heaven+sent

• ЦАРСТВО < ЦАРСТВИЕ> НЕБЕСНОЕ obs

[NP; sing only; fixed WO]

=====

1. paradise, heaven:

- the kingdom of heaven;

- the heavenly kingdom;

- the kingdom of God.

     ♦ При его слабости к съедобному, Гена, разумеется, даже в обмен на Царствие Небесное не согласился бы умереть до обеда (Максимов 2). With his weakness for food, Gena would never, of course, have agreed to die before lunch, even in exchange for the Kingdom of Heaven (2a).

2. царствие небесное кому [usu. indep. sent]

⇒ a wish that the deceased spend the afterlife in paradise:

- царство X-у небесное≈ God rest X's soul;

- may X rest in peace;

- may the kingdom of heaven be X's;

- may X's soul rest in the kingdom of heaven.

     ♦ "Батюшка Сергея Сергеевича умер", - сообщил Иван Васильевич. "Царство небесное", - сказала старушка вежливо... (Булгаков 12). "Sergei Sergeyevich's father is dead," put in Ivan Vasilievich. "God rest his soul," said the old lady politely (12a).

     ♦ "Ну, что отец?" - "Вчера получил известие о его кончине", - коротко сказал князь Андрей. Кутузов испуганнооткрытыми глазами посмотрел на князя Андрея, потом снял фуражку и перекрестился: "Царство ему небесное!" (Толстой 6). "And how's your father?" "I received news of his death yesterday," replied Prince Andrew abruptly. Kutuzov looked at him with eyes wide open with dismay, and then took off his cap and crossed himself: "May the kingdom of Heaven be his!" (6b).

     ♦ "Ну, давай, кум, помянем Каледина, покойного атамана. Царство ему небесное!" (Шолохов 3). "Well, kinsman, let's drink to Kaledin, our late ataman. May his soul rest in the kingdom of heaven!" (3a).

• ЦАРСТВО < ЦАРСТВИЕ> НЕБЕСНОЕ obs

[NP; sing only; fixed WO]

=====

1. paradise, heaven:

- the kingdom of heaven;

- the heavenly kingdom;

- the kingdom of God.

     ♦ При его слабости к съедобному, Гена, разумеется, даже в обмен на Царствие Небесное не согласился бы умереть до обеда (Максимов 2). With his weakness for food, Gena would never, of course, have agreed to die before lunch, even in exchange for the Kingdom of Heaven (2a).

2. царство небесное кому [usu. indep. sent]

⇒ a wish that the deceased spend the afterlife in paradise:

- царство X-у небесное≈ God rest X's soul;

- may X rest in peace;

- may the kingdom of heaven be X's;

- may X's soul rest in the kingdom of heaven.

     ♦ "Батюшка Сергея Сергеевича умер", - сообщил Иван Васильевич. "Царство небесное", - сказала старушка вежливо... (Булгаков 12). "Sergei Sergeyevich's father is dead," put in Ivan Vasilievich. "God rest his soul," said the old lady politely (12a).

     ♦ "Ну, что отец?" - "Вчера получил известие о его кончине", - коротко сказал князь Андрей. Кутузов испуганнооткрытыми глазами посмотрел на князя Андрея, потом снял фуражку и перекрестился: "Царство ему небесное!" (Толстой 6). "And how's your father?" "I received news of his death yesterday," replied Prince Andrew abruptly. Kutuzov looked at him with eyes wide open with dismay, and then took off his cap and crossed himself: "May the kingdom of Heaven be his!" (6b).

     ♦ "Ну, давай, кум, помянем Каледина, покойного атамана. Царство ему небесное!" (Шолохов 3). "Well, kinsman, let's drink to Kaledin, our late ataman. May his soul rest in the kingdom of heaven!" (3a).

no one knows, it is impossible (for s.o.) to know: God ((the) Lord, heaven, goodness) (only) knows

• БОГ <ГОСПОДЬ, АЛЛАХ> (ЕГО <тебя и т.п.> ЗНАЕТ < ВЕДАЕТ>; БОГ ВЕСТЬall coll

[VPsubj; these forms only; usu. the main clause in a complex sent or indep. sent; fixed WO]

=====

⇒ no one knows, it is impossible (for s.o.) to know:

- God <(the) Lord, heaven, goodness> (only) knows;

- God alone knows.

     ♦ "Кто же я таков, по твоему разумению?" - "Бог тебя знает; но кто бы ты ни был, ты шутишь опасную шутку" (Пушкин 2). "And who am I then, in your opinion?" "God only knows; but whoever you may be, you're playing a dangerous game" (2a).

     ♦...Он ездит и в свет, и читает: когда он успевает - бог весть (Гончаров 1)....There was his social life and his reading-heaven only knows how he found the time! (1b).

     ♦ Родители его были дворяне, но столбовые или личные - бог ведает (Гоголь 3). God alone knows whether his parents, who were of the nobility, were so by descent or personal merit (3d).

• БОГ <ГОСПОДЬ, АЛЛАХ> (ЕГО <тебя и т.п.> ЗНАЕТ < ВЕДАЕТ>; БОГ ВЕСТЬall coll

[VPsubj; these forms only; usu. the main clause in a complex sent or indep. sent; fixed WO]

=====

⇒ no one knows, it is impossible (for s.o.) to know:

- God <(the) Lord, heaven, goodness> (only) knows;

- God alone knows.

     ♦ "Кто же я таков, по твоему разумению?" - "Бог тебя знает; но кто бы ты ни был, ты шутишь опасную шутку" (Пушкин 2). "And who am I then, in your opinion?" "God only knows; but whoever you may be, you're playing a dangerous game" (2a).

