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1 torna
adj. hard, as in tornanga q.v., seemingly -storna after prefixes ending in a vowel, as in the comparative forms aristorna, anastorna PE17:56; the forms are untranslated and may not necessarily be the same adjective hard. -
2 car-
1 vb. "make, do, build, form" 1st pers. aorist carin "I make, build"; the aorist is listed with all pronominal endings in VT49:16, also in pl. and dual forms carir, carit. Regarding the form carize- PE17:128, see -s \#1. Pa.t. carnë KAR, PE17:74, 144. The infinitival aorist stem carë "k" by Patrick Wynne called a general aorist infinitive in VT49:34 occurs in ecë nin carë sa I can do it VT49:34, also in áva carë "don't do it" WJ:371 and uin carë PE17:68; in the last example Tolkien calls carë an example of the simplest aorist infinitive, the same source referring to carië as the general infinitive of the same verb. Pl. aorist carir "form" in the phrase i carir quettar k "those who form words" WJ:391, cf. VT49:16, continuative cára, future caruva PE17:144, carita "k", infinitive/gerund "to do" or "doing" VT42:33, with suffixes caritas "to do it" or "doing it", caritalyas "your doing it" in VT41:13,17, VT42:33. Past participle \#carna, q.v.; VT43:15 also gives the long form carina "k", read perhaps *cárina. Carima as a passive participle may be a mistake, VT43:15. PE17:68 refers to a simple past passive participle of the form carinwa kari-nwa. Rare past participle active ? cárienwa k *having done PE17:68, unless this is also a kind of passive participle the wording of the source is unclear. Some alternative forms in Fíriel's Song: past tense cárë "káre" "made"; this may still be an alternative to the better-attested form carnë LR:362 even in LotR-style Quenya. Cf. ohtacárë war-made, made war see \#ohtacar-. Also *cárië with various suffixes: cárier "kárier" is translated "they made"; in LotR-style Quenya this could be seen as an augmentless perfect, hence *"they have made", "they" being simply the plural ending -r. The literal meaning of cárielto "k" must also be *"they made" cf. -lto. Derived adjectives urcárima and urcarnë hard to make / do, urucarin made with difficulty PE17:154, saucarya evil-doing PE17:68. 2 prep. "with" carelyë "with thee", prepositional element evidently an ephemeral form abandoned by Tolkien VT43:29 -
3 Poldomo
noun breaker up of the hard / tough, Poldor- land-breaker?, variant forms of Poldórëa, q.v., introduced at a time when Tolkien did not want the root POL to refer to strength or mightiness PE17:181, cf. polda from an earlier source. -
4 lepetta
noun, a hard-wood tree growing in Gondor Ithilien, Sindarin lebethron PE17:89 -
5 hranga
2 adj. awkward, hard PE17:154, stiff, awkward, difficult PE17:185 -
6 norna
adj. "stiff, tough; hard, firm, resistant" WJ:413, PE17:106, thrawn, tough, obdurate, mainly applied to persons PE17:181 -
7 nauca
"k" adj. "stunted" VT39:7, stunted, shortened, dwarfed PE17:45, especially applied to things that though in themselves full-grown were smaller or shorter than their kind, and were hard, twisted or ill-shapen WJ:413. The word can also be used as a noun dwarf PE17:45, the meaning it also had in Tolkiens early "Qenya" LT1:261, but the distinct noun-form Nauco may be more usual. -
8 sardatengwë
noun "hard sound", a term for "consonant", but not used of semi-vowels y, wand continuants l, r, m, noun. Only pl. sarda tengwi ñ is attested; we would rather expect \#sardë tengwi with the pl. form of the adjective. Sarda tengwi are also simply called sardë "hards", see sarda. VT39:17 -
9 hraicénima
adj. scarcely visible, hard to see PE17:154. Also hraicenë. -
10 urcárima
urcarnë adj. hard to make / do. PE17:154. Cf. urucarin. -
11 sarda
adj. "hard" VT39:17; pl. sardë "hards" may be used in the same sense as sarda tengwi, q.v. As an independent form we would rather expect a nominal pl. sardar. -
12 ú-
2 prefix "not-, un-, in-", denying presence or possession of thing or quality VT39:14, UGU/UMU/VT46:20, GŪ, LT1:272, or simply suggesting something bad or immoral see \#úcar-, Úmaiar. Tolkien at one point considered redefining ú- as an element signifying "bad, uneasy, hard"; the already-published form únótima would then mean "difficult/impossible to count" rather than simply "uncountable" VT42:33. However, Tolkien's very last word on the matter seems to be that ú- was to remain a mere negative VT44:4. Compare úa, q.v. According to the Etymologies, the prefix ú- usually has a "bad sense", whereas according to early material u- uv-, um-, un- is a "mere negation" UGU/UMU vs. VT42:32 According to a later source, ú- could be used as an uninflected verbal prefix, mainly in verse, but in a normal style the prefix was verbalized as ua-, q.v. PE17:144. The stem Ū, as a negation, was accompanied by pursed lips and shaking of the head PE17:145. -
13 urda
adj. hard, difficult, arduous PE17:154 -
14 tornanga
adj. iron hard the order of the elements is the opposite in Quenya. PE17:56 -
15 Poldor
noun breaker up of the hard / tough, Poldor- land-breaker?, variant forms of Poldórëa, q.v., introduced at a time when Tolkien did not want the root POL to refer to strength or mightiness PE17:181, cf. polda from an earlier source.
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