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81 agresywn|y
adj. grad. 1. [postawa, zachowanie, ton] aggressive, hostile- agresywny zawodnik an aggressive player- być agresywnym wobec kogoś to be aggressive a. hostile towards sb- pies okazał się agresywny wobec dzieci the dog proved to a. turned out to be aggressive towards children- agresywny z natury, reagował złością na każdą uwagę aggressive by nature, he reacted angrily to any sort of comment2. [polityka, działania] aggressive 3. (ostry) [makijaż] heavy; [kolor] loud, violent- agresywne dziennikarstwo/reklamy aggressive journalism/advertising- agresywna gra aktorska an aggressive acting style4. (szkodliwy) [substancja chemiczna] aggressive; [ciecze] corrosive- rośliny agresywne invasive plantsThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > agresywn|y
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82 тяжеловесный
прл1) с тяжёлым грузом heavily loaded2) лишённый изящества heavy, ponderous litтяжелове́сный стиль — ponderous style
тяжелове́сная шу́тка — clumsy joke
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83 tempura
( JAPAN)deep fried fish, batter-dipped fish or vegetables.♦ Deep-fried food, usually seafood or vegetables, dipped into flour-and-water batter. Of Portuguese origin, although it has become a "traditional" Japanese dish since its import in the 16th century.♦ Deep fried shrimp and vegetables with a light, delicate breading, served with a ginger flavored dipping sauce♦ seafood or vegetables, battered and deep-fried usually in a light batter. In many ways, Tempura is an archetypal Japanese food. “All the essential qualities of Japanese cuisine are reflected in its preparation: the use of absolutely fresh ingredients, the artful presentation, and the perfection of technique by a skilled chef. The result is one of the triumphs of Japanese cooking; a fried food that is light and fresh-tasting rather than heavy and greasy. It’s a cooking style in which the essence of the ingredient itself completely defines the taste -
84 grandis
grandis, e, adj. [cf. gradus; also Germ. gross; Engl. great], full-grown, large, great, full, abundant (class.; most freq. of things; for syn. cf.: magnus, ingens, amplus, procerus, vastus, enormis).I.Lit.A.In gen.:B.ita, quicquid (olerum) erat, grande erat,
Plaut. Cas. 5, 2, 35; cf.:ager novatus et iteratus, quo meliores fetus possit et grandiores edere,
Cic. de Or. 2, 30, 131:quae seges grandissima atque optima fuerit,
Varr. R. R. 1, 52; 1: farra, old poet. ap. Macr. S. 5, 20 fin.:frumenta,
Verg. A. 4, 405:hordea,
id. E. 5, 36:lilia,
id. ib. 10, 25:ilex,
Sall. J. 93, 4; cf.:et antiqua robora,
Quint. 10, 1, 88:grandissimum alicae genus,
Plin. 18, 11, 29, § 112:grandissimae olivae,
id. 15, 3, 4, § 15 et saep.:litterae (opp. minutae),
Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 68; cf.:epistola sane grandis,
Cic. Att. 13, 21, 1:sane grandes libri,
id. Rep. 3, 8:grandiores libri,
id. Att. 13, 13, 1:verbosa et grandis epistula,
Juv. 10, 71:erat incisum grandibus litteris,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 34, § 74:corpora,
Lucr. 6, 303:saxa,
id. 1, 289; Caes. B. G. 7, 23, 2; 7, 46, 3; cf.:cervi eminentes,
id. ib. 7, 72, 4:tumulus terrenus,
id. ib. 1, 43, 1:vas,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 21, § 47; cf.patella,
id. ib. §46: speculum,
Quint. 11, 3, 68:cothurni,
Hor. A. P. 80:lumina,
Ov. M. 5, 545; cf.membra,
id. ib. 10, 237:ossa,
id. ib. 9, 169:conchae,
Cic. N. D. 2, 48, 123:rhombi,
Hor. S. 2, 2, 95; cf.:opes grandiores,
Plin. 11, 16, 16, § 47:smaragdi,
Lucr. 4, 1126:divitiae,
id. 5, 1118; cf.:alicui grandem pecuniam credere,
Cic. Rab. Post. 2, 4:pecunia,
id. Verr. 1, 9, 24; id. Fam. 13, 61; Sall. C. 49, 3; Liv. 10, 46, 10; 27, 20, 7; 32, 40, 9; Suet. Aug. 12; id. Ner. 24; cf.faenus,
Cic. Fl. 21, 51:aes alienum,
Sall. C. 14, 2; 24, 3; Plin. 7, 38, 39, § 127; cf.also: donativum grandius solito,
Suet. Galb. 16:cenae,
Quint. 10, 1, 58; cf.convivium,
id. 11, 2, 12:amiculum grandi pondere,
Cic. N. D. 3, 34, 83; cf.:grande pondus argenti,
id. Caecin. 4, 12:grande onus exiguo formicas ore gerentes,
Ov. M. 7, 625:elementa,
bulky, massive, heavy, id. ib. 1, 29.—In neutr. as grandia ingrediens, advancing with great strides: makra bibas, Gell. 9, 11, 5:grandia incedens,
Amm. 22, 14.—Of persons, grown up, big, tall; and more freq. pregn., advanced in years, aged, old; also with natu or aevo.(α).Absol.:(β).an sedere oportuit domi virginem tam grandem,
Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 39:videras grandis jam puer bello Italico, etc.,
Cic. Pis. 36, 87:nobilis ut grandi cecinit Centaurus alumno (i. e. Achilli),
Hor. Epod. 13, 11:(Q. Maximus) et bella gerebat ut adolescens, cum plane grandis esset, etc.,
Cic. de Sen. 4, 10; cf. Lucr. 2, 1164:legibus annalibus cum grandiorem aetatem ad consulatum constituebant, adolescentiae temeritatem verebantur, etc. (shortly after: progressus aetatis),
a more advanced age, Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 47; so,grandior aetas,
Ov. M. 6, 28; 7, 665:quandoquidem grandi cibus aevo denique defit,
Lucr. 2, 1141:metuens virgae jam grandis Achilles cantabat,
Juv. 7, 210.—With natu or aevo:II.non admodum grandis natu, sed tamen jam aetate provectus,
Cic. de Sen. 4, 10; so,grandis natu,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 49, § 128; id. Rosc. Com. 15, 44; Plin. Ep. 8, 23, 7; Suet. Ner. 34; id. Aug. 89; Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 49; cf.:in aetate consideratur puer an adolescens, natu grandior an senex,
Cic. Inv. 1, 24, 35; so,grandior natu,
Plaut. Aul. 2, 1, 37:grandi jam natu vexatus,
Suet. Aug. 53:grandis aevo parens,
Tac. A. 16, 30 fin.; cf.:jam grandior aevo genitor,
Ov. M. 6, 321.—Trop.A.In gen., great, strong, powerful: subsellia grandiorem et pleniorem vocem desiderant. Cic. Brut. 84, 289:B.vox (opp. exigua),
Quint. 11, 3, 15:perspicuo et grandi vitio praeditum exemplum,
Cic. Inv. 1, 47, 88; cf.:exemplis grandioribus uti,
id. Div. 1, 20, 39:de rebus grandioribus dicere,
id. Fin. 3, 5, 19:supercilium,
lofty, Juv. 6, 169:Maecenas, mearum Grande decus columenque rerum,
Hor. C. 2, 17, 4:ingenium,
Ov. M. 6, 574:certamen,
Hor. C. 3, 20, 7:munus,
id. ib. 2, 1, 11:praemia meritorum,
id. Ep. 2, 2, 38:carmen,
Juv. 6, 636:malum,
Hor. S. 2, 1, 49:lethargus,
id. ib. 2, 3, 145:alumnus,
noble, id. Epod. 13, 11:si metit Orcus Grandia cum parvis,
id. Ep. 2, 2, 179; so absol.:grandia,
id. C. 1, 6, 9; id. A. P. 27.—In partic., of style, great, grand, lofty, sublime:A. B.genus quoque dicendi grandius quoddam et illustrius esse adhibendum videtur,
Cic. de Or. 2, 82, 337:grande atque robustum genus dicendi (opp. subtile),
Quint. 12, 10, 58:causae (opp. pusillae),
id. 11, 3, 151:antiqua comoedia,
id. 10, 1, 65:grandia et tumida themata,
id. 2, 10, 6:sententiae,
id. 2, 11, 3:grandia elate, jucunda dulciter, moderata leniter canit,
id. 1, 10, 24.—Of the speaker: (oratores Thucydidi aequales) grandes erant verbis, crebri sententiis, compressione rerum breves, [p. 824] Cic. Brut. 7, 29; cf.:Thucydides rerum gestarum pronunciator sincerus et grandis,
id. ib. 83, 287:causidicus amplus atque grandis,
id. Or. 9, 30:quo grandior sit et quasi excelsior orator,
id. ib. 34, 119:oratores, alii grandes aut graves aut copiosi,
id. Opt. Gen. 1, 2:multis locis grandior (Lysias),
id. ib. 3, 9:fiunt pro grandibus tumidi,
Quint. 10, 2, 16; 10, 1, 77.— Adv.: in two forms. -
85 pondus
pondus, ĕris, n. [pendo], a weight.I.Lit.A.In gen., a weight used in a scale, Cic. Tusc. 5, 24, 69:2.pondera ab Gallis allata iniqua,
Liv. 5, 48 fin.:utuntur taleis ferreis ad certum pondus examinatis pro numo,
Caes. B. G. 5, 12; Dig. 19, 1, 32: pondera publica, Paul. ex Fest. p. 246 Müll.—In partic., the weight of a pound, a pound (very rare for the usual pondo):B.dupondius a duobus ponderibus, quod unum pondus assipondium dicebatur. Id ideo, quod as erat libra pondus,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 169 Müll.:argenti pondera quinque,
Mart. 7, 53, 12.—Transf.1.In abstr.a.Heaviness, weight of a body:b.moveri gravitate et pondere,
Cic. Fat. 11, 24; 10, 22; 20, 46; id. Tusc. 1, 17, 40:magni ponderis saxa,
Caes. B. G. 2, 29; 7, 22:emere aliquid pondere,
by weight, Plin. 12, 7, 14, § 29; 35, 17, 57, § 197; Tac. A. 6, 26; cf.:in his quae pondere constant,
Dig. 18, 1, 35 med.; Gai. Inst. 2, 196:id, quod pondere continetur,
Dig. 30, 1, 47.—In plur.: pondera, balance, equipoise, equilibrium:2.pendebat in aëre tellus Ponderibus librata suis,
Ov. M. 1, 13; so Luc. 1, 57; cf. Lucr. 2, 218 and 6, 574:trans pondera (corporis) dextram Porrigere (= ultra libramentum sive aequilibrium corporis),
out of balance, Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 51; cf. Lachm. ad Lucr. II. p. 380 sq.; cf.also: quis libravit in pondere montes et colles in staterā?