     ♦...Он ездит и в свет, и читает: когда он успевает - бог весть (Гончаров 1)....There was his social life and his reading-heaven only knows how he found the time! (1b).

     ♦ Родители его были дворяне, но столбовые или личные - бог ведает (Гоголь 3). God alone knows whether his parents, who were of the nobility, were so by descent or personal merit (3d).

• БОГ <ГОСПОДЬ, АЛЛАХ> (ЕГО <тебя и т.п.> ЗНАЕТ < ВЕДАЕТ>; БОГ ВЕСТЬall coll

[VPsubj; these forms only; usu. the main clause in a complex sent or indep. sent; fixed WO]

=====

⇒ no one knows, it is impossible (for s.o.) to know:

- God <(the) Lord, heaven, goodness> (only) knows;

- God alone knows.

     ♦ "Кто же я таков, по твоему разумению?" - "Бог тебя знает; но кто бы ты ни был, ты шутишь опасную шутку" (Пушкин 2). "And who am I then, in your opinion?" "God only knows; but whoever you may be, you're playing a dangerous game" (2a).

     ♦...Он ездит и в свет, и читает: когда он успевает - бог весть (Гончаров 1)....There was his social life and his reading-heaven only knows how he found the time! (1b).

     ♦ Родители его были дворяне, но столбовые или личные - бог ведает (Гоголь 3). God alone knows whether his parents, who were of the nobility, were so by descent or personal merit (3d).

• БОГ <ГОСПОДЬ, АЛЛАХ> (ЕГО <тебя и т.п.> ЗНАЕТ < ВЕДАЕТ>; БОГ ВЕСТЬall coll

[VPsubj; these forms only; usu. the main clause in a complex sent or indep. sent; fixed WO]

=====

⇒ no one knows, it is impossible (for s.o.) to know:

- God <(the) Lord, heaven, goodness> (only) knows;

- God alone knows.

     ♦ "Кто же я таков, по твоему разумению?" - "Бог тебя знает; но кто бы ты ни был, ты шутишь опасную шутку" (Пушкин 2). "And who am I then, in your opinion?" "God only knows; but whoever you may be, you're playing a dangerous game" (2a).

     ♦...Он ездит и в свет, и читает: когда он успевает - бог весть (Гончаров 1)....There was his social life and his reading-heaven only knows how he found the time! (1b).

     ♦ Родители его были дворяне, но столбовые или личные - бог ведает (Гоголь 3). God alone knows whether his parents, who were of the nobility, were so by descent or personal merit (3d).

• БОГ <ГОСПОДЬ, АЛЛАХ> (ЕГО <тебя и т.п.> ЗНАЕТ < ВЕДАЕТ>; БОГ ВЕСТЬall coll

[VPsubj; these forms only; usu. the main clause in a complex sent or indep. sent; fixed WO]

=====

⇒ no one knows, it is impossible (for s.o.) to know:

- God <(the) Lord, heaven, goodness> (only) knows;

- God alone knows.

     ♦ "Кто же я таков, по твоему разумению?" - "Бог тебя знает; но кто бы ты ни был, ты шутишь опасную шутку" (Пушкин 2). "And who am I then, in your opinion?" "God only knows; but whoever you may be, you're playing a dangerous game" (2a).

     ♦...Он ездит и в свет, и читает: когда он успевает - бог весть (Гончаров 1)....There was his social life and his reading-heaven only knows how he found the time! (1b).

     ♦ Родители его были дворяне, но столбовые или личные - бог ведает (Гоголь 3). God alone knows whether his parents, who were of the nobility, were so by descent or personal merit (3d).

• БОГ <ГОСПОДЬ, АЛЛАХ> (ЕГО <тебя и т.п.> ЗНАЕТ < ВЕДАЕТ>; БОГ ВЕСТЬall coll

[VPsubj; these forms only; usu. the main clause in a complex sent or indep. sent; fixed WO]

=====

⇒ no one knows, it is impossible (for s.o.) to know:

- God <(the) Lord, heaven, goodness> (only) knows;

- God alone knows.

     ♦ "Кто же я таков, по твоему разумению?" - "Бог тебя знает; но кто бы ты ни был, ты шутишь опасную шутку" (Пушкин 2). "And who am I then, in your opinion?" "God only knows; but whoever you may be, you're playing a dangerous game" (2a).

     ♦...Он ездит и в свет, и читает: когда он успевает - бог весть (Гончаров 1)....There was his social life and his reading-heaven only knows how he found the time! (1b).

     ♦ Родители его были дворяне, но столбовые или личные - бог ведает (Гоголь 3). God alone knows whether his parents, who were of the nobility, were so by descent or personal merit (3d).

• БОГ <ГОСПОДЬ, АЛЛАХ> (ЕГО <тебя и т.п.> ЗНАЕТ < ВЕДАЕТ>; БОГ ВЕСТЬall coll

[VPsubj; these forms only; usu. the main clause in a complex sent or indep. sent; fixed WO]

=====

⇒ no one knows, it is impossible (for s.o.) to know:

- God <(the) Lord, heaven, goodness> (only) knows;

- God alone knows.

     ♦ "Кто же я таков, по твоему разумению?" - "Бог тебя знает; но кто бы ты ни был, ты шутишь опасную шутку" (Пушкин 2). "And who am I then, in your opinion?" "God only knows; but whoever you may be, you're playing a dangerous game" (2a).

     ♦...Он ездит и в свет, и читает: когда он успевает - бог весть (Гончаров 1)....There was his social life and his reading-heaven only knows how he found the time! (1b).

     ♦ Родители его были дворяне, но столбовые или личные - бог ведает (Гоголь 3). God alone knows whether his parents, who were of the nobility, were so by descent or personal merit (3d).

