-
1 tul-
vb. "come" WJ:368, 1st pers. aorist tulin "I come" TUL, 3rd pers. sg. tulis she comes VT49:19, perfect utúlië "has come" utúlien "I am come", EO, utúlie'n aurë "Day has come" the function of the 'n is unclear; it may be a variant of the article "the", hence literally "the Day has come". Past tense túlë "came" in LR:47 and SD:246, though an alternative form *tullë has also been theorized. Túlë in VT43:14 seems to be an abnormal aorist stem, later abandoned; tula in the same source would be an imperative. Prefixed future tense entuluva "shall come again" in the Silmarillion, future tuluva also in the phrase aranielya na tuluva "may thy kingdom come" VT44:32/34, literally apparently *"thy kingdom, be-it-that it will come". In early "Qenya" we have the perfects tulielto "they have come" LT1:114, 270, VT49:57 and tulier "have come", pl., in the phrase I·Eldar tulier "the Eldar have come"LT1:114, 270. Read probably *utúlieltë, *Eldar utúlier in LotR-style Quenya. -
2 car-
1 vb. "make, do, build, form" 1st pers. aorist carin "I make, build"; the aorist is listed with all pronominal endings in VT49:16, also in pl. and dual forms carir, carit. Regarding the form carize- PE17:128, see -s \#1. Pa.t. carnë KAR, PE17:74, 144. The infinitival aorist stem carë "k" by Patrick Wynne called a general aorist infinitive in VT49:34 occurs in ecë nin carë sa I can do it VT49:34, also in áva carë "don't do it" WJ:371 and uin carë PE17:68; in the last example Tolkien calls carë an example of the simplest aorist infinitive, the same source referring to carië as the general infinitive of the same verb. Pl. aorist carir "form" in the phrase i carir quettar k "those who form words" WJ:391, cf. VT49:16, continuative cára, future caruva PE17:144, carita "k", infinitive/gerund "to do" or "doing" VT42:33, with suffixes caritas "to do it" or "doing it", caritalyas "your doing it" in VT41:13,17, VT42:33. Past participle \#carna, q.v.; VT43:15 also gives the long form carina "k", read perhaps *cárina. Carima as a passive participle may be a mistake, VT43:15. PE17:68 refers to a simple past passive participle of the form carinwa kari-nwa. Rare past participle active ? cárienwa k *having done PE17:68, unless this is also a kind of passive participle the wording of the source is unclear. Some alternative forms in Fíriel's Song: past tense cárë "káre" "made"; this may still be an alternative to the better-attested form carnë LR:362 even in LotR-style Quenya. Cf. ohtacárë war-made, made war see \#ohtacar-. Also *cárië with various suffixes: cárier "kárier" is translated "they made"; in LotR-style Quenya this could be seen as an augmentless perfect, hence *"they have made", "they" being simply the plural ending -r. The literal meaning of cárielto "k" must also be *"they made" cf. -lto. Derived adjectives urcárima and urcarnë hard to make / do, urucarin made with difficulty PE17:154, saucarya evil-doing PE17:68. 2 prep. "with" carelyë "with thee", prepositional element evidently an ephemeral form abandoned by Tolkien VT43:29 -
3 ambar
1 "a-mbar" noun "oikumenē Greek: the earth as the human habitation, Earth, world" MBAR, stem ambar- PE17:66, related to and associated with mar "home, dwelling" VT45:33; in VT46:13 the latter glosses are possibly also ascribed to the word ambar itself the wording is not clear. The form ambaren also listed in the Etymologies was presumably intended as the genitive singular at the time of writing in LotR-style Quenya it would rather be the dative singular; in the printed version in LR, the misreading "ambaron" appears see VT45:33. Ambar-metta noun "the end of the world" EO; spelt ambarmetta in VT44:36. The element \#umbar in Tarumbar "King of the World" q.v. would seem to be a variant of ambar, just like ambar \#2 "doom" also alternates with umbar see below. 2 noun "fate, doom" variant of umbar? in Turambar SA:amarth; stem ambart- PE17:66, instrumental ambartanen "by doom" Silm ch. 21, UT:138, PE17:66. The early "Qenya" lexicon has ambar "Fate", also amarto LT2:348 3 noun "breast chest, with stem in -s- or -r- QL:30. The form ambar, translated in bosom,occurs in MC:213 this is "Qenya". Note: if this word were to be adapted to LotR-style Quenya, we should probably have to read *ambas with stem ambar-; compare olos, olor- dream from a late source. However, the form ambos q.v. is less ambiguous and may be preferred. -
4 anta-
