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1 Hawthorne experiments
Gen Mgta series of studies undertaken at the Hawthorne plant of Western Electric in the United States from which Elton Mayo concluded that an approach emphasizing employee participation can improve productivity. The Hawthorne experiments began in 1924 as a study conducted by the National Research Council into the relationship between workplace lighting and employee efficiency, and was then extended to include wage incentives and rest periods. It was found that whatever variations were applied upward or downward, output rose, and this was termed the Hawthorne effect. The increased productivity was attributed to several causes, including small group size, earnings, the novelty of being part of an experiment, and the increased attention given to the employees being studied. The style of the supervisor, which was relaxed and friendly, in contrast to the then standard practice, was found to be particularly important. In a second group of employees, however, it was observed that, as the experiments progressed, output was restricted, and that whatever the incentive, the group showed a resistance to it. In 1929, and 1930, Elton Mayo visited Hawthorne. He linked supervisory style and levels of morale with productivity. High productivity resulted from an engaged supervisory style that encouraged participation. Low productivity resulted when a supervisor remained remote and retained a traditional supervisory role. The Hawthorne experiments established the importance of management style and interpersonal skills to organizational success. -
2 Hawthorne effect
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3 Mayo, Elton
(1880–1949) Gen MgtAustralian psychologist and academic. Responsible for finding, through the Hawthorne experiments, that job satisfaction increases through employee participation in decision making, rather than through short-term incentives. The results of the Hawthorne studies were published in Mayo’s The Human Problems of an Industrial Civilization (1933), and were further publicized by one of his collaborators, Fritz Jules Roethlisberger. Mayo is recognized as the founder of the human relations school of management.In the early part of his career, Mayo studied in London and Edinburgh and taught at Queensland University. He arrived in the United States in 1923 and worked at the University of Pennsylvania before moving to Harvard. It was while he was at Harvard that Mayo became involved in the Hawthorne Studies. -
4 Glacier studies
Gen Mgtresearch experiments conducted at the Glacier Metal Company in London from 1948 to 1965 to investigate the development of group relations, the effects of change, and employee roles and responsibilities. The Glacier studies were conducted by the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations with the research being headed by Elliot Jaques and Fred Emery. Findings from the initial study came from a methodology called “working-through,” which examined possible social and personal factors at play in any potential dispute. From this arose an early form of works council where employees could participate in setting policy for their department. It was also discovered that employees felt the need to have their role and status defined in a way acceptable to both themselves and their colleagues. This research into job roles led Jaques to come up with the notion of the time span of discretion, according to which all jobs, no matter how strictly defined, have some level of content that requires judgment and therefore discretion by the jobholder. Jaques then examined this phenomenon in bureaucratic organizations. In defining a bureaucracy as a hierarchical system in which employees are accountable to their bosses for the work they do, he took a different stance from Max Weber. Much like the Hawthorne experiments, the Glacier studies had far-reaching implications for the way organizations were managed. The initial findings were written up by Jaques in The Changing Culture of a Factory (1951). In 1965, Jaques published the Glacier Project Papers with Wilfred Brown, the managing director of Glacier. -
5 motivation
Gen Mgt1. the creation of stimuli, incentives, and working environments which enable people to perform to the best of their ability in pursuit of organizational success. Motivation is commonly viewed as the magic driver that enables managers to get others to achieve their targets. In the 20th century, there was a shift, at least in theory, away from motivation by dictation and discipline, exemplified by Frederick Winslow Taylor’s scientific management, toward motivation by creating an appropriate corporate climate and addressing the needs of individual employees. Although it is widely agreed to be one of the key management tasks, it has frequently been argued that one person cannot motivate others but can only create conditions for others to self-motivate. Many management theorists have provided insights into motivation. Elton Mayo’s Hawthorne experiments identify some root causes of selfmotivation, and Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs provides insight into personal behavior patterns. Other influential research has been conducted by Frederick Herzberg, who looked at job satisfaction, and Douglas McGregor whose Theory X and Theory Y suggest management styles that motivate and demotivate employees.2. (S. Africa)a formal written proposal -
6 Roethlisberger, Fritz Jules
(1898–1974) Gen MgtU.S. academic. Collaborated with Elton Mayo in the Hawthorne experiments, leading the research and data analysis and publicizing the findings in Management and the Worker (1939).The ultimate business dictionary > Roethlisberger, Fritz Jules
См. также в других словарях:
Hawthorne effect — The Hawthorne effect is a form of reactivity whereby subjects improve or modify an aspect of their behavior being experimentally measured simply in response to the fact that they know they are being studied,[1][2] not in response to any… … Wikipedia
Hawthorne-Effekt — Der Hawthorne Effekt ist ein Phänomen der gruppenbasierten Beobachtungsstudien, das in den 1920er Jahren bei Experimenten in den Hawthorne Werken (Illinois, USA) entdeckt wurde. Er besagt, dass die Teilnehmer einer Studie ihr natürliches… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Hawthorne studies — The experiments which inspired Elton Mayo and others to develop the Human Relations Movement . From 1924 the Western Electric Company of Chicago, influenced by scientific management theories, measured the impact of different working conditions… … Dictionary of sociology
Hawthorne research — ▪ socioeconomics also called Hawthorne effect socioeconomic experiments conducted by Elton Mayo (Mayo, Elton) in 1927 among employees of the Hawthorne Works factory of the Western Electric Company in Cicero, Illinois. For almost a year, a … Universalium
Hawthorne effect — Psychol. a positive change in the performance of a group of persons taking part in an experiment or study due to their perception of being singled out for special consideration. [1960 65; after the Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Company … Universalium
Effet Hawthorne — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Hawthorne. L effet Hawthorne ou expérience Hawthorne, décrit la situation dans laquelle les résultats d une expérience ne sont pas dus aux facteurs expérimentaux mais au fait que les sujets ont conscience de… … Wikipédia en Français
Experiences de Hawthorne — Expériences de Hawthorne Les expériences de Hawthorne sont des études de sociologie du travail menées par Elton Mayo. Une de ces expériences a été mené en 1930 dans l usine Western Electric de Cicero, la Hawthorne Works, près de Chicago. De 1927… … Wikipédia en Français
Expériences De Hawthorne — Les expériences de Hawthorne sont des études de sociologie du travail menées par Elton Mayo. Une de ces expériences a été mené en 1930 dans l usine Western Electric de Cicero, la Hawthorne Works, près de Chicago. De 1927 à 1932, Mayo dirigea une… … Wikipédia en Français
Expériences de Hawthorne — Les expériences de Hawthorne sont des études de sociologie du travail menées par Elton Mayo. Une de ces expériences a été mené en 1930 dans l usine Western Electric de Cicero, la Hawthorne Works, près de Chicago. De 1927 à 1932, Mayo dirigea une… … Wikipédia en Français
Expériences de hawthorne — Les expériences de Hawthorne sont des études de sociologie du travail menées par Elton Mayo. Une de ces expériences a été mené en 1930 dans l usine Western Electric de Cicero, la Hawthorne Works, près de Chicago. De 1927 à 1932, Mayo dirigea une… … Wikipédia en Français
Nathaniel Hawthorne — (* 4. Juli 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts; † 19. Mai 1864 in Plymouth, New Hampshire) war ein amerikanischer Schriftsteller der Romantik. Mit seinen oft allegorischen … Deutsch Wikipedia