• БОГ <ГОСПОДЬ, АЛЛАХ> (ЕГО <тебя и т.п.> ЗНАЕТ < ВЕДАЕТ>; БОГ ВЕСТЬall coll

[VPsubj; these forms only; usu. the main clause in a complex sent or indep. sent; fixed WO]

=====

⇒ no one knows, it is impossible (for s.o.) to know:

- God <(the) Lord, heaven, goodness> (only) knows;

- God alone knows.

     ♦ "Кто же я таков, по твоему разумению?" - "Бог тебя знает; но кто бы ты ни был, ты шутишь опасную шутку" (Пушкин 2). "And who am I then, in your opinion?" "God only knows; but whoever you may be, you're playing a dangerous game" (2a).

     ♦...Он ездит и в свет, и читает: когда он успевает - бог весть (Гончаров 1)....There was his social life and his reading-heaven only knows how he found the time! (1b).

     ♦ Родители его были дворяне, но столбовые или личные - бог ведает (Гоголь 3). God alone knows whether his parents, who were of the nobility, were so by descent or personal merit (3d).

• БОГ <ГОСПОДЬ, АЛЛАХ> (ЕГО <тебя и т.п.> ЗНАЕТ < ВЕДАЕТ>; БОГ ВЕСТЬall coll

[VPsubj; these forms only; usu. the main clause in a complex sent or indep. sent; fixed WO]

=====

⇒ no one knows, it is impossible (for s.o.) to know:

- God <(the) Lord, heaven, goodness> (only) knows;

- God alone knows.

     ♦ "Кто же я таков, по твоему разумению?" - "Бог тебя знает; но кто бы ты ни был, ты шутишь опасную шутку" (Пушкин 2). "And who am I then, in your opinion?" "God only knows; but whoever you may be, you're playing a dangerous game" (2a).

     ♦...Он ездит и в свет, и читает: когда он успевает - бог весть (Гончаров 1)....There was his social life and his reading-heaven only knows how he found the time! (1b).

     ♦ Родители его были дворяне, но столбовые или личные - бог ведает (Гоголь 3). God alone knows whether his parents, who were of the nobility, were so by descent or personal merit (3d).

• БОГ <ГОСПОДЬ, АЛЛАХ> (ЕГО <тебя и т.п.> ЗНАЕТ < ВЕДАЕТ>; БОГ ВЕСТЬall coll

[VPsubj; these forms only; usu. the main clause in a complex sent or indep. sent; fixed WO]

=====

⇒ no one knows, it is impossible (for s.o.) to know:

- God <(the) Lord, heaven, goodness> (only) knows;

- God alone knows.

     ♦ "Кто же я таков, по твоему разумению?" - "Бог тебя знает; но кто бы ты ни был, ты шутишь опасную шутку" (Пушкин 2). "And who am I then, in your opinion?" "God only knows; but whoever you may be, you're playing a dangerous game" (2a).

     ♦...Он ездит и в свет, и читает: когда он успевает - бог весть (Гончаров 1)....There was his social life and his reading-heaven only knows how he found the time! (1b).

     ♦ Родители его были дворяне, но столбовые или личные - бог ведает (Гоголь 3). God alone knows whether his parents, who were of the nobility, were so by descent or personal merit (3d).

• БОГ <ГОСПОДЬ, АЛЛАХ> (ЕГО <тебя и т.п.> ЗНАЕТ < ВЕДАЕТ>; БОГ ВЕСТЬall coll

[VPsubj; these forms only; usu. the main clause in a complex sent or indep. sent; fixed WO]

=====

⇒ no one knows, it is impossible (for s.o.) to know:

- God <(the) Lord, heaven, goodness> (only) knows;

- God alone knows.

     ♦ "Кто же я таков, по твоему разумению?" - "Бог тебя знает; но кто бы ты ни был, ты шутишь опасную шутку" (Пушкин 2). "And who am I then, in your opinion?" "God only knows; but whoever you may be, you're playing a dangerous game" (2a).

     ♦...Он ездит и в свет, и читает: когда он успевает - бог весть (Гончаров 1)....There was his social life and his reading-heaven only knows how he found the time! (1b).

     ♦ Родители его были дворяне, но столбовые или личные - бог ведает (Гоголь 3). God alone knows whether his parents, who were of the nobility, were so by descent or personal merit (3d).

ἄγγελος, ου, ὁ (Hom.+) ‘messenger’.

① a human messenger serving as an envoy, an envoy, one who is sent

ⓐ by humans (Hom.+; ins, pap; Gen 32:4, 7; Jdth 1:11; 3:1; 1 Macc 1:44; 7:10; Jos., Ant. 14, 451, Vi. 89): in his earthly ministry Jesus ἀπέστειλεν ἀγγέλους (Diod S 2,18,1 the king of India to Semiramis; 4, 65, 4) Lk 9:52; of John the Baptist’s disciples 7:24; of Joshua’s scouts Js 2:25 (cp. Josh 7:22).

ⓑ by God (prophets Hg 1:13; Mal subscr.; a priest Mal 2:7.—1 Esdr 1:48f. S. also Theognis 1, 769, where the poet is Μουσέων ἄγγελος; Epict. 3, 22, 23; 38; Ael. Aristid. 37 K.=1 p. 15 D.; Maximus Tyr. 11, 9c Plato, as the one who brings us information about God, is called ὁ ἐξ Ἀκαδημίας ἄγγ.; Oenomaus in Eus., PE 5, 20, 3; 5 Carnus the soothsayer is ἄγγ. of the gods) of John the Baptist as forerunner Mt 11:10; Mk 1:2; Lk 7:27 (all Mal 3:1; cp. Ex 23:20).