Vulg. Isa. 40, 12.—In concr.a.A heavy body, a weight, mass, load, burden:b.in terram feruntur omnia suo nutu pondera,
Cic. Rep. 6, 17, 17:grande auri pondus,
id. Verr. 2, 1, 17, § 45; so,innumerabile pondus auri,
id. Sest. 43, 93:magnum argenti pondus expositum,
Caes. B. C. 3, 96:aeris magnum pondus,
id. ib. 3, 103; Stat. Th. 6, 648:immania pondera baltei,
Verg. A. 10, 496:Spartani pondera disci,
Mart. 14, 164, 1.— Poet., of the fruit of the womb, Ov. M. 9, 684; id. Am. 2, 14, 14; Prop. 4, 1, 96 (5, 1, 100); Mart. 14, 151;of the privy parts,
Cat. 63, 5; Stat. S. 3, 4, 77.—A quantity, number, multitude (anteclass. and very rare): magnum pondus omnium artificum, Varr. ap. Non. 466, 5.—II.Trop.A.Weight, consequence, importance, consideration, influence, authority, etc. (class.; cf.B.momentum): persona non qualiscumque testimonii pondus habet,
Cic. Top. 19, 73:grave ipsius conscientiae pondus est,
id. N. D. 3, 35, 85; cf.:(honestas) aut sola expetenda est... aut certe omni pondere gravior habenda quam reliqua omnia,
id. Off. 3, 8, 35:id est maximi momenti et ponderis,
id. Vatin. 4, 9:qui pondus habent,
id. Att. 11, 6, 1: habet vim in ingenio [p. 1396] et pondus in vitā, id. de Or. 2, 74, 302:magnum pondus accessit ad tollendum dubitationem, judicium et consilium tuum,
id. Fam. 11, 29, 1:ut is intellegat, hanc meam commendationem magnum apud te pondus habuisse,
id. ib. 13, 25; cf.:ut is intellegat meas apud te litteras maximum pondus habuisse,
id. Fam. 12, 27; 13, 35, 2:tuae litterae maximi sunt apud me ponderis,
id. ib. 2, 19, 2:ejus filius eodem est apud me pondere, quo fuit ille,
id. Att. 10, 1. 1.—Of style:omnium verborum ponderibus est utendum,
Cic. de Or. 2, 17, 72:fabula sine pondere et arte,
Hor. A. P. 320; cf.:nugis addere pondus,
id. Ep. 1, 19, 42.—Oppressive weight, burden ( poet. for onus):C.curarum,
Luc. 9, 951; Stat. Th. 4, 39:rerum,
Ov. Tr. 2, 237; Mart. 6, 64, 14:tauri ruentis In Venerem tolerare pondus,
Hor. C. 2, 5, 4:amara senectae Pondera,
Ov. M. 9, 438:Constantius, insolentiae pondera gravius librans,
Amm. 14, 5, 1.—Weight of character, i. e. firmness, constancy ( poet.):nulla diu femina pondus habet,
Prop. 2, 25 (3, 20), 22:nostri reverentia ponderis obstat,
Stat. Th. 1, 289:hilaris, tamen cum pondere, virtus,
id. S. 2, 3, 65; cf. id. ib. 5, 3, 246. -
86 premo
I.Lit.:B.pede pedem alicui premere,
Plaut. As. 4, 1, 30:et trepidae matres pressere ad pectora natos,
Verg. A. 7, 518:veluti qui sentibus anguem Pressit humi nitens,
id. ib. 2, 379:novercae Monstra manu premens,
id. ib. 8, 288:pressit et inductis membra paterna rotis,
i. e. drove her chariot over her father's body, Ov. Ib. 366:trabes Hymettiae Premunt columnas,
press, rest heavily upon them, Hor. C. 2, 18, 3:premere terga genu alicujus,
Ov. Am. 3, 2, 24:ubera plena,
i. e. to milk, id. F. 4, 769:vestigia alicujus,
to tread in, to follow one's footsteps, Tac. A. 2, 14:nudis pressit qui calcibus anguem,
Juv. 1, 43:dente frena,
to bite, to champ, Ov. M. 10, 704:ore aliquid,
to chew, eat, id. ib. 5, 538; cf.:aliquid morsu,
Lucr. 3, 663:presso molari,
with compressed teeth, Juv. 5, 160:pressum lac,
i. e. cheese, Verg. E. 1, 82.—In mal. part.:Hister Peucen premerat Antro,
forced, Val. Fl. 8, 256:uxorem,
Suet. Calig. 25.—Of animals:feminas premunt galli,
Mart. 3, 57, 17.—Transf.1.Poet., to bear down upon, to touch:2.premere litora,
Ov. M. 14, 416:litus,
to keep close to the shore, Hor. C. 2, 10, 3:aëra,
i. e. to fly, Luc. 7, 835.—Poet., to hold fast, hold, firmly grasp:3.premere frena manu,
Ov. M. 8, 37:ferrum,
to grasp, Sil. 5, 670:capulum,
id. 2, 615.—Poet., to press a place with one's body, i. e. to sit, stand, lie, fall, or seat one's self on any thing:4.toros,
Ov. H. 12, 30:sedilia,
id. M. 5, 317:hoc quod premis habeto,
id. ib. 5, 135:et pictam positā pharetram cervice premebat,
id. ib. 2, 421:humum,
to lie on the ground, id. Am. 3, 5, 16; cf. id. F. 4, 844:frondes tuo premis ore caducas,
id. M. 9, 650; Sen. Hippol. 510.—To cover, to conceal by covering (mostly poet.):5.aliquid terrā,
to conceal, bury in the earth, Hor. Epod. 1, 33:nonumque prematur in annum,
kept back, suppressed, id. A. P. 388:omne lucrum tenebris alta premebat humus,
Ov. Am. 3, 8, 36:ossa male pressa,
i. e. buried, id. Tr. 5, 3, 39; Plin. 2, 79, 81, § 191; hence, to crown, to cover or adorn with any thing:ut premerer sacrā lauro,