1 vb. "give" ANAsup1/sup, MC:215, 221, pa.t. antanë antanen I gave, VT49:14 or ánë, perfect ánië PE17:147, cf. QL:31. According to VT49:14, Tolkien noted that anta- was sometimes often with an ironic tone to refer to missiles, so that antanen hatal sena I gave him a spear as a present was often used with the real sense of I cast a spear at him. Usually the recipient of the thing given is mentioned in the dative or allative case like sena in this example, but there is also a construction similar to English present someone with something in which the recipient is the object and the gift appears in the instrumental case: antanenyes parmanen, I presented him with a book PE17:91. The verb occurs several times in FS: antalto"they gave"; strangely, no past tense marker seems to be present see -lto for the ending; antar a pl. verb translated "they gave", though in LotR-style Quenya it would rather be the present tense "give" pl.; antaróta "he gave it" anta-ró-ta "gave-he-it", another verb occurring in Fíriel's Song, once again with no past tense marker. Also antáva "will give", future tense of anta- "give"; read perhaps *antuva in LotR-style Quenya; similarly antaváro "he will give" LR:63 might later have appeared as *antuvas with the ending -s rather than Qenya -ro for he. Antalë imperative "give thou" VT43:17, sc. anta "give" + the element le "thou", but this was a form Tolkien abandoned. Apparently ana was at one point considered as another imperative give, but Tolkien rewrote the text in question VT44:13, and the normal patterns would suggest *á anta with an independent imperative particle. -
5 hilcin
"k" vb., glossed "it freezes" LT1:254; if this word is to be adapted to LotR-style Quenya, it would have to mean "I freeze", but the shape of this word seems somewhat alien to Tolkien's later forms of Quenya verbs with 1st person aorists in -in never have a consonant cluster immediately preceding this ending -
6 mar
1 noun "earth" world, also "home, dwelling, mansion". Stem mard- VT46:13, PE17:64, also seen in the ablative Mardello "from earth" FS; the word is used with a more limited sense in oromardi high halls sg. oromar, PM17:64, referring to the dwellings of Manwë and Varda on Mt. Taniquetil Nam, RGEO:66. The initial element of Mardorunando q.v. may be the genitive mardo distinguish mardo "dweller". May be more or less identical to már "home, house, dwelling" of persons or peoples; in names like Valimar, Vinyamar, Mar-nu-Falmar, Mardil SA:bar, VT45:33, VT47:6. Már is however unlikely to have the stem-form mard-; a "Qenya" genitive maren appears in the phrase hon-maren, q.v., suggesting that its stem is mar-. A possible convention could therefore be to use már mar- for "home, house" also when = household, family as in Mardil, q.v., whereas mar mard- is used for for "earth, world". Early "Qenya" has mar mas- "dwelling of men, the Earth, -land" LT1:251; notice that in LotR-style Quenya, a word in -r cannot have a stem-form in -s-. -
7 airë
1 adj. "holy", \#Airefëa "the Holy Spirit" VT43:37, dative airefëan on the previous page, airetári or Airë Tári "holy queen" a title of Varda, PM:363, genitive aire-tário "holy-queen's" Nam, RGEO:67. However, according to PM:363, airë is the noun "sanctity", while aira is the adjective "holy". VT43:14 refers to an etymological note of "Sept.-Oct. 1957" where airë is said to be a noun "sanctity, holiness", and the adjective "holy" is given as airëa. However, the verb \#airita- "hallow" seems to be formed from an adjective airë, airi- "holy". Evidently airë can function as both adjective "holy" and noun "holiness"; if so airë as adj. could represent a primitive adjective *gaisi, whereas airë as noun may descend from*gaisē. The former but not the latter would have the stem airi- as observed in the derived verb \#airita-, and compounds like airetári rather than *airitári would seem to contain properly the noun "holiness". 2 noun "sea" the form airen is given, intended as a genitive singular when Tolkien wrote this; in LotR-style Quenya it would rather be a dative sg. AYAR/AIR; cf. airon 3 noun "eternity" EY, VT45:13 -
8 ar