② a transcendent power who carries out various missions or tasks, messenger, angel (ἄ. as a spirit-being, oft. connected w. the nether world in Gr-Rom. sources [EZiebarth, Neue attische Fluchtafeln: NGG 1899, 127ff no. 24; IG XII/3, 933–74. Other material in Dibelius, Geisterwelt 209ff. S. also the oracles: Theosophien 13 p. 169, 31; Ps.-Callisth. 1, 1, 3 ἐπεκαλεῖτο τοὺς ἀγγέλους καὶ θεὸν Ἄμμωνα; 2, 25, 1; Porphyr., Ad Marcellam 21 ἄγγελοι θεῖοί τε κ. ἀγαθοὶ δαίμονες; Hierocles 3, 424; 23, 468.—ἄ. w. θεοί and δαίμονες Damascius (V/VI A.D.) 183 Ruelle; ἄ. w. δαίμονες and ἥρωες Proclus, Rep. II 243 Kroll, Tim. III 109 Diehl.—FCumont, RHR 72, 1915, 159–82; FAndres, D. Engellehre d. griech. Apologeten 1914 and in Pauly-W. Suppl. III 1918, 101ff; Rtzst., Myst. 171, 2; Bousset, ARW 18, 1915, 170ff] and as a transcendent power in Judaism [LXX; En 10:7; 20:1; 99:3 al.; Essenes in Jos., Bell. 2, 142; Philo, cp. Schürer III 881–85 (on Philo) w. lit.; Joseph.; Test12Patr; prayers for vengeance fr. Rheneia (I B.C.) 9f κύριε ὁ πάντα ἐφορῶν καὶ οἱ ἄνγελοι θεοῦ; on this Dssm. LO 353f; 357=LAE 414; 418f; SIG 1181 w. note 2; PFouad 203, 3f (I A.D.); on this PBenoit, RB 58, ’51, 549–65; PKatz, TZ 10, ’54, 228–31. Loanw. in rabb.—Bousset, Rel. 320ff; J-BFrey, L’Angélologie juive au temps de J-Chr.: RSPT 5, 1911, 75–110; HKuhn, JBL 67, ’48, 217–32 Jewish apocalypses], likewise in the magical pap, w. their mixture of gentile and Jewish infl. [PGM 1, 76 an ἄ. as a star fr. heaven; 4, 570ff; 998; 1112; 13, 329; 585; 609; 744]. Cp. the ins APF 3, 1906, 445 no. 67; 451 no. 94. The more common term in polytheistic lit. for beings intermediate between gods and humans is δαίμων [q.v.], which monotheistic writers reserved for reference to a realm hostile to God’s interests, while retaining the term ἄ. for intermediate beings, either those loyal to God or those in rebellion [s. c].)