Hor. C. 3, 4, 18:molli Fronde crinem,
Verg. A. 4, 147:canitiem galeā,
id. ib. 9, 612:mitrā capillos,
Ov. F. 4, 517; cf. Verg. A. 5, 556.—To make, form, or shape any thing by pressing ( poet.):6.quod surgente die mulsere horisque diurnis, Nocte premunt,
they make into cheese, Verg. G. 3, 400:os fingit premendo,
id. A. 6, 80:caseos,
id. E. 1, 35:mollem terram,
Vulg. Sap. 15, 7; Calp. Ecl. 5, 34.—To press hard upon, bear down upon, to crowd, pursue closely:7.hostes de loco superiore,
Caes. B. G. 7, 19:Pompeiani nostros premere et instare coeperunt,
id. B. C. 3, 46:hac fugerent Graii, premeret Trojana juventus,
Verg. A. 1, 467:Pergamenae naves cum adversarios premerent acrius,
Nep. Hann. 11, 5:hinc Rutulus premit, et murum circumsonat armis,
Verg. A. 8, 473:obsidione urbem,
Caes. B. G. 7, 32.—Of the pursuit or chase of animals:ad retia cervum,
Verg. G. 3, 413:spumantis apri cursum clamore,
id. A. 1, 324:bestias venatione,
Isid. 10, 282.—To press down, burden, load, freight:8.nescia quem premeret,
on whose back she sat, Ov. M. 2, 869:tergum equi,
id. ib. 8, 34;14, 343: et natat exuviis Graecia pressa suis,
Prop. 4, 1, 114 (5, 1, 116):pressae carinae,
Verg. G. 1, 303:pressus membra mero,
Prop. 2, 12 (3, 7), 42:magno et gravi onere armorum pressi,
Caes. B. G. 4, 24:auro phaleras,
to adorn, Stat. Th. 8, 567.—To press into, force in, press upon:b.(caprum) dentes in vite prementem,
Ov. F. 1, 355:presso sub vomere,
Verg. G. 2, 356; cf.:presso aratro,
Tib. 4, 1, 161:alte ensem in corpore,
Stat. Th. 11, 542:et nitidas presso pollice finge comas,
Prop. 3, 8 (4, 9), 14:et cubito remanete presso,
leaning upon, Hor. C. 1, 27, 8. —To make with any thing ( poet.):9.aeternā notā,
Ov. F. 6, 610:littera articulo pressa tremente,
id. H. 10, 140:multā via pressa rotā,
id. ib. 18, 134.—To press down, let down, cause to sink down, to lower:b.nec preme, nec summum molire per aethera currum,
Ov. M. 2, 135:humanaeque memor sortis, quae tollit eosdem, Et premit,
id. Tr. 3, 11, 67:mundus ut ad Scythiam Rhiphaeasque arduus arces Consurgit, premitur Libyae devexus in Austros,
sinks down, Verg. G. 1, 240; Sen. Herc. Fur. 155. —In partic.(α). (β).To make or form by pressing down, to make any thing deep, to dig:(γ). 10.vestigio leviter presso,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 24, § 53; cf.(trop.): vestigia non pressa leviter, sed fixa,
id. Sest. 5, 13:sulcum premere,
to draw a furrow, Verg. A. 10, 296:fossam transversam, inter montes pressit (al. percussit),
Front. Strat. 1, 5:fossa pressa,
Plin. Ep. 10, 69, 4:cavernae in altitudinem pressae,
Curt. 5, 1, 28.—To press closely, compress, press together, close:b.oculos,
Verg. A. 9, 487:alicui fauces,
Ov. M. 12, 509:laqueo collum,
to strangle, Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 37:angebar ceu guttura forcipe pressus,
Ov. M. 9, 78:presso gutture,
compressed, Verg. G. 1, 410; cf.:siquidem unius praecordia pressit ille (boletus) senis,
i. e. stopped his breath, Juv. 6, 621:quibus illa premetur Per somnum digitis,
choked, id. 14, 221:amplexu presso,
united, in close embrace, Sen. Oedip. 192:oscula jungere pressa,
to exchange kisses, Ov. H. 2, 94; so,pressa basia,
Mart. 6, 34, 1:presso gradu incedere,
in close ranks, foot to foot, Liv. 28, 14:pede presso,
id. 8, 8.—In partic.(α).To shorten, tighten, draw in:(β).pressis habenis,
Verg. A. 11, 600 (cf.:laxas dure habenas,
id. ib. 1, 63).—To keep short, prune:(γ).Calenā falce vitem,
Hor. C. 1, 31, 9:luxuriem falce,
Ov. M. 14, 628:falce premes umbras (i. e. arbores umbrantes),
Verg. G. 1, 157; 4, 131:molle salictum,
Calp. Ecl. 5, 110.—To check, arrest, stop:11.premere sanguinem,
Tac. A. 15, 64:vestigia pressit,
Verg. A. 6, 197:attoniti pressere gradum,
Val. Fl. 2, 424 ' dixit, pressoque obmutuit ore, was silent, Verg. A. 6, 155.—To press out, bring out by pressure:12.tenerā sucos pressere medullā,
Luc. 4, 318; cf.: (equus) collectumque fremens volvit sub naribus ignem, Verg. ap. Sen. Ep. 95, 68, and id. G. 3, 85 Rib.—To frequent: feci ut cotidie praesentem me viderent, habitavi in [p. 1441] oculis, pressi forum, Cic. Planc. 27, 66.—II.Trop.A.To press, press upon, oppress, overwhelm, weigh down; to urge, drive, importune, pursue, to press close or hard, etc. (class.):B.ego istum pro suis factis pessumis pessum premam,
Plaut. Most. 5, 2, 49 Lorenz ad loc.:quae necessitas eum tanta premebat, ut, etc.,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 34, 97:ea, quae premant, et ea, quae impendeant,