1 conj. "and" ARsup2/sup, SA, FS, Nam, RGEO:67, CO, LR:47, 56, MC:216, VT43:31, VT44:10, 34; see VT47:31 for etymology, cf. also VT49:25, 40. The older form of the conjunction was az PE17:41. Ar is often assimilated to al, as before l, s PE17:41, 71, but in written Quenya ar was usually written in all cases PE17:71. In one case, Tolkien altered the phrase ar larmar and raiments to al larmar; the former may then be seen as representing the spelling, whereas the latter represents the pronunciation PE17:175. More complex schemes of assimilation are suggested to have existed in Old Quenya, the conjunction varying between ar, a and as depending on the following consonant PE17:41, 71. An alternative longer form of the conjunction, arë, is said to occur "occasionally in Tolkien's later writings" VT43:31, cf. VT48:14. In the Etymologies, the word for "and" was first written as ara VT45:6. In one source, Tolkien notes that Quenya used ar as preposition beside, next, or as adverb = and PE17:145; compare ara. 2 noun "day" PE17:148, apparently short for árë,occurring in the names of the Valinorean week listed below. Tolkien indicated that ar in these names could also be arë when the following element begins in a consonant VT45:27. Usually the word for "day" in LotR-style Quenya is rather aurë or ré, q.v. -
9 turu-
1 vb. master, defeat, have victory over PE17:113, not clearly said to be Quenya, but the Q name Turucundo Victory-prince is listed immediately afterwards. Compare tur-; cf. also *turúna. 2 vb. "kindle" a Qenya form from LT1:270; rather narta- or tinta- in LotR-style Quenya -
10 loctë
"k" noun "blossom of flowers in bunches or clusters" LT1:258; this would have to become *lohtë in LotR-style Quenya -
11 sovo-
vb. wash read perhaps \#sov- if the verb is to be adapted to LotR-style Quenya, since Tolkiens later versions of the language do not seem to have o-stem verbs, pa.t. sóvë QL:86 -
12 an-
2 intensive or superlative prefix carrying the idea of "very" or "most", seen in ancalima "most bright" cf. calima "bright", antara "very high, very lofty" and \#anyára *"very old" or *"oldest" the latter form occurring in the so-called Elaine inscription VT49:40, there with the dative ending -n. Assimilated to am- before p-, as in amparca "k" "very dry", and to al-, ar-, as- before words in l-, r-, s- though Tolkien seems to indicate that before words in l- derived from earlier d, the original quality of the consonant would be preserved so that forms in and- rather than all- would result. See also un-. Letters:279, VT45:5, 36 Regarding the form of the superlative prefix before certain consonants, another, partially discrepant system was also set down in the Etymologies and first published in VT45:36. The prefix was to appear as um- or un- before labialized consonants like p-, qu-, v- the consonant v preserving its ancient pronunciation b- following the prefix, thus producing a word in umb-, as in- technically iñ- before c- and g- the latter presumably referring to words that originally had initial g-, later lost in Quenya but evidently preserved following this prefix, and as an- otherwise. However, this system would contradict the canonical example ancalima, which would have been *incalima if Tolkien had maintained this idea. In a post-LotR source, the basic form of the prefix is given as am- instead see am- \#2. In this late conception, the prefix still appears as an- before most consonants, but as ama- before r, l, and the form an- is used even before s- whether original or from þ, not the assimilated variant as- described above. General principles would suggest that the form am- should also appear before y- so the form \#anyára probably presupposes an- rather than am- as the basic form of the prefix, Tolkien revisiting the earlier concept in the Elaine inscription. PE17:92 3 prefix "re" in antúlien, q.v. LotR-style Quenya shows en- instead. -
13 locta-
"k"vb."sprout, put forth leaves or flowers" LT1:258; this would have to become *lohta- in LotR-style Quenya, but later forms like losta- "to bloom" and tuia- "to sprout, spring" are to be preferred. -
14 Taructarna
"k" place-name "Oxford" LT2:347; this "Qenya" word would have to become Taruhtarna in LotR-style Quenya -
15 oïcta
"k" ??? twice in Narqelion; the combination ct would have to become ht in LotR-style Quenya, and the hiatic combination oï does not occur. -
16 lúsina
adj. glowing of things, hearty of people QL:57. If this word is to be used in LotR-style Quenya, one would have to assume that it represents older *lúþina and is derived from a root *LUTH. -
17 ninquë
adj. "white, chill, cold, palid" WJ:417, SA:nim, PE17:168, NIK-W - spelt "ninqe" in Etym and in LT1:266, MC:213, MC:220, GL:60, pl. ninqui in Markirya. Compounded in Ninquelótë noun *"White-Flower" SA:nim, = Sindarin Nimloth, the White Tree of Númenor; ninqueruvissë "q" "white-horse-on" MC:216; this is "Qenya", read *ninqueroccossë or *ninquiroccossë in LotR-style Quenya. Normally ninquë would be expected to have the stem-form ninqui-, given the primitive form ¤ninkwi; Ninquelótë rather than *Ninquilótë must be seen as an analogical form.
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