ⓐ as messengers of God, angels (LXX; Philo, Somn. 1, 190; transcendent messengers of the gods in Hom. are not intermediate beings. Yet the description of Hermes, the κῆρυξ τῶν θεῶν, as their ἄγγελος ἄριστος [Diod S 5, 75, 2] may have made it easier for Gr-Romans in general to understand ἄ. as God’s heavenly messenger; cp. the messenger of the god Men: EA 18, ’91 p. 92f, no. 2, 5f [lit.]) mostly w. gen.: κυρίου (Gen 16:10f al.) Mt 1:20; 2:13, 19; Lk 1:11; 2:9; Ac 5:19; 12:7, 23. τοῦ θεοῦ (Gen 31:11; 32:2 al.; Philo, Deus Imm. 1; Jos., Bell. 5, 388) Lk 12:8f; 15:10; J 1:51 (HWindisch, ZNW 30, ’31, 215–33; also s. below on Lk. 2:15). ἄ. θεοῦ (Gen 21:17 A; Judg 13:6 B; Jos., Ant. 1, 73; Orig., C. Cels. 8, 31, 18) Gal 4:14; Hb 1:6 (Ps 96:7; Dt 32:43); 1 Cl 29:2 (Dt 32:8). Abs. (Num 20:16; Judg 13:11; Tob 6:4ff al.) Lk 1:13, 18, 38; 2:10, 13, 15, 21; J 20:12; Ac 7:53; 1 Ti 3:16; 1 Pt 1:12 (in wordplay on the superiority of human beings to angels s. Sextus 32; on their status and classification s. also Orig., C. Cels. 4, 29, 16) al. ἅγιοι ἄ. (PGM 4, 1934, 1938) Mk 8:38; Lk 9:26; Ac 10:22; Rv 14:10; 1 Cl 39:7 (Job 5:1); Hv 2, 2, 7; ἐκλεκτοὶ ἄ. 1 Ti 5:21 (ἄ. as witnesses so TestLevi 19:3 and SIG 1181, 10=Dssm. LO 351–62 [LAE 413–24]; cp. Jos., Bell. 2, 401); ἄ. ἰσχυρός (cp. Da 4:13; Ps 102:20) Rv 5:2; 18:21. Their abode is heaven, and so they are ἄ. τῶν οὐρανῶν Mt 24:36 (unless οὐρ.=θεοῦ); ἄ. ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς Mk 12:25; ἄ. ἐν οὐρανῷ 13:32; ἄ. ἐξ οὐρανοῦ Gal 1:8, cp. Mt 22:30; 28:2; Lk 22:43. They return to heaven when they have fulfilled their mission on earth 2:15. Hence ἄ. φωτός (cp. SJCh 78, 17) 2 Cor 11:14; ἄ. φωταγωγοί B 18:1. There the good are united w. them after death Hv 2, 2, 7; Hs 9, 27, 3. They appear in dazzling light Lk 2:9; Ac 7:30 (Ex 3:2); ISm 6:1; cp. the ‘shining face’ of Ac 6:15; or in white garments J 20:12; cp. Mt 28:3; Lk 24:4. Called πνεύματα Hb 1:7; 1 Cl 36:3 (both after Ps 103:4). πνεύματα λειτουργικά serving spirits Hb 1:14. Their voice is like thunder J 12:29; γλῶσσαι τῶν ἀ. language of angels 1 Cor 13:1 (after the analogy of the languages of the gods, Plato in Clem. Al., Strom. 1, 143; cp. 2 Cor 12:4; Rv 14:2f; TestJob 48–50; GSteindorff, Apk. d. Elias: TU 17, 3a, 1899, 153). They bring messages fr. God to men Lk 1:11f; Mt 28:2ff, and were also active in the giving of the law νόμος διαταγεὶς διʼ ἀγγέλων Gal 3:19; cp. Ac 7:38, 53; Hb 2:2 (Jos., Ant. 15, 136 τῶν ἐν τοῖς νόμοις διʼ ἀγγέλων παρὰ τ. θεοῦ μαθόντων; cp. Did., Gen. 110, 15 κἂν γὰρ διὰ ὑπουργῶν ἀγγέλων ποιῇ ἃ βούλεται θεός). As guardian angels of individuals (Tob 5:6, 22; cp. PGM 1, 172ff; Ael. Aristid. 50, 57 K.=26 p. 519 D.: ὁ σὸς Ἑρμῆς ἐστιν, to whom Aristid. has been entrusted since his birth) Mt 18:10 (PBarry, ET 23, 1912, 182); Ac 12:15 (JMoulton, JTS 3, 1902, 514–27, ET 14, 1903, 5ff); Lk 4:10 (Ps 90:11); Hv 5:1f. They conduct the blessed dead into heaven Lk 16:22 (Hermes does this acc. to Pythag. [Diog. L. 8, 31]); instruct humans to do good Hv 3, 5, 4; δικαιοσύνης m 6, 2, 1 (ParJer 8:12); rejoice at the repentance of a sinner Lk 15:10; cp. the ἄ. τῆς μετανοίας Hm 12, 4, 7; 12, 6, 1 al. They preside over various realms ἄ. ὁ ἔχων ἐξουσίαν ἐπὶ τοῦ πυρός Rv 14:18; ἄ. τῶν ὑδάτων 16:5; the four winds 7:1. God assigns them διακόσμησις γῆς Pa (4) (cp. ἄγγελοι ἐπὶ τῶν ἐξουσιῶν GrBar 12:3). An angel, Thegri, rules the animal world Hv 4, 2, 4 (Synes., Ep. 57 p. 192b δαίμονες as leaders of the grasshoppers). ἄ. τοῦ πνεύματος τοῦ προφητικοῦ m 11:9; τὸν ἄ. τὸν τιμωρητήν Hs 7:6; cp. ὁ ἄ. ὁ μέγας Hs 8, 4, 1.—As creator of the world AcPlCor 1:15. On ἄ. τῶν ἐκκλησιῶν Rv 1:20, cp. 2:1, 8, 12, 18; 3:1, 7, 14 (on the textual problems associated w. these vss. s. RCharles, ICC Comm. 1920, I, clvii; clxf; II 244; RBorger, TRu 52, ’87, 42f) and s. on ἀστήρ.—Subordinate to Christ Mt 4:11; 13:41; 16:27; Hb 1:4ff (Ps 96:7; B-D-F §254, 2); 1 Pt 3:22; Rv 5:11f; glorify him J 1:51 (JFritsch “… videbitis … angelos Dei ascendentes …,” VD 37, ’59, 1–11). δώδεκα λεγιῶνας ἀ. Mt 26:53; μυριάσιν ἀ. Hb 12:22; cp. Rv 5:11. Seven principal angels (Tob 12:15) Rv 8:2, 6; 15:1, 6; 16:1; 17:1; 21:9 (GDix, The Seven Archangels and the Seven Spirits: JTS 28, 1927, 233–50). Six angels, created first, to whom the management of all creation is entrusted Hv 3, 4, 1. Angels at the Parousia Mt 24:31; 2 Th 1:7. Μιχαὴλ καὶ οἱ ἄ. αὐτοῦ Rv 12:7. Revered by people (Celsus 1, 26 Ἰουδαίους σέβειν ἀγγέλους; 5, 6) θρησκείᾳ τῶν ἀ. worship of angels Col 2:18; λατρεύειν ἀγγέλοις as a sign of Jewish piety PtK 2 p. 14, 26=Clem. Al., Strom. 6, 41 p. 452, 9. Christ as σεμνότατος ἄ. Hv 5:2; m 5, 1, 7; cp. ὁ ἅγιος ἄ. Hs 5, 4, 4 v.l.; ὁ ἔνδοξος ἄ. Hs 5, 4, 4; 7:1ff; 8, 1, 2. ὁ ἄ. κυρίου Hs 7:5; 8, 1, 2ff; called Michael in Hs 8, 3, 3, where it is to be noted that Michael was the guardian angel of God’s people (WLueken, D. Erzengel Michael 1900; MDibelius, Hdb. exc. on Hs 5, 6, 8 p. 575f).

ⓑ intermediate beings gener., w. no ref. to their relation to God (opp. ἄνθρωποι; s. 2 above immediately before a) 1 Cor 4:9 (cp. TestJos 19:9 ἔχαιρον ἐπʼ αὐτῷ οἱ ἄγγελοι κ. οἱ ἄνθρωποι κ. πᾶσα ἡ γῆ).—Ro 8:38 ἄ. as serving spirit-powers seem to be differentiated fr. the ἀρχαί, who rule.