id. Fam. 9, 1, 2:aerumnae, quae me premunt,
Sall. J. 14, 22:pressus gravitate soporis,
bound by heavy, deep sleep, Ov. M. 15, 21:cum aut aere alieno, aut magnitudine tributorum, aut injuriā potentium premuntur,
Caes. B. G. 6, 13:invidia et odio populi premi,
Cic. de Or. 1, 53, 228:premi periculis,
id. Rep. 1, 6, 10:cum a me premeretur,
id. Verr. 2, 1, 53, § 139; cf.:aliquem verbo,
id. Tusc. 1, 7, 13:criminibus veris premere aliquem,
Ov. M. 14, 401:cum a plerisque ad exeundum premeretur, exire noluit,
was pressed, urged, importuned, Nep. Ages. 6, 1:a Pompeii procuratoribus sescentis premi coeptus est,
Cic. Att. 6, 1, 3: numina nulla premunt;mortali urgemur ab hoste,
Verg. A. 10, 375:premere reum voce, vultu,
Tac. A. 3, 67:crimen,
to pursue obstinately, Quint. 7, 2, 12:confessionem,
to force a confession from one, id. 7, 1, 29:argumentum etiam atque etiam,
to pursue steadily, Cic. Tusc. 1, 36, 88:ancipiti mentem formidine pressus,
Verg. A. 3, 47:maerore pressa,
Sen. Oct. 103:veritate pressus negare non potuit,
overcome, overpowered, Lact. 4, 13.—Transf.1.To repress, hide, conceal (mostly poet.):2.dum nocte premuntur,
Verg. A. 6, 827:curam sub corde,
id. ib. 4, 332:odium,
Plin. Pan. 62:iram,
Tac. A. 6, 50:pavorem et consternationem mentis vultu,
id. ib. 13, 16:interius omne secretum,
Sen. Ep. 3, 4:dolorem silentio,
Val. Max. 3, 3, 1 ext.; cf. silentia, Sil. 12, 646:aliquid ore,
Verg. A. 7, 103:jam te premet nox,
Hor. C. 1, 4, 16.—To lower, diminish, undervalue, disparage, depreciate:b.premendorum superiorum arte sese extollebat,
Liv. 22, 12:arma Latini,
Verg. A. 11, 402:opuscula ( = deprimere atque elevare),
Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 36:famam alicujus,
Tac. A. 15, 49:premere ac despicere,
Quint. 11, 1, 16:premere tumentia, humilia extollere,
id. ib. 10, 4, 1.—To surpass, exceed:c.facta premant annos,
Ov. M. 7, 449:ne prisca vetustas Laude pudicitiae saecula nostra premat,
id. P. 3, 1, 116:quantum Latonia Nymphas Virgo premit,
Stat. S. 1, 2, 115.—To rule ( poet.):3.dicione premere populos,
Verg. A. 7, 737:imperio,
id. ib. 1, 54:Mycenas Servitio premet,
id. ib. 1, 285.—To suppress, pull down, humble, degrade:4.quae (vocabula) nunc situs premit,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 118:nec premendo alium me extulisse velim,
Liv. 22, 59, 10; cf. id. 39, 41, 1:premebat reum crimen,
id. 3, 13, 1.—To compress, abridge, condense:5.haec enim, quae dilatantur a nobis, Zeno sic premebat,
Cic. N. D. 2, 7, 20.—To check, arrest, repress, restrain:6.cursum ingenii tui, Brute, premit haec importuna clades civitatis,
Cic. Brut. 97, 332:sub imo Corde gemitum,
Verg. A. 10, 464:vocem,
to be silent, id. ib. 9, 324:sermones vulgi,
to restrain, Tac. A. 3, 6.—To store up, lay up in the mind, muse upon:I. A.(vocem) ab ore Eripuit pater ac stupefactus numine pressit,
Verg. A. 7, 119.—Hence, pressus, a, um, P. a.Lit.:B.presso pede eos retro cedentes principes recipiebant,
Liv. 8, 8, 9:presso gradu,
id. 28, 14, 14; cf.:pressoque legit vestigia gressu,
Ov. M. 3, 17.—Trop.1.Of the voice or manner, subdued:2.haec cum pressis et flebilibus modis, qui totis theatris maestitiam inferant,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 44, 106.—Of color, lowered, depressed; hence, dark, gloomy:II.color pressus,
Pall. 4, 13, 4:color viridi pressior,
Plin. 35, 6, 13, § 32:spadices pressi,
Serv. Verg. G. 3, 82.—Esp., of an orator or of speech.A.Compressed, concise, plain, without ornament (class.):B.fiunt pro grandibus tumidi, pressis exiles, fortibus temerarii, etc.,
Quint. 10, 2, 16:cum Attici pressi et integri, contra Asiani inflati et inanes haberentur,
id. 12, 10, 18.—Of style:pressa et tenuia, et quae minimum ab usu cotidiano recedant,
Quint. 10, 1, 102:pressus et demissus stilus,
Plin. Ep. 1, 8, 5; Quint. 4, 2, 117.— Comp.: in concionibus pressior, et circumscriptior, et adductior, more moderate, keeping more within bounds, Plin. Ep. 1, 16, 4.—Close, exact, accurate:B.Thucydides ita verbis aptus et pressus, ut,
Cic. de Or. 2, 13, 56: quis te fuit umquam in partiundis rebus pressior? more exact, more accurate, id. Fragm. ap. Non. 364, 24:sicuti taxare pressius crebriusque est, quam tangere,
Gell. 2, 6, 5:quod (periculum) observandum pressiore cautelā censeo,
