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1 WE, US
The relevant Quenya pronouns make two distinctions not found in English. “We” can be either inclusive or exclusive, depending on whether the party addressed is included in “we” or not. Furthermore, “we” can be either plural (involving at least three persons) or dual (involving only two persons, the speaker and one other). Tolkien repeatedly revised the relevant endings. According to VT49:16, 51 one late resolution goes like this: The ending for plural exclusive “we” is -lmë, corresponding to dual exclusive -mmë. Hence e.g. carilmë *“we [not including you] do”, carimmë *“the two of us do; I and one other [not you] do”. The ending for plural inclusive “we” is to be -lwë or -lvë, corresponding to -ngwë for dual inclusive “we” (VT49:16; variant -nquë in VT49:51): Carilwë “we [including you] do”, caringwë “the two of us do; thou and I do”. The corresponding independent pronouns were pl. exclusive me, pl. inclusive we or later ve with variant vi (PE17:130); when stressed these could have long vowels (mé and wé > vé, VT49:51). They may also appear in object position (“us” rather than “we”), e.g. suffixed to ála “do not” in the negative command álamë tulya, "do not lead us" (VT43:12, 22). If these pronouns are to be dual, they receive the dual ending -t (exclusive met, inclusive wet > *vet; compare imbë met “between us [two]” in Namarië). The dual pronouns do not have a long vowel even when stressed. The pronouns me, we/*ve and their long variants can also receive case endings, like dative men or véna “for us” (VT43:27, 28, 33, VT49:14) or locative messë "on us" (VT44:12). An emphatic pronoun is attested as emmë “we” (VT43:20), this reflects an earlier conceptual stage where Tolkien used the forms in -mmë for plural rather than dual exclusive “we” (VT49:48, cf. forms like vammë, WJ:371); presumably he would later regard emmë as a dual exclusive form, corresponding to pl. *elmë (and with *elwë > *elvë and *engwë as the emphatic pronouns for inclusive “you”, plural and dual, respectively). These emphatic pronouns can also receive case endings; the dative form emmen “for us” is attested (VT43:12, 20). – Genitive forms, see OUR; reflexive pronouns, see OURSELVES.
См. также в других словарях:
have regard — index care (be cautious) Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary
have regard to something — have reˈgard to sth idiom (law) to remember and think carefully about sth • It is always necessary to have regard to the terms of the contract. • New sites for waste disposal will be determined having regard to environmental matters. Main entry:… … Useful english dictionary
have regard for — index regard (hold in esteem) Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary
regard — I (attention) noun advertence, advertency, alertness, application, attentiveness, care, concentration, concern, consideration, examination, heed, needfulness, intentness, interest, mindfulness, notice, observation, scrutiny, vigilance, watch,… … Law dictionary
regard — {{Roman}}I.{{/Roman}} noun 1 attention to/thought for sb/sth ADJECTIVE ▪ particular, special, specific ▪ scant ▪ They paid scant regard to my views. ▪ due … Collocations dictionary
regard — [[t]rɪgɑ͟ː(r)d[/t]] ♦♦ regards, regarding, regarded 1) VERB If you regard someone or something as being a particular thing or as having a particular quality, you believe that they are that thing or have that quality. [be V ed as n] He was… … English dictionary
regard — Synonyms and related words: Amor, Anschauung, Christian love, Eros, Platonic love, TLC, abide by, accommodatingness, accord respect to, account, account as, act up to, adhere to, adjudge, adjudicate, admiration, admire, adoration, adore,… … Moby Thesaurus
regard — I n. consideration 1) to show regard 2) regard for (he shows no regard for the feelings of others; you must have regard for our safety) esteem 3) high; low regard (to hold smb. in high regard) aspect, relation 4) in a regard (in this regard) 5)… … Combinatory dictionary
have an eye to — phrasal 1. : to look after : give attention to 2. : to have as an objective having an eye to the furnishing of a new flat Sam Pollock * * * have an eye to 1. To contemplate 2. To have regard to 3. To incline towards … Useful english dictionary
regard — [ri gärd′] n. [ME < OFr < regarder: see RE & GUARD] 1. a firm, fixed look; gaze 2. consideration; attention; concern [to have some regard for one s safety] 3. respect and affection; esteem [to have high regard for one s teachers] … English World dictionary
regard — n Regard, respect, esteem, admiration, and their corresponding verbs (regard, respect, esteem, admire) are comparable when they mean a feeling, or to have a feeling, for someone or something which involves recognition of that person s or thing s… … New Dictionary of Synonyms
