’un cancerto operate on sb for appendicitis= opérer qn de l’appendicite -
2 система физических величин
- système de grandeurs, m
- systeme de grandeurs physiques
система физических величин
система величин
Совокупность физических величин, образованная в соответствии с принятыми принципами, когда одни величины принимают за независимые, а другие определяют как функции независимых величин.
Примечание. В названии системы величин применяют символы величин, принятых за основные. Так система величин механики, в которой в качестве основных приняты длина L, масса М и время Т, должна называться системой LMT. Система основных величин, соответствующая Международной системе единиц (СИ), должна обозначаться символами LMTIQNJ, обозначающими соответственно символы основных величин - длины L, массы М, времени Т, силы электрического тока I, температуры Q, количества вещества N и силы света J.
[РМГ 29-99]EN
system of quantities
set of quantities together with a set of non-contradictory equations relating those quantities
NOTE – Ordinal quantities, such as Rockwell C hardness, are usually not considered to be part of a system of quantities because they are related to other quantities through empirical relations only. Nominal properties, such as colour of light, are not quantities and hence are not part of a system of quantities.
Source: ISO/IEC GUIDE 99:2007 1.3
[IEV number 112-01-07]FR
système de grandeurs, m
ensemble de grandeurs associé à un ensemble de relations non contradictoires entre ces grandeurs
NOTE – Les grandeurs ordinales, telles que la dureté C de Rockwell, ne sont généralement pas considérées comme faisant partie d'un système de grandeurs, parce qu'elles ne sont reliées à d'autres grandeurs que par des relations empiriques. Les propriétés qualitatives, telles que la couleur d’une lumière, ne sont pas des grandeurs et ne font donc pas partie d’un système de grandeurs.
Source: ISO/IEC GUIDE 99:2007 1.3
[IEV number 112-01-07]Тематики
- метрология, основные понятия
Синонимы
EN
DE
FR
- systeme de grandeurs physiques
- système de grandeurs, m
2.6. Система физических величин
Система величин
D. Grofiensystem
E. System of physical quantities
F. Systeme de grandeurs physiques
Совокупность физических величин, связанных между собой зависимостями.
Примечание. Для обозначения системы величин указывают группу основных величин (2.7), которые обычно обозначаются символами их размерностей
Примеры. Система величин механики LMT, в которой в качестве основных величин приняты длина /, масса m и время (.
Система величин LMTI, охватывающая механические и электрические величины, в которой в качестве основных величин приняты длина /, масса m, время t и сила электрического тока i
Источник: ГОСТ 16263-70: Государственная система обеспечения единства измерений. Метрология. Термины и определения оригинал документа
Русско-французский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > система физических величин
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