stricter, greater, App. M. 5, p. 160, 36:cogitationes pressiores,
id. ib. 5, p. 163, 32.—So of sounds, precise, intelligible:(lingua) vocem profusam fingit atque sonos vocis distinctos et pressos facit,
Cic. N. D. 2, 59, 149.—Hence, adv.: pressē, with pressure, violently (class.): artius pressiusque conflictata, Atei. Capito ap. Gell. 10, 6, 2.—Closely, tightly.1.Lit.:2.vites pressius putare,
Pall. 12, 9:pressius colla radere,
Veg. Vet. 1, 56.—Trop.a.Of pronunciation, shortly, neatly, trimly:b.loqui non aspere, non vaste, non rustice, sed presse, et aequabiliter, et leniter,
Cic. de Or. 3, 12, 45; id. Off. 1, 37, 133.—Of the mode of expression, etc., concisely, not diffusely:(β).definire presse et anguste,
Cic. Or. 33, 117:abundanter dicere, an presse,
Quint. 8, 3, 40:pressius et astrictius scripsi,
Plin. Ep. 3, 18, 10.—Without ornament, simply:(γ).unum (genus oratorum) attenuate presseque, alterum sublate ampleque dicentium,
Cic. Brut. 55, 202:aliquid describere modo pressius, modo elatius,
Plin. Ep. 4, 14, 3.—Closely, exactly, correctly, accurately:mihi placet agi subtilius, et pressius,
Cic. Fin. 4, 10, 24:definiunt pressius,
id. Tusc. 4, 7, 14:anquisitius, et exactius pressiusque disserere,
Gell. 1, 3, 21. -
87 автомобиль
м. брит. амер. брит. амер. брит. амер. motor vehicle; automobile; car; lorry; truckвести автомобиль «накатом» — let a car free-wheel
запускать автомобиль «на скорости» — start a car in gear
автомобиль «клюёт» — the car nose-dives
автомобиль «наездил» км — the car has km on it
автомобиль «слушается» руля излишне легко — the car oversteers
автомобиль «слушается» руля с замедлением — the car understeers
грузовой автомобиль — lorry; truck
легковой автомобиль — car; car
автомобиль с бензиновым двигателем и электрической трансмиссией — petrol-electric vehicle; gasoline-electric vehicle
автомобиль с карбюраторным двигателем — petrol-powered lorry; gasoline-powered truck
автомобиль с кузовом «Универсал» — station wagon
Синонимический ряд:автомашина (сущ.) авто; автомашина; машина; машину; тачка; тачку -
88 Basket Cloth
A cotton fabric of fancy matt style, with 2, 3 or 4 ends and picks working together of heavy yams.. An average cloth is made 42-in., 48-ends, 34 picks per inch, 2/20's warp, 8's weft. The line drawing gives the weave and the photograph the cloth known as Connaught embroidery cloth. Also a plain cloth woven with coloured warp and weft yams, such as black and white, red and white, in a matt weave such as 52 X 40, 16's/10's ▪ -
89 Canton Crepe
A heavy and coarse crepe, plain weave, usually all silk, but rayon is often used for weft. The weft is woven two picks right, and two picks reverse twist on box looms. The cloth is piece-dyed. A 45-in. cloth will finish to 41-in. The all silk style is about 280 X 56 per inch, of fine yarns, such as 35 denier warp and 50 denier weft. -
90 Le Jungle
A French woollen fabric, made with designs of Oriental style. It is a heavy coarse fabric. The yarns are of contrasting colours. -
91 Melton
A heavy smooth cloth, made all wool or from cotton warp and wool weft. Woven 76-in. to So-in, to finish 50-in. to 56-in. wide, and about 24-oz. per yard. The cloth is raised and cropped and very heavily milled. The 2 & 2 twill is used, especially in the all-wool styles. Meltons, kerseys and tweeds for coatings and uniforms are very similar in appearance when finished. Fig. A gives a popular design on 4-shafts and 8 picks, made 82-in. wide to finish when milled and dyed 58-in. wide, wool yarns 28 yards per dram warp and 22 yards weft. The warp is openband (twist to the left) and the weft crossband (twist to the right) and soft spun. Reed 4 in a dent 52-ends per inch, 80 picks per inch, weight 32-oz. per yard. Design B gives a cheap style of Melton in which cotton warp and mungo weft is used. Made 80-in. to finish 54-in., 52 ends and 52 picks per inch, 2/40's Egyptian cotton warp, 7 yards per dram mungo weft. This cloth costs about 60 per cent less than the above. -
92 Panung
The nether garment of the Siamese. Made from cloth of the papoon style or from woven or printed check. Papoon is a plain woven cloth having warp and weft of different colours. It is also woven in a 2 & 2 checking, 36-in. X 10 feet. It is produced in three qualities, viz.: - The Pata, heavy type, printed in checks or cross-overs with stripes at each end. Papoon, woven in fast colours with narrow stripes at the ends. Palai, the lowest grade and is a low quality cotton cloth printed and stiffened with size. -