ⓒ evil spirits (Lactant., Inst. 2, 15, 8 daemonas Trismegistus ἀγγέλους πονηρούς appellat. Cp. also Job 1:6; 2:1; Philo, Gig. 16; TestAsh 6:4; PGM 4, 2701; αἱ πονηραὶ δυνάμεις, διάβολος καὶ οἱ ἄγγελοι αὐτοῦ Did., Gen. 45, 5; ADieterich, Nekyia 1893, 60f) τῷ διαβόλῳ καὶ τοῖς ἀγγέλοις αὐτοῦ Mt 25:41; cp. Rv 12:9. ὁ δράκων καὶ οἱ ἄ. αὐτοῦ vs. 7; ἄ. τῆς ἀβύσσου 9:11 (s. Ἀβαδδών); ἄ. πονηρός B 9:4; ἄ. τῆς πονηρίας in contrast to guardian angels Hm 6, 2, 1; ἄ. Σατανᾶ, which causes physical pain 2 Cor 12:7; esp. called ἄ. τρυφῆς καὶ ἀπάτης Hs 6, 2, 1f; leading men into evil B 18:1. Of the angels’ fall and their punishment (cp., in the opinion of many, Gen 6:2; En 6ff; 54; Book of Jubilees 5; SyrBar 56:13; LJung, Fallen Angels in Jewish, Christian, and Mohammedan Lit. 1926; ALods, Congr. d’Hist. du Christ. I 29–54) ὁ θεὸς ἀγγέλων ἁμαρτησάντων οὐκ ἐφείσατο 2 Pt 2:4; ἀ. τοὺς μὴ τηρήσαντας τὴν ἑαυτῶν ἀρχήν who did not keep to their proper domain (s. ἀρχή 7) Jd 6. From the pass. already quoted above w. Gen. 6:2 (cp. also TestReub 5:3; Jos., Ant. 1, 73 ἄγγελοι θεοῦ γυναιξὶ συνιόντες; and polytheists’ concept of erotic desires of transcendent beings: HUsener, Weihnachtsfest² 1911, 74f; Rtzst., Poim. 228ff. Herr der Grösse 14f; and GJs 14:1) some conclude that the angels were subject to erotic desires; this is held to explain the regulation that women are to wear a veil in church services, since angels are present (cp. Origen, Orat. 31 and Ps 137:1 ἐναντίον ἀγγέλων ψαλῶ σοι) 1 Cor 11:10 (for another view and for the lit. s. ἐξουσία 7; s. also JFitzmyer, [Qumran angelology] NTS 4, ’57/58, 48–58; LJervis, JBL 112, ’93, 243–45: angels mediate God’s presence). In 6:3 οὐκ οἴδατε, ὅτι ἀγγέλους κρινοῦμεν; it is not certain whether only fallen angels are meant; θρησκείᾳ τῶν ἀ. worship of angels Col 2:18 polemicizes against what appears to be a type of gnostic reverence for angels. (On Qumran angelology s. Fitzmyer, cited above.)—OEverling, D. paulinische Angelologie u. Dämonologie 1888; Dibelius, Geisterwelt 1909; GKurze, D. Engels-u. Teufels-glaube d. Ap. Pls 1915; MJones, St Paul and the Angels: Exp. 8th ser., 16, 1921, 356–70; 412–25; EPeterson, D. Buch von den Engeln ’35; JMichl, D. Engelvorstellungen in Apk I ’37; ELangton, The Angel Teaching of the NT ’37; JBernardin, JBL 57, ’38, 273–79; ESchick, D. Botschaft der Engel im NT ’40; WMichaelis, Z. Engelchristol. im Urchristent. ’42; GHatzidakis, Ἄγγελος u. Verwandtes: SBWienAk 173, 1914.—B. 1486. DELG. DDD 81–96 (lit.). M-M. New Docs 5, 72f. TW. Sv.

1. ( usu. the main clause in a complex sent

no one knows (who, what, how etc): God ((the) Lord, heaven, goodness) (only) knows (who (what, how etc)).

2. (used as NP (when foil. by кто, что), AdjP (when foil. by какой), or AdvP (when foil. by где, куда etc)) used to express a strong emotional reaction-anger, indignation, bewilderment etc: God ((the) Lord, heaven, goodness) (only) knows (who, what, how etc))!

1. ( indep. clause, sent adv (parenth), or predic (with subj: usu. infin)) (used to express concern that sth. disagreeable may happen, a warning to s.o. not to do sth., or the unde-sirability, inadmissibility of sth.) it would be bad, unfortunate if... God (heaven) forbid

2. ( usu. predic (with subj: any common noun), indep. clause, or adv ( intensif)) (a person or thing is) extremely bad, awful etc, (some undesirable quality is) very strongly manifested, (some undesirable action is carried out) with extreme intensity

goodness (God), how AdjP one (sth.) is

. «Когда я был еще подпоручиком, раз, знаете, мы подгуляли между собою, а ночью сделалась тревога вот мы и вышли перед фрунт навеселе, да уж и досталось нам, как Алексей Петрович узнал: не дай господи, как он рассердился!» (Лермонтов 1). "When I was still a second lieutenant we all got a little high one time, and during the night there was an alarm

goodness, how furious he was!" (1a).

• НЕ ДАЙ < НЕ ПРИВЕДИ> БОГ <БОЖЕ, ГОСПОДИ>; НЕ ПРИВЕДИ ГОСПОДЬall coll

[these forms only; fixed WO]

=====

1. [indep. clause, sent adv (parenth), or predic (with subj: usu. infin)]

⇒ (used to express concern that sth. disagreeable may happen, a warning to s.o. not to do sth., or the undesirability, inadmissibility of sth.) it would be bad, unfortunate if... God (heaven) forbid; (may) God preserve (save) s.o. (from sth.); God (heaven) help s.o. (if...); [in limited contexts](avoid sth.) at all costs.