93 Pocketing
A very good quality cotton cloth intended for pockets, but used for many domestic purposes. Usually 2 & 2 twill weave in a fine reed, and made from super quality yarns. As a rule the cloth is sold in the loom state or with a soft finish. About 36-in., 100 yards, 120 ends and 80 picks per inch, 36's warp, 40's weft. Another standard style is woven in the 1 & 3 weft twill, 30-in., 80 yards, 52 ends and 130 picks per inch, 2/32's warp, 20's weft. Pocketing cloths are also made from jute and linen yarns but in plain weave and many weights. Cotton velveteens and heavy cotton cloths with a nap finish are also used. -
94 Mafra, Palace and Convent of
One of the Iberian Peninsula's largest structures, Mafra Palace and Convent remains Portugal's most colossal historic monument-building. About 48 kilometers (30 miles) north-northwest of Lisbon, the complex is located in the town of Mafra, one of Portugal's most ancient settlements. First ordered built by the extravagant King João V in 1711, Mafra Palace was not completed until decades later by poorly paid labor. With perhaps the larger building of Phillip II of Spain's Escorial Palace and Convent in mind, King João V dedicated the rival enterprise to celebrating the birth of a child to his Austrian queen; this child, who was a girl, became queen of Spain. A veritable army of workers — at one time 45,000—constructed the massive building, which some thought would never be completed. In fact, after it was finally begun in 1717, the building was finished in 1735.The most extravagant project of João's expansive reign, Mafra Palace and Convent are heavy in style and spirit, but this is offset by the magnificent baroque library and the music that comes from the 50-bell carillon that is still in use. The wonders of Mafra can be imagined from just a few of the building figures; there are, for example, 5,200 doorways and 2,500 windows. Some of the wealth in royal coffers that paid for Mafra came from "the King's Fifth," out of the diamonds and gold in Portugal's richest colony, Brazil. The manner in which this historic monument is utilized not only as a tourist site, but also for a variety of other purposes, is a fascinating case of Portugal as a "museum-state." Mafra today provides space for two museums, offices of the Mafra City Hall (Câmara Municipal), an elementary school, and an army regiment. It is also used as a church.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Mafra, Palace and Convent of
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95 Hero of Alexandria
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building, Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Photography, film and optics, Steam and internal combustion engines[br]fl. c.62 AD Alexandria[br]Alexandrian mathematician and mechanician.[br]Nothing is known of Hero, or Heron, apart from what can be gleaned from the books he wrote. Their scope and style suggest that he was a teacher at the museum or the university of Alexandria, writing textbooks for his students. The longest book, and the one with the greatest technological interest, is Pneumatics. Some of its material is derived from the works of the earlier writers Ctesibius of Alexandria and Philo of Byzantium, but many of the devices described were invented by Hero himself. The introduction recognizes that the air is a body and demonstrates the effects of air pressure, as when air must be allowed to escape from a closed vessel before water can enter. There follow clear descriptions of a variety of mechanical contrivances depending on the effects of either air pressure or heated gases. Most of the devices seem trivial, but such toys or gadgets were popular at the time and Hero is concerned to show how they work. Inventions with a more serious purpose are a fire pump and a water organ. One celebrated gadget is a sphere that is set spinning by jets of steam—an early illustration of the reaction principle on which modern jet propulsion depends.M echanics, known only in an Arabic version, is a textbook expounding the theory and practical skills required by the architect. It deals with a variety of questions of mechanics, such as the statics of a horizontal beam resting on vertical