     ♦ "А если бы сбились с пути, да до утра, не приведи господи, закоченели бы как ледышки" (Айтматов 1). "What if you'd been lost right through until morning, God forbid? You'd have frozen solid, like icicles" (1b)

     ♦...В первую же ночь тайному суровому испытанию подвергалась ее любовь: не дай бог, не появился ли в ней какой-нибудь новый опыт (Трифонов 1). The very first night upon her return she would secretly be put to the test, and heaven forbid that her lovemaking reveal any new experience (1a).

     ♦ [Лука Лукич:] Не приведи бог служить по ученой части, всего боишься. Всякий мешается, всякому хочется показать, что он тоже умный человек (Гоголь 4). [L.L.:] God help anyone whose job has anything to do with education! You're afraid of everything, everybody interferes, everybody wants to show that he is an intelligent man too (4b).

     ♦ Они [Ирина Викторовна и Никандров] чувствовали необходимость сохранения некоторой дистанции между собой, чтобы, не дай бог, не случилось такой близости, когда одному известно о другом всё... (Залыгин 1). They [Irina Viktorovna and Nikandrov] felt it necessary to maintain a certain distance between each other, to avoid at all costs growing so close that each knew everything about the other... (1a).

2. [usu. predic (with subj: any common noun), indep. clause, or adv (intensif)]

⇒ (a person or thing is) extremely bad, awful etc, (some undesirable quality is) very strongly manifested, (some undesirable action is carried out) with extreme intensity:

- goodness (God), how [AdjP] one (sth.) is;

- one got (sth. is etc) incredibly [AdjP];

- (s.o. < sth.>) like I hope never to see (hear etc) again;

- God < may the Lord> save us (you etc) from such a [NP] (from a [NP] like that);

- God (may the Lord) spare you (me etc) a [NP] like that;

- [in limited contexts] I wouldn't wish him (her, that etc) on my worst enemy;

- [as a response to a question or a rejoinder to an exclamation] God, yes!;

- and how!;

- [in limited contexts] a God-awful [NP].

     ♦ "Когда я был еще подпоручиком, раз, знаете, мы подгуляли между собою, а ночью сделалась тревога; вот мы и вышли перед фрунт навеселе, да уж и досталось нам, как Алексей Петрович узнал: не дай господи, как он рассердился!" (Лермонтов 1). "When I was still a second lieutenant we all got a little high one time, and during the night there was an alarm; so we came out lit up in front of the soldiers, and did we get it from Aleksey Petrovich when he found out: goodness, how furious he was!" (1a).

     ♦ "Измаялась я с ней [Галькой], - стала жаловаться Степанида. - Ой девка, не приведи господь никому такую" (Распутин 1). "She's [Galia has] wore me out," began Stepanida plaintively. "The little beast! I wouldn't wish her on my worst enemy" (1a).

     ♦ "Поступайте в кондуктора! Вы не можете заниматься зоологией", - неслось из кабинета. "Строг?" - спрашивал котелок у Панкрата. "У, - не приведи бог", - отвечал Панкрат... (Булгаков 10). [context transl] "Go and get jobs as conductors! You aren't fit to study zoology," came from the office. "Strict, eh?" the derby asked Pankrat. "A holy terror," answered Pankrat (10a).

• НЕ ДАЙ < НЕ ПРИВЕДИ> БОГ <БОЖЕ, ГОСПОДИ>; НЕ ПРИВЕДИ ГОСПОДЬall coll

[these forms only; fixed WO]

=====

1. [indep. clause, sent adv (parenth), or predic (with subj: usu. infin)]

⇒ (used to express concern that sth. disagreeable may happen, a warning to s.o. not to do sth., or the undesirability, inadmissibility of sth.) it would be bad, unfortunate if... God (heaven) forbid; (may) God preserve (save) s.o. (from sth.); God (heaven) help s.o. (if...); [in limited contexts](avoid sth.) at all costs.

     ♦ "А если бы сбились с пути, да до утра, не приведи господи, закоченели бы как ледышки" (Айтматов 1). "What if you'd been lost right through until morning, God forbid? You'd have frozen solid, like icicles" (1b)

     ♦...В первую же ночь тайному суровому испытанию подвергалась ее любовь: не дай бог, не появился ли в ней какой-нибудь новый опыт (Трифонов 1). The very first night upon her return she would secretly be put to the test, and heaven forbid that her lovemaking reveal any new experience (1a).

     ♦ [Лука Лукич:] Не приведи бог служить по ученой части, всего боишься. Всякий мешается, всякому хочется показать, что он тоже умный человек (Гоголь 4). [L.L.:] God help anyone whose job has anything to do with education! You're afraid of everything, everybody interferes, everybody wants to show that he is an intelligent man too (4b).

     ♦ Они [Ирина Викторовна и Никандров] чувствовали необходимость сохранения некоторой дистанции между собой, чтобы, не дай бог, не случилось такой близости, когда одному известно о другом всё... (Залыгин 1). They [Irina Viktorovna and Nikandrov] felt it necessary to maintain a certain distance between each other, to avoid at all costs growing so close that each knew everything about the other... (1a).

2. [usu. predic (with subj: any common noun), indep. clause, or adv (intensif)]

⇒ (a person or thing is) extremely bad, awful etc, (some undesirable quality is) very strongly manifested, (some undesirable action is carried out) with extreme intensity:

- goodness (God), how [AdjP] one (sth.) is;

- one got (sth. is etc) incredibly [AdjP];

- (s.o. < sth.>) like I hope never to see (hear etc) again;

- God < may the Lord> save us (you etc) from such a [NP] (from a [NP] like that);

- God (may the Lord) spare you (me etc) a [NP] like that;

- [in limited contexts] I wouldn't wish him (her, that etc) on my worst enemy;

- [as a response to a question or a rejoinder to an exclamation] God, yes!;

- and how!;

- [in limited contexts] a God-awful [NP].

     ♦ "Когда я был еще подпоручиком, раз, знаете, мы подгуляли между собою, а ночью сделалась тревога; вот мы и вышли перед фрунт навеселе, да уж и досталось нам, как Алексей Петрович узнал: не дай господи, как он рассердился!" (Лермонтов 1). "When I was still a second lieutenant we all got a little high one time, and during the night there was an alarm; so we came out lit up in front of the soldiers, and did we get it from Aleksey Petrovich when he found out: goodness, how furious he was!" (1a).

     ♦ "Измаялась я с ней [Галькой], - стала жаловаться Степанида. - Ой девка, не приведи господь никому такую" (Распутин 1). "She's [Galia has] wore me out," began Stepanida plaintively. "The little beast! I wouldn't wish her on my worst enemy" (1a).

     ♦ "Поступайте в кондуктора! Вы не можете заниматься зоологией", - неслось из кабинета. "Строг?" - спрашивал котелок у Панкрата. "У, - не приведи бог", - отвечал Панкрат... (Булгаков 10). [context transl] "Go and get jobs as conductors! You aren't fit to study zoology," came from the office. "Strict, eh?" the derby asked Pankrat. "A holy terror," answered Pankrat (10a).

• НЕ ДАЙ < НЕ ПРИВЕДИ> БОГ <БОЖЕ, ГОСПОДИ>; НЕ ПРИВЕДИ ГОСПОДЬall coll

[these forms only; fixed WO]

=====

1. [indep. clause, sent adv (parenth), or predic (with subj: usu. infin)]

⇒ (used to express concern that sth. disagreeable may happen, a warning to s.o. not to do sth., or the undesirability, inadmissibility of sth.) it would be bad, unfortunate if... God (heaven) forbid; (may) God preserve (save) s.o. (from sth.); God (heaven) help s.o. (if...); [in limited contexts](avoid sth.) at all costs.

     ♦ "А если бы сбились с пути, да до утра, не приведи господи, закоченели бы как ледышки" (Айтматов 1). "What if you'd been lost right through until morning, God forbid? You'd have frozen solid, like icicles" (1b)

     ♦...В первую же ночь тайному суровому испытанию подвергалась ее любовь: не дай бог, не появился ли в ней какой-нибудь новый опыт (Трифонов 1). The very first night upon her return she would secretly be put to the test, and heaven forbid that her lovemaking reveal any new experience (1a).

     ♦ [Лука Лукич:] Не приведи бог служить по ученой части, всего боишься. Всякий мешается, всякому хочется показать, что он тоже умный человек (Гоголь 4). [L.L.:] God help anyone whose job has anything to do with education! You're afraid of everything, everybody interferes, everybody wants to show that he is an intelligent man too (4b).

     ♦ Они [Ирина Викторовна и Никандров] чувствовали необходимость сохранения некоторой дистанции между собой, чтобы, не дай бог, не случилось такой близости, когда одному известно о другом всё... (Залыгин 1). They [Irina Viktorovna and Nikandrov] felt it necessary to maintain a certain distance between each other, to avoid at all costs growing so close that each knew everything about the other... (1a).

2. [usu. predic (with subj: any common noun), indep. clause, or adv (intensif)]

⇒ (a person or thing is) extremely bad, awful etc, (some undesirable quality is) very strongly manifested, (some undesirable action is carried out) with extreme intensity:

- goodness (God), how [AdjP] one (sth.) is;

- one got (sth. is etc) incredibly [AdjP];

- (s.o. < sth.>) like I hope never to see (hear etc) again;

- God < may the Lord> save us (you etc) from such a [NP] (from a [NP] like that);

- God (may the Lord) spare you (me etc) a [NP] like that;

- [in limited contexts] I wouldn't wish him (her, that etc) on my worst enemy;

- [as a response to a question or a rejoinder to an exclamation] God, yes!;

- and how!;

- [in limited contexts] a God-awful [NP].

     ♦ "Когда я был еще подпоручиком, раз, знаете, мы подгуляли между собою, а ночью сделалась тревога; вот мы и вышли перед фрунт навеселе, да уж и досталось нам, как Алексей Петрович узнал: не дай господи, как он рассердился!" (Лермонтов 1). "When I was still a second lieutenant we all got a little high one time, and during the night there was an alarm; so we came out lit up in front of the soldiers, and did we get it from Aleksey Petrovich when he found out: goodness, how furious he was!" (1a).

     ♦ "Измаялась я с ней [Галькой], - стала жаловаться Степанида. - Ой девка, не приведи господь никому такую" (Распутин 1). "She's [Galia has] wore me out," began Stepanida plaintively. "The little beast! I wouldn't wish her on my worst enemy" (1a).

     ♦ "Поступайте в кондуктора! Вы не можете заниматься зоологией", - неслось из кабинета. "Строг?" - спрашивал котелок у Панкрата. "У, - не приведи бог", - отвечал Панкрат... (Булгаков 10). [context transl] "Go and get jobs as conductors! You aren't fit to study zoology," came from the office. "Strict, eh?" the derby asked Pankrat. "A holy terror," answered Pankrat (10a).