posts, the theory of the centre of gravity and equilibrium, largely derived from Archimedes, and the five ways of applying a relatively small force to exert a much larger one: the lever, winch, pulley, wedge and screw. Practical devices described include sledges for transporting heavy loads, cranes and a screw cutter.Hero's Dioptra describes instruments used in surveying, together with an odometer or device to indicate the distance travelled by a wheeled vehicle. Catoptrics, known only in Latin, deals with the principles of mirrors, plane and curved, enunciating that the angle of incidence is equal to that of reflection. Automata describes two forms of puppet theatre, operated by strings and drums driven by a falling lead weight attached to a rope wound round an axle. Hero's mathematical work lies in the tradition of practical mathematics stretching from the Babylonians through Islam to Renaissance Europe. It is seen most clearly in his Metrica, a treatise on mensuration.Of all his works, Pneumatics was the best known and most influential. It was one of the works of Greek science and technology assimilated by the Arabs, notably Banu Musa ibn Shakir, and was transmitted to medieval Western Europe.[br]BibliographyAll Hero's works have been printed with a German translation in Heronis Alexandrini opera quae supersunt omnia, 1899–1914, 5 vols, Leipzig. The book on pneumatics has been published as The Pneumatics of Hero of Alexandria, 1851, trans. and ed. Bennet Wood-croft, London (facs. repr. 1971, introd. Marie Boas Hall, London and New York).Further ReadingA.G.Drachmann, 1948, "Ktesibios, Philon and Heron: A Study in Ancient Pneumatics", Acta Hist. Sci. Nat. Med. 4, Copenhagen: Munksgaard.T.L.Heath, 1921, A History of Greek Mathematics, Oxford (still useful for his mathematical work).LRD -
96 Menzies, Michael
[br]b. end of the seventeenth century Lanarkshire, Scotland (?)d. 13 December 1766 Edinburgh, Scotland[br]Scottish inventor and lawyer.[br]Menzies was admitted as a member of the Faculty of Advocates on 31 January 1719. It is evident from his applications for patents that he was more concerned with inventions than the law, however. He took out his first patent in 1734 for a threshing machine in which a number of flails were attached to a horizontal axis, which was moved rapidly forwards and backwards through half a revolution, essentially imitating the action of an ordinary flail. The grain to be threshed was placed on either side.Though not a practical success, Menzies's invention seems to have been the first for the mechanical threshing of grain. His idea of imitating non-mechanized action also influenced his invention of a coal cutter, for which he took out a patent in 1761 and which copied miners' tools for obtaining coal. He proposed to carry heavy chains down the pit so that they could be used to give motion to iron picks, saws or other chains with cutting implements. The chains could be set into motion by a steam-engine, by water-or windmills, or by horses gins. Although it is quite obvious that this apparatus could not work, Menzies was the first to have thought of mechanizing coal production in the style that was in use in the late twentieth century. Subsequent to Menzies's proposal, many inventors at varying intervals followed this direction until the problem was finally solved one century later by, among others, W.E. Garforth.Menzies had successfully used the power of a steam-engine on the Wear eight years beforehand, when he obtained a patent for raising coal. According to his device a descending bucket filled with water raised a basket of coals, while a steam-engine pumped the water back to the surface; the balance-tub system, in various forms, quickly spread to other coalfields. Menzies's patent from 1750 for improved methods of carrying the coals from the coalface to the pit-shaft had also been of considerable influence: this device employed self-acting inclined planes, whereon the descending loaded wagons hauled up the empty ones.[br]Further ReadingThe article entitled "Michael Menzies" in the Dictionary of National Biography neglects Menzies's inventions for mining. A comprehensive evaluation of his influence on coal cutting is given in the introductory chapter of S.F.Walker, 1902, Coal-Cutting byMachinery, London.